Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project. Semi-Intensive Growing Pig Management Technical Implementation Procedure (TIP)

Transcription

1 Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project Semi-Intensive Growing Pig Management Technical Implementation Procedure (TIP) Murray Maclean January

2 CONTENTS 1. Description Technical Guidelines... 5 (1) Summary of Technical Guidelines... 5 (2) Notes on Technical Guidelines Economic Benefit (1) Institutional Arrangements (2) Workplan Equipment/Materials Budget LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Average growth rates and components of growth in pigs in a high input system.8 Table 2 Guide to pig feed intake... 8 Table 3 Some examples of commercial high protein feeds Table 4 Feed Mixing Recommendations Table 7 Materials LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Pig Growth under a High Input Management System... 7 Figure 2 Pig growth under high and low input management systems Figure 3 Financial comparison between low and high input semi-intensive pig growing systems ANNEXES Annex 1 District Manager Record Book Annex 2 VAHW Records Annex 3 Key Farmer Records Annex 4 Pig Weight Estimation Table Annex 5 Pig Feeding Awareness Leaflet

3 1. Description Name: Date: January 2006 TIP Source: Objectives and Benefits: Technical Suitability Criteria: Semi-Intensive Growing Pig Management Murray Maclean Objective To improve the knowledge, skills and incomes of farmers raising multiple numbers of growing pigs in semi-intensive conditions, through improved feeding and health control. Farmers raising multiple numbers of growing pigs who change from a low-input traditional system of management to a higher input improved system of management can increase profits (from 360,000 to 600,000 riel per six pigs) and decrease the period of time to achieve those profits (from 11 months to 5 months). The higher input management system also reduces the risk of deaths and sickness amongst pigs, due to control of parasitic and infectious diseases. There will be improved relations between, and improved technical and extension skills amongst other stakeholders -Village Animal Health Workers, extension and technical staff, and commercial pig feed retailers. Sufficient numbers of farmers raising growing pigs under semi-intensive conditions. Access to key inputs presence of an effective Village Animal Health Worker to provide health services. A VAHW is effective if farmers in the village know and have confidence in the VAHW to treat sick livestock. The Office of Animal Health and Production and NGOs can be a source of information on whether a village has an effective VAHW or not. Visiting the village and meeting with farmers and VAHWs is the best way to determine if the VAHW is effective. effective district livestock staff commercial pig feed 3

4 medicines and vaccines Access to product markets pig prices, either current or future, are sufficiently high to justify higher inputs a market that provides a premium of the order of 5% to high meat content pigs. 4

5 2. Technical Guidelines (1) Summary of Technical Guidelines i) Buy piglets that have good health, and of improved breed. ii) iii) iv) Provide the piglets with access to water either through a container, pipe and drinking nipples, or a water trough. Feed the pigs a mixture of high protein commercial feed and local feeds. Feed the pigs to appetite and change the mixture according to the weight of the pigs. Treat the piglets with Ivermectin medicine as soon as the piglets are eating and drinking well. v) Vaccinate the piglets with Swine Fever vaccine and Pasteurella vaccine a few days after the first parasite medicine treatment. Vaccinate with Salmonella vaccine one week later. vi) Call the VLA if the piglet gets sick. vii) Market the pigs when the daily value of feed is about equal to the daily increase in pig value. Use a measuring tape to estimate liveweight. (2) Notes on Technical Guidelines i) Buy piglets that have good health, and of improved breed. Many piglets which are sold in Cambodia do not have good health because the piglets did not grow well and were stressed during the period when they suckled the sow. This is because sows are usually given low quality and quantity of feed and water, and sows are not usually treated with parasite medicine. These pigs commonly weigh about 4-5 kg at the time of weaning. the piglets are stressed during the marketing process. This is because they are often put on the back of a motorbike crowded with other piglets and travel long distances without feed and water. Under these conditions, the piglets dehydrate quickly because they are so small, and they can be infected with diseases such as Swine Fever. Most pigs in villages in Cambodia are mixtures of different breeds. They are mixtures of original local breeds, Landrace, Yorkshire, Hay Nam. The Duroc breed is a recent introduction and can be seen in some areas. Local black pigs that do not grow quickly are relatively uncommon and these are unsuitable to be fed improved feeds. The majority of pigs of mixed breed background are suitable for the improved management program. These pigs can respond to the better feed quality that is promoted in this TIP. Farmers who buy piglets for fattening should try to buy the pigs directly from the farmer who raised the sow that gave birth to the piglets. The piglets can be bought directly from the sow, 5

