Addressing Climate Change and Conflict in Development Cooperation
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1 DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Addressing Climate Change and Conflict in Development Cooperation Experiences from Natural Resource Management Mikkel Funder, Signe Marie Cold-Ravnkilde, Ida Peters
2 CLIMATE CHANGE AS A CONFLICT MULTIPLIER Climate change does not necessarily lead to conflict The impacts of climate change are unpredictable People s responses are unpredictable Scarcity often leads to cooperation The scientific evidence is inconclusive
3 CLIMATE CHANGE AS A CONFLICT MULTIPLIER Climate change may contribute to existing conflicts Climate change is rarely the only cause of conflict It may intensify and spread existing conflicts It may trigger underlying conflicts
4 CLIMATE CHANGE AS A CONFLICT MULTIPLIER Climate change may contribute to existing conflicts Conflicts over land and water access Discontent with food security and food prices Negative impacts of internal or regional migration/displacement Grievances over inequality and injustice Negative impacts of climate change interventions
5 DIIS DESK STUDY Aims of the desk study What are the experiences from addressing conflicts in natural resource management? How can these be applied in development cooperation in order to address the conflict multiplier effects of climate change? Primary focus on land and water management in Africa Mainly focus on human security issues
6 DIIS DESK STUDY Method of the study Literature review (general review + 50 selected references) 3 desk-based case studies Northern Kenya, Peace Wells in Niger, Nile River Basin Consultations with practitioners, policy-makers and researchers
7 TYPES AND CAUSES OF NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS Types of natural resource conflicts identified in the review: Micro micro conflicts (intra-community) Micro macro conflicts (community-external) Macro macro conflicts (transboundary) Ie: Addressing climate change and conflict requries efforts at multiple levels, and across levels
8 TYPES AND CAUSES OF NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS Causes of natural resource conflicts identified in the review: Natural resource scarcity but also: State policies that prioritize some sectors, producers, regions at the cost of others Market dynamics, e.g. land grabbing, new water users, rising land values Insecurity and inequality in land and water rights Governance constraints. Authoritarian approaches, rent-seeking, political manouvering Poverty, inequality, unemployment (beware of quick assumptions) Demographic change and migration. Eg newcomers looking for land. Unintended side effects of development programmes
9 TYPES AND CAUSES OF NATURAL RESOURCE CONFLICTS Ie: Natural resource conflicts are not only caused by scarcity Providing more water and better crops etc is very important... but it is not enough
10 CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION Conflict prevention seeks to prevent conflicts from developing Conflict management seeks to contain, limit and mitigate ongoing conflicts Conflict resolution seeks to end conflicts by resolving the incompatibilities
11 CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION Conflict prevention measures found in the review: Type Aim Example Early warning Systems Direct conflict prevention Structural conflict prevention Monitoring and risk analysis for early action Short-term preventive measures in high-risk situations Address root causes to avoid conflicts from arising Participatory monitoring of natural resource trends Erection of cattle or wildlife fences Land reform; recognition of customary rights
12 CONFLICT PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION Conflict management and resolution mechanisms found in the review: Type Description Example Customary systems Statutory systems Alternative dispute resolution Customary mechanisms and authorities Formal legal systems and bodies Methods for dispute resolution outside the judicial process Dispute settlement of water access by Council of Elders Settlement of land disputes through formal court hearings Mediation and negotiated rulemaking over water access with multiple stakeholders and a neutral third party
13 ADDRESSING THE CONFLICT MULTIPLIER EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3 recommended entry points for development cooperation: Support to 1. Structural conflict prevention 2. Institutional frameworks for conflict management & resolution 3. Conflict proofing policies and programmes
14 STRUCTURAL CONFLICT PREVENTION Structural conflict prevention is key to long term impact (OECD DAC guidelines) Addressing conflict multiplier effects of CC = Addressing root causes of conflicts In land and water, this includes: Enhancing governance mechanisms in land and water Addressing property rights and tenure Improving food security, expanding livelihood options Increasing/sustaining the supply of land and water resources
15 STRUCTURAL CONFLICT PREVENTION But are we not doing this already? - Yes, but now it is even more important: Reduces the root causes of the conflicts that climate change contributes to Enhances the incentives for government decision-makers to support sound natural resource management Focuses on disease prevention rather than treating the symptoms Supports broad development and poverty alleviation aims
16 FRAMEWORKS FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT- AND RESOLUTION But: Structural conflict prevention takes time Some conflicts are intractable New conflicts will develop So also: Support to institutional frameworks for conflict management and resolution
17 FRAMEWORKS FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT- AND RESOLUTION Support national frameworks for conflict man. & resolution national strategies for conflict resolution, integrating conflict resolution in NAPAs etc improved national mechanisms for conflict policy and response, eg multistakeholder platforms etc Strenghten local institutional mechanisms strengthening eroded customary conflict resolution mechanisms addressing competition between district authorities and customary authorities
18 FRAMEWORKS FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT- AND RESOLUTION Improving access to dispute resolution and justice alternative spaces for unbiased mediation and arbitration monitoring agreements civil society advocacy, environmental justice networks etc Addressing transboundary resource management challenges Be careful with assumptions of international water wars - but don t underestimate the intensely political nature of transboundary res. man. local aspects of transboundary resource man. (joint conflict analysis, cross-border fora) joint resource assessments and information sharing as initial platform for joint action
19 CONFLICT PROOFING POLICIES AND DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS Conflict proofing policies and programmes Avoiding that support to agriculture, infrastructure dev., environment, climate change mitigation etc contribute to conflicts. Harmonizing contradictory sector policies/plans from a conflict and equity perspective Conflict analysis/strategic conflict assessments in programme preparation
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