6 but it is even better if the piglet has been weaned already from the sow for at least a few days. It is best to buy piglets whose sow has been regularly vaccinated and treated with parasite medicine. should try to buy piglets from sows that have been well fed, and treated with parasite medicines and vaccines. should try to buy piglets that weigh about 7-8 kg at about 5-6 weeks, and look strong and active with a good skin (not dry) as this shows that they have been looked after well. should try to buy piglets that are already castrated (if they are males). This is because the traditional practice of castrating piglets after weaning causes stress and weight loss to the piglet. should consider raising their own sow and piglets Many farmers buy piglets from traders who carry piglets in baskets on their motorbikes. It is better if farmers buy piglets direct from the sow. The price of piglets varies according to breed, weight, assessments of health, and current and future pork prices. As a general rule, the average price per kg liveweight of piglets is often about double the price per kg of liveweight given for pigs at sale weight. For example, if the liveweight price of sale pigs is about 5,000 riel per kg, then the price of piglets will be of the order of 10,000 riel per kg. ii) Provide the piglets with access to water either through a container, pipe and drinking nipples, or a water trough. Many farmers who raise multiple numbers of growing pigs do not provide a separate water supply. Farmers should supply a water container (20 litre), pipe and water nipple for the piglets. Alternatively, separate water and feed troughs should be supplied, and water troughs kept supplied with good water. 6

7 iii) Feed the pigs a mixture of high protein commercial feed and local feeds. Feed the pigs to appetite and change the mixture according to the weight of the pigs. Principles of Pig Feeding and Growth Growing pigs of improved breed that are managed and fed well from weaning to slaughter at 90kg in 150 days in village conditions can have a liveweight growth pattern as shown in the following graph. Figure 1 Pig Growth under a High Input Management System Pig Growth under a High Input Management System Kg liveweight No. of Raising Days This continuous pattern of pig growth can be divided into four general stages, during which the pig produces different amounts of bone, meat and fat. During the very early stage, the pig growth rate (kg per day) is low but increasing. During this stage, the piglet can have very high bone and meat production, but low fat production, as a proportion of total growth. early stage, the pig growth rate is low but increasing. During this stage, the piglet can have high bone and meat production, but low fat production, as a proportion of total growth. the medium stage the pig growth rate is higher. The piglet can have medium bone and high meat production, and medium fat production, as a proportion of total growth. the late stage the pig growth rate is higher again. The pig can have low bone, medium meat production, and high fat production, as a proportion of total growth. Average growth rates in the different stages and production of bone, meat and fat in the different stages are shown in the following table. 7

8 Table 1 Average growth rates and components of growth in pigs in a high input system Stage of Growth Pig weights (kg) Period (days) Average Weight Gain (kg/day) Bone Production Meat Production Fat Production Very early 7 kg to 20kg Very high Very high Low Early 20kg to 40kg High High Low Middle 40kg to 60kg Medium High Medium Late 60kg to 90kg Low Medium High The quantity of feed that a pig eats increases as the pig grows. Small pigs have small stomachs and large pigs have large stomachs. The following table shows approximately how much feed pigs of different weights eat each day. This is extremely variable from pig to pig, and should be used as a guide only. It is important to remember that for maximum growth, we should feed pigs to appetite. Pig Bodyweight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/day) Table 2 Guide to pig feed intake Pig Bodyweight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/day) Pig Bodyweight (kg) Feed Intake (kg/day) To achieve maximum growth, pigs need to eat feed that suits their potential appetite at each stage and the type of production i.e. meat, fat, or bone. In the pig, protein is used to make meat, energy is used for daily activity and fat production, and minerals are for making bones. For this reason young pigs should eat feed that is high in protein, energy, and minerals (for bone growth) and low in fibre (because pigs cannot digest fibre easily) medium-size pigs should eat feed which has medium protein, energy, and minerals, but medium fibre content. large pigs should have lower protein, energy and minerals, and higher fibre content Water is also important, especially for young pigs. When piglets are born, nearly 80% of their weight is water. As they get older, the percentage of water decreases. When the pig weighs 100kg, its body will have about 60kg (i.e. 60%) of water. This is why pigs generally drink about 3 litres of water for each kg of dry feed they eat. Pigs also need to eat many types of vitamins if the pig is to grow quickly. 8

9 Types of Pig Feeds Fish, fishmeal, soybean, soybean meal, peanut meal are high in protein. Also some plant parts are medium in protein, such as morning glory (Ipomoea), leucaena leaves, stylo leaves, and some cassava leaves. Fish products are also high in minerals. These feeds can be collected and processed by farmers themselves. This method is high in labour costs for the farmer but low in cash costs. The quality of the feed in this case is not guaranteed. are purchased by companies who mix them with other minerals and vitamins and put them in bags and sell them to farmers. Companies commonly buy and mix soybean meal, fishmeal and peanut meal. There is a very large range of different commercial feeds produced by different companies available from retail outlets in all provinces and most districts in Cambodia. The commercial feeds have either been imported from Thailand. The language on the bags is Thai. been imported from Vietnam. The language on the bags is Vietnamese. been produced in Cambodia by CP company. The language on the bags is Khmer. There are many types of commercial pig feeds available n Cambodia. These have been produced either in Cambodia, Vietnam or Thailand, with labels either in Khmer, Vietnamese or Thai langauge. This makes it difficult for sellers and farmers to know how to use them correctly. The commercial feeds come in a range of bag sizes with various amounts of protein, energy, and mineral contents, to suit different feeding situations. The feeds are usually made up of various combinations of soybean meal, fishmeal, corn and mineral and vitamin supplements. There are two general types of feeds feeds that are fed completely to pigs feeds that have high protein content (about 40%) that are mixed with other feeds of lower protein content, such as rice bran, broken rice, or corn. In this case, the recommended mixing rates are usually written on the bag. It is difficult for farmers to use the commercial feeds correctly because the feeding recommendations are in Thai or Vietnamese 9

10 retailers do not understand about the different feeds and how to use them correctly so they cannot give much advice to farmers Some examples of commercial high protein feeds are shown in the table below. Table 3 Some examples of commercial high protein feeds Some Example Commercial High Protein Feeds Protein Price per Price per Feed Name Bag Size Company Content bag kg Hi-Gro kg CP 11,000 2,200 Hi-Gro kg CP 11,000 2,200 Beta Gro kg Thai 12,000 2,400 Beta Gro 74A 40 5 kg Thai 13,000 2,600 Beta Gro kg Thai 12,000 2,400 Broken rice and corn are high in energy and low in protein. Second grade rice bran is low in energy and protein and high in fibre. Third grade rice bran is higher in fibre than second grade rice bran. In Cambodia, broken rice and rice bran are available, but corn is generally not available. Managers of commercial feed outlets usually have low technical knowledge and understanding of how to use commercial feed. Some commercial feed sellers divide the commercial feed into smaller packages, such as these 1 kg bags. 10

11 Feeding of Pigs in Current SemiIntensive Conditions In Cambodia, farmers who raise a multiple numbers of growing pigs generally give the pigs low quality and quantity feed. Some farmers are using commercial high protein feeds, but many do not understand how to use them correctly. The traditional ration is mostly rice bran, with some cooked rice soup, as well as some morning glory (Ipomoea) either bought or collected during the wet season, in addition to household waste food. Sometimes fish heads may be given. Many farmers feed the residue from rice-wine production. This ration is usually given three times a day. Farmers do not change the feed do not change the quality or quantity the feed during the period of pig growth to take account changes in growth pattern or feed intake potential. In this low input system the piglet grows slowly, weighing 90 kg after about 11 months. There is considerable variation depending on breeds, feeds, and health. In addition, most pigs are marketed with high fat and low meat content. The following graph shows the pattern of pig growth in high and low input systems of pig management. Figure 2 Pig growth under high and low input management systems Kg liveweight Pig Growth under High Input and Low Input Management Systems No. of Raising Days 240 High Input Low Input Improved Feeding of Growing Pigs in Semi-Intensive Conditions There is a high level of interest amongst farmers raising multiple numbers of fattening pigs (of the order of 6-15 pigs) in feeding high protein commercial feeds mixed with locally available feeds such as rice bran and broken rice. Corn, which has similar quality to broken rice, is not commonly available in many areas. Mixing recommendations are written on the back of most bags of high protein commercial feeds. These are often hard for farmers to understand, even if they are written in Khmer. An alternative approach for extension purposes is to 11

12 promote the concept amongst farmers that most commercial pig feeds are similar, and the major difference is the protein content (i.e. either 40, 36, 34 or 32%0, and that this is the major thing they should look at when selecting the feed. Using this general formula a 40% protein commercial feed can be used for the better pig breed types, that can grow quickly with high meat. a 36% protein commercial feed can be used for the average pig breed types a 32% protein commercial feed can be used for the less than average pig breed types, with lower growth potential and lower potential to produce meat. The different ration mixes, the resultant estimated protein contents, and suggested uses are shown in the following tables, assuming broken rice has 9% protein and rice bran has 8% protein. Table 4 Feed Mixing Recommendations Mixing Rates for 40% Protein Commercial Feeds with Broken Rice and Rice Bran 40% Protein Commercial feed Broken Rice Rice Bran Protein % of the Ration Weaning to 20kg kg to 40kg kg to 60 kg kg to sale Comments For High Quality Breed Pigs Mixing Rates for 36% Protein Commercial Feeds with Broken Rice and Rice Bran 36% Protein Commercial feed Broken Rice Rice Bran Protein % of the Ration Weaning to 20kg kg to 40kg kg to 60 kg kg to sale Comments For Medium Quality Breed Pigs Mixing Rates for 32% Protein Commercial Feeds with Broken Rice and Rice Bran 32% Protein Commercial feed Broken Rice Rice Bran Protein % of the Ration Weaning to 20kg kg to 40kg kg to 60 kg kg to sale Comments For Low Quality Breed Pigs 12

13 Farmers should monitor the weight of their pigs using weight scales if they have them. Usually farmers do not have scales, so they can estimate the weight of their pigs by using a measuring tape. To do this, farmers should restrain the pig, and then measure from the poll (top of the skull) to the tail, and then around the girth of the pig. The following formula is then used: Girth (m) x Girth (m) x Length (m) x 87.5 = Approximate Liveweight (kg) Farmers should estimate pig weight to see of they need to change the feed mix, and when making decisions on marketing. The liveweight of a pig can be estimated by measuring the length from the poll to the tail, and the girth, and using the following formula. Girth (m) x Girth (m) x Length (m) x 87.5 = Liveweight (kg) iv) Make sure there is always clean water in the water container. Piglets need to drink a lot of water. When piglets are born, their body contains nearly 80% water. As they grow, the percentage of water in their body decreases so that a 100kg pig has about 60% (60kg) of water. Piglets raised under traditional conditions are not given a separate water supply. Usually, water is mixed with feed - as a soup - and given to the piglet three times a day. When piglets get diarrhoea, they can dehydrate quickly if they do not have enough water. Supplying free access to water to pigs will improve their health and growth. In general, for each 1 kg of feed that a pig eats, it should drink 3 litres of water. v) Treat the piglets with Ivermectin as soon as they are eating and drinking well. Piglets in Cambodia are commonly affected by large white roundworms that live in the small intestine and cause constipation, diarrhoea, lack of appetite and poor growth in pigs aged 2-4 months mites that live in the skin, and cause problems of itchiness, loss of appetite and poor growth when the pigs are about 5-4 months old There are many different types of parasite medicine available, mostly based on either Ivermectin, which kills both roundworms and mites Levamisole, which kills only roundworms, but less effectively than Levamisole 13

14 It is recommended that Ivermectin is used. It is more expensive than levamisole, but the cost is still low. Ivermectin costs about 2,000 riel per cc, which treats 33kg of pig weight. Therefore the cost of the medicine for a 10kg pig is about 650 riel. The service fee may bring the price up to about 2,000 riel. The Ivermectin kills the worms quickly, and the farmer should be able to see the large white dead worms in the faeces of the pig the day after treatment. Pigs raised in pens usually only need to be treated once for worms, as they are usually not reinfected. However, the farmer should clean the pen regularly to remove faeces and urine. This helps with general hygiene and disease control. vi) Vaccinate the piglets with Swine Fever vaccine and Pasteurella vaccine a few days after the first parasite medicine treatment. Vaccinate with Salmonella vaccine a week later. Swine fever and Pasteurellosis are common diseases of pigs in Cambodia. Salmonella is probably less common but does occur. In traditional raising systems, farmers usually do not vaccinate their pigs and many die during outbreaks of these diseases. Piglets should be vaccinated against these Swine Fever and Pasteurellosis a few days after the first parasite treatment. It is important that piglets are strong and healthy when they are vaccinated. The most commonly available Swine Fever vaccine is produced from Navetco (Vietnam) and is produced in 10 dose bottles in dried form. This is then mixed with 20 ml of sterile water to make 10 doses of 2ml each. The retail price is about 400 riel/dose or about 4,000 riel per bottle. The market price for vaccination of one head is about 1,000 riel. The most common Pasteurella vaccine is produced by Navetco (Vietnam). 14

15 vii) Call the VAHW if the piglet gets sick. Piglets can get sick from a range of diseases. Common symptoms are diarrhoea and constipation, or coughing, or just stopping eating. Many farmers try to treat the pigs themselves with advice from the manager of the local feed and animal medicine outlet. The VAHW is trained to select and use the right medicines, so treatment is more likely to be successful. viii) When marketing, use a measuring tape to estimate liveweight. Tell the trader that the pig has been fed high quality feed and this improves the meat content. Marketing systems of growing pigs raised under semi-intensive management are characterised by spot-marketing at the farm-gate to traders who travel through the villages on motorbikes with baskets on the back. The motorbikes can carry up to two pigs of 70kg each, depending on the type of road and quality of the motorbike. Occasional pig raisers arrange for trucks to pig up pigs by prearrangement. the situation of the farmer is a main driver in determining age and weight at sale. When farmers need money, or have run out of money to feed the pig, or are worried that the pig is sick, they will sell the pig. Farmers commonly sell pigs at around 60-70kg. However, in most situations, the farmer is still making a profit up until the pig is 90kg, taking into account daily feed costs, interest in capital value of the pig, and pig weight gain. the pig being weighed by the trader using the traders scales, and then a price per kg liveweight is negotiated between the trader and the farmer. The trader bases his price on an estimated carcass weight, relative meat and fat content and prices, and an estimate of meat quality. He estimates this based on a visual assessment of the shape, age, breed and feeding history of the pig. The majority of pigs marketed from the semi-intensive system have a high fat and low meat content, and this receives a discount from the trader. Recommendations on marketing can only be general in nature. However the farmer should check the weight of his pigs using a tape every week, in order to compare weight and value gains with the cost of feed eaten. In most situations, the farmer will continue to make a profit until the pig is 90kg. Many farmers sell before this weight because of cash flow problems. should inform the trader that the pig has been fed good quality feed. As a result, the pig should receive a premium price because it has high meat content. Typical premiums for higher meat pigs are of the order or 5%. 15

16 Pigs raised under traditional Cambodian conditions have a high fat content at slaughter. Pigs raised with high protein feeds have a lower fat content and therefore should have a higher price in riel/kg at sale. 3. Economic Benefit A range of different scenarios can occur when raising growing piglets, including the piglets may be fed different feeds the piglets may or may not be vaccinated the piglets may or may not get sick, in which case the piglet may or may not be treated, and it may or may not live the farmer may or may not sell pigs when they get sick, either before after treatment the pig may be marketed at a range of weights, usually from 60-90kg. The economic analysis shown in the following table compares two selected scenarios, a low input system, and a higher input system. In both systems six piglets are raised. The piglets are purchased at 7 kg at a price of 9,000 riel/kg; they are treated with medicines to a total of 10,000 riel/head, and are sold at 90kg. No piglets die. In the low input system the pig is fed a mixture of rice bran and rice in the form of rice soup, household scraps, and some purchased morning glory (Ipomoea). the pig grows an average of 259 grams/day over a period of 320 days the pig is marketed with a high fat content and makes a price of 4,500 riel/kg liveweight In the higher input system the farmer feeds a ration containing 40% protein commercial feed. The farmer has a container, pipe and nipple drinker for the water system. the piglet grows an average of 553 grams a day and is sold at 90kg after 150 days, at a price of 4,800 riel/kg. 16

17 These two scenarios have been selected to emphasise the effect of the higher input feeding practices, rather than to illustrate the effect of the improved animal health practices. Figure 3 Financial comparison between low and high input semi-intensive pig growing systems Financial Comparison Between Low and High Input Semi-Intensive Pig Growing Systems Traditional Low Input System High Input System Item Unit Unit Unit Value No. Units Value (riel) Unit Value No. Units Value (riel) Variable Costs Piglet kg 9, ,000 kg 9, ,000 Rice bran kg 600 1,994 1,196,687 kg ,076 Broken Rice kg ,896 kg ,768 Commercial feed kg 2, kg 2, ,656 Ipomoea day ,000 day Ivomec cc 4, cc 4, ,200 Swine Fever vaccine hd 1, hd 1, ,000 Pasteurella vaccine hd 1, hd 1, ,000 Salmonella vaccine hd 1, hd 1, ,000 Medicine hd 10, ,000 hd 10, ,000 2,065,583 2,000,701 Revenue Pig Sales kg 4, ,430,000 kg 4, ,592,000 Profit A = Revenue - Variable Costs 364, ,299 Fixed Costs Water system unit 20, unit 20, ,000 Profit B = Profit A - Fixed Cost 364, ,299 Profit A/day riel/day 1,139 riel/day 3,942 Item Technical Analysis of Low and High Input Systems Unit Traditional Low Input System Higher Input System Number of Pigs head 6 6 Start Weight kg 7 7 Growing Period days Sale Weight kg Average Growth Rate kg/day Labour days Feed Conversion Cycles in 3 years 3 7 The analysis shows that in the given scenarios, the high input system is more profitable than the low input system. In the high input system a profit of about 600, 000 riel is achieved after 150 days. In the low input system, a profit of about 360,000 riel is achieved after 320 days. 4. Extension Guidelines The extension guidelines describe a commune level extension program. These guidelines can be adapted to smaller (e.g. village) or larger implementation areas (e.g. district, province). The number of demonstration sites in each village, and the number of villages can vary and will depend on resources. 17

18 (1) Institutional Arrangements The participants in the extension program are i) Provincial Office of Animal Health and Production staff. A staff member at this level is responsible for overall coordination of the extension program ii) iii) iv) Livestock staff of the district agriculture office, under contract to manage the program activities in the district. The chief of the district agriculture will also have a supporting role. Village Animal Health Workers have a contract to supply animal health services and assist in planning, monitoring and evaluation. If VAHWS are organised into an association, then the internal arrangements of the VAHW association are taken into account. i.e. the head of the association has an important role, and the association may be contracted. As a part of the contract the VAHWs receive a bottle of Ivermectin, and a bottle each of Swine Fever and Pasteurellosis vaccines. Local authorities assist with farmer identification and join commune planning meetings. v) Commercial feed retailers. These receive training on technical and financial aspects of pig raising and use of commercial feeds. They receive pig feeding awareness leaflets. vi) One Key Farmer is under contract with the district to manage two pigs being grown at the demonstration site. The key farmer receives four 30kg bags of 40% protein commercial feed, a 20 litre water container and pipe and drinker, a measuring tape, and a 10kg weight scale for the period of the demonstration The key farmer receives free treatment of parasite medicine (Ivomec), Swine Fever and Pasteurellosis vaccine for the two pigs. The Key Farmer supplies two newly purchased piglets, rice bran and broken rice to mix with the CPC, and the labour to manage the pigs and to keep records. The Key farmer must vaccinate any other pigs he is raising at the same time, which he pays for. The farmer monitor the weights of other pigs that he is raising in traditional fashion to compare with the demonstration pigs. The two demonstration pigs should be separated from any other pigs by a fence or in a separate pen. The Key Farmer should have good experience in pig raising, be a good communicator, trustworthy and be able to keep records. vii) Participating farmers (15 per demonstration site) attend the demonstration field days. These farmers receive treatments of Ivomec, and Swine fever and Pasteurellosis vaccines for which they should pay only the service fee. Participating farmers receive a booklet and pen and measuring tape. These farmers record the weights of their own fattening pigs and compare them to the weights of the Key Farmers pig. These farmers should be currently raising 1-2 pigs under traditional conditions and be interested in improving their pig raising. 18

19 viii) Other farmers have access to the demonstration site, and should receive information from participating farmers. Depending on resources and the size of the village, the number of key farmers per group or the number of groups per village can be increased. (2) Workplan The workplan extends over a period of six months and includes planning, demonstration implementation and review and evaluation stages. Workplan for Multiple Growing Pig Management Month Activity Site Selection Commune Meetings 1 and 2 Feed Seller Training 1 and 2 Farmer Selection 4 Field Days at demonstration site VAHW Monitoring District Manager Monitoring Provincial Coordinator Monitoring i) Site Selection All villages in the commune that fulfil the technical suitability criteria are eligible to be included in the implementation area. The number of demonstration sites per village and number of villages per commune depends on available resources. ii) Commune Meeting 1 At this workshop, attended by District staff, VAHWs, and local authorities, the district staff explains the program objectives, activities, targets, structure, workplan, and the VAHW contracts outlines the key technology of pig growth, nutrition, health and financial analysis. This includes the comparison of low, high, and medium input systems. describes and signs the VAHW contracts explains the key farmer contracts and key farmer selection criteria iii) Feed Seller Training 1 Managers of medicine and feed outlets receive training on the technology of nutrition, health and economics of growing pig management. the VAHW system and basic medicine types and how to respond to farmer enquiries. use and effect of commercial feed for smallholder pig raising. 19

20 The focus is on how to improve their businesses. The training is conducted by the PM with the assistance of selected District Managers/VAHWs as resource persons. The pig feeding awareness leaflets are distributed to the outlet managers. iv) Farmer selection District staff, VAHWs and local authorities cooperate to select key farmers, visit demonstration sites and select participating farmers. Key farmer contracts are discussed and agreed. District staff show farmers how to keep records, and deliver the inputs to the key farmer. v) Field Day 1 This should be held just after the piglet is bought, at the key farmer site. On this field day, the district staff explains the demonstration site activities parasite treatment, vaccination, the feed and water containers, feed mixing and feeding and estimating weight by tape measurement are demonstrated the group discusses growth targets and pig marketing vi) Field Day 2 This should be held about one month later, at the key farmer site. The group view the pig at the key farmer site view key farmer records discuss the progress of the key farmer pig raising and compare with their own pig raising and other farmers pig raising vii) Field Day 3 This should be held about two months later., at the key farmer site. The group view the pigs at the key farmer sites view key farmer records discuss the progress and results of the key farmers pig raising and compare with their own pig raising and other farmers pig raising viii) Field Day 4 This should be held at the site when the pig is about 90kg, after about five months of raising. At this field day, the participants view the pigs at the key farmer sites view key farmer records discuss the progress and results of the key farmer pig raising and compare with their own pig raising and other farmers pig raising, in terms of technology and finance. The district staff should extrapolate the results from the demonstration to a six-pig system. The district staff should conduct a participant and key farmer survey. 20

21 ix) discuss marketing options for the pig, with a focus on pig weight, meat and fat content and contacts with buyers. VAHW Monitoring In between the Field Days, the VAHW follows up the key farmer activity, and checks on the activity and reactions of the participatory farmers. x) District Manager and Provincial Coordinator Monitoring The district manager and provincial coordinator make regular and random visits to the key farmers and VAHWs and to check on contract implementation and farmer reaction and uptake. xi) Commune Meeting 2 At this workshop, attended by District staff, VAHWs, key farmers and local authorities, the district staff leads discussion, conclusions and recommendations on the program objectives, activities, targets, structure, workplan, and contracts the results of the demonstration sites in terms of technology and finance and compares this to traditional practices the implementation of the key farmer and VAHW contracts strengths and weaknesses of the technology, extension process and institutional arrangements opportunities to improve the technology and extension process farmer reactions to the technology and farmer technology adoption xii) Feed Seller Training 2 Managers of medicine and feed outlets receive training on the results of the demonstrations conducted, and the potential for increasing income through sales of pig feeds The focus is on how to improve their businesses. The training is conducted by the provincial staff with district staff and selected VAHWs and key farmers as resource persons. 5. Equipment/Materials A list of materials and equipment needed to implement an extension program for the TIP. Table 5 Materials District staff record book VAHW record book Key Farmer Record book Pig Feeding Awareness Leaflet Examples of the district staff record book, VAHW record book, Key Farmer record book and Pig Feeding Awareness Leaflet are shown in the Annex. 21

22 The VAHW Training Manual, available at Provincial Office of Animal Health and Production is a source of information on livestock health and management issues. 6. Budget Implementation Budget Item Unit Unit Value District manager contract unit District manager record book unit VAHW contract unit VAHW record book unit Commune Meetings Snacks person Training Materials LS Feed Seller Training Training Materials LS Pig Feeding Awareness Leaflet unit Snacks person Demonstration Sites Key farmer contract unit Key Farmer record book unit Commercial feed 30 kg bag 10 kg weighing scale unit Measuring tapes unit Water Systems unit Notebooks, pens unit Snacks person day No. Units Value 22

23 Annex 1 District Manager Record Book District Manager Records Financial Comparison Between Low Input and High-Medium Input Semi-Intensive Pig Growing Systems At the last field day Traditional System (estimate) Item Unit Unit Value No. Units Value (riel) Unit Variable Costs Piglet 1 kg kg Piglet 2 kg kg Rice bran kg kg Broken Rice kg kg Commercial feed kg kg Ipomoea day day Ivomec cc cc Castrations hd Swine Fever vaccine hd hd Pasteurella vaccine hd hd Salmonella vaccine hd hd Medicine hd hd Revenue Pig 1 Sale kg kg Pig 2 Sale Profit A = Revenue - Variable Costs Fixed Costs Water system unit unit Profit B = Profit A - Fixed Cost Profit A/day riel/day riel/day Technical Analysis of Low and High Input Systems Item Unit Traditional Low Input System Higher Input System Pig Breed Pig Age Pig Sex Start Weight kg Growing Period days Sale Weight kg Average Growth Rate kg/day Labour days Demonstration Results Unit No. Units Value (riel) Value 23

24 District Manager Analysis Financial Comparison Between Low Input and High-Medium Input Semi-Intensive Pig Growing Systems Extrapolated from demonstartion resultsto a six-pig system Traditional System (estimate) High Input Item Unit Unit Unit Value No. Units Value (riel) Unit Value No. Units Value (riel) Variable Costs Piglet x six kg kg Rice bran kg kg Broken Rice kg kg Commercial feed kg kg Ipomoea day day Ivomec cc cc Castrations hd Swine Fever vaccine hd hd Pasteurella vaccine hd hd Salmonella vaccine hd hd Medicine hd hd Revenue Pigs x 6 kg kg Profit A = Revenue - Variable Costs Fixed Costs Water system unit unit Profit B = Profit A - Fixed Cost Profit A/day riel/day riel/day Technical Analysis of Low and High Input Systems Item Unit Traditional Low Input System Higher Input System Pig Breed Pig Age Pig Sex Start Weight kg Growing Period days Sale Weight kg Average Growth Rate kg/day Labour days Participating and Key Farmer Survey What was the level of farmer interest in the technology? (1-5) How many farmers in the group are currently raising pigs semi-intensively? Of these how many say they will adopt the technology? What were the strengths of the extension process? What were the weaknesses of the extension process? How can the extension process be improved? What are the strengths of the technology? What are the weaknesses of the technology? How can he technology be improved? 24

25 Annex 2 VAHW Records Key Farmer Name Date Animal Problem Multiple Growing Pig Management VAHW Records Pig Treatments Medicine Type Medicine amount (cc) Medicine fee (riel) Service fee (riel) Fee (total) 25

26 Annex 3 Key Farmer Records Semi-Intensive Growing Pig Management Key Farmer Records Commercial feed name: Commercial feed cost: Commercial feed protein content: Rice bran quality: Rice bran quality: Rice bran cost: Broken rice cost: Date Mixed Records of Feed Mixing Rice bran Commercial Feed (kg) (kg) Broken rice (kg) Total 26

27 Day Date Semi-Intensive Growing Pig Management Key Farmer Records Mixture fed to pigs (kg) Other feed Note: Records continue until pig is sold - about 150 days Medicines or Vaccines Other 27

28 Age Breed Sex Day Date Sale Girth (cm) Semi-Intensive Growing Pig Management Key Farmer Records Pig Weight Data Demonstration Pigs Pig 1 Pig 2 Pig 1 Pig 2 Length Weight Girth Length (cm) (kg) (cm) (cm) Weight (kg) Girth (cm) Non-demonstration Pigs Pig 3 Pig 4 Pig 1 Pig 2 Length Weight Girth Length (cm) (kg) (cm) (cm) Weight (kg) 28

29 Annex 4 Pig Weight Estimation Table Pig Weight Table VN Girth kg VN Girth kg Girth VN kg Girth VN kg VN Girth kg 60cm = 23kg 74cm = 41kg 89cm = 62kg 103cm = 90kg 117cm = 129kg 61cm = 24kg 75cm = 42kg 90cm = 64kg 104cm = 92kg 118cm = 132kg 62cm = 25kg 76cm = 43kg 91cm = 66kg 105cm = 95kg 119cm = 135kg 63cm = 26kg 77cm = 44kg 92cm = 68kg 106cm = 98kg 120cm = 138kg 64cm = 27kg 78cm = 45kg 93cm = 70kg 107cm = 100kg 121cm = 141kg 65cm = 28kg 79cm = 46kg 94cm = 72kg 108cm = 103kg 122cm = 144kg 66cm = 29kg 80cm = 47kg 95cm = 74kg 109cm = 106kg 123cm = 147kg 67cm = 30kg 81cm = 48kg 96cm = 76kg 110cm = 108kg 124cm = 150kg 68cm = 31kg 82cm = 50kg 97cm = 78kg 111cm = 111kg 125cm = 153kg 69cm = 32kg 83cm = 52kg 98cm = 80kg 112cm = 114kg 126cm = 156kg 70cm = 34kg 84cm = 54kg 99cm = 82kg 113cm = 117kg 127cm = 159kg 71cm = 36kg 85cm = 55kg 100cm = 84kg 114cm = 120kg 128cm = 162kg 72cm = 38kg 86cm = 57kg 101cm = 86kg 115cm = 123kg 129cm = 165kg 73cm = 40kg 87cm = 58kg 102cm = 88kg 116cm = 126kg 130cm = 168kg This table only uses girths in estimating weights. While this table can be used as a guide, it is better to measure the length and girth of the pig, and use the formula to estimate weight. 29

30 Annex 5 Pig Feeding Awareness Leaflet Feed your pigs good food and make a good profit Feeding your pigs a mixture of commercial pig feed mixed, rice bran and broken rice, makes your pigs grow quickly. They can weigh 90kg in five months! Protein Commercial feed Broken Rice Rice Bran Weaning to 20kg kg to 40kg kg to 60kg kg to sale