Overview SSL/TLS HTTPS SSH. TLS Protocol Architecture TLS Handshake Protocol TLS Record Protocol. SSH Protocol Architecture SSH Transport Protocol
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1 SSL/TLS TLS Protocol Architecture TLS Handshake Protocol TLS Record Protocol HTTPS SSH SSH Protocol Architecture SSH Transport Protocol Overview SSH User Authentication Protocol SSH Connection Protocol
2 SSL/TLS Secure Sockets Layer Provides privacy and data integrity Netscape, around 1995 SSLv3 Key size: 128 bit / 40 bit for export TLS: Transport Layer Security Based upon SSLv3 IETF Two versions TLS 1.0 (RFC 2246 & RFC 3546) TLS 1.1 (RFC 4346 & RFC 4366)
3 TLS Goals Defined in RFC 4346: 1. Cryptographic security 2. Interoperability 3. Extensibility 4. Relative efficiency Session caching 3
4 TLS Protocol Architecture RFC 4346 Handshake Protocol Change Cipher Spec Protocol Alert Protocol Application Protocol Client / Server authentication Algorithm and key negotiation Record Protocol Confidentiality Message Integrity TCP* UDP: RFC
5 TLS Phases client server Peer negotiation Determine algorithm support Key exchange & Authentication Key exchange Authentication (certificate-based) Using public key encryption Data exchange Using symmetric encryption 5
6 TLS Handshake Protocol Peer negotiation client server Client hello SSL version Session ID Random Cipher suite Compression method Server hello SSL version Session ID Random Cipher suite Compression method 6
7 TLS Handshake Protocol Key exchange & Authentication client server certificate server key exchange certificate request server hello done If requested by client, server sends its authentication data plus keys certificate client key exchange If necessary, clients sends its authentication data plus keys certificate verify 7
8 TLS Change Cipher Spec Protocol client server change cipher spec finished Change cipher spec activates new algorithms Finished verifies new algorithms After server sends Finished, actual data exchange starts change cipher spec finished 8
9 Ciphers in practice See: The SSL Landscape - A Thorough Analysis of the X.509 PKI Using Active and Passive Measurements - Ralph Holz - IMC2011 9
10 TLS Record Protocol Application data Fragment Compress Add MAC Encrypt Append header 10
11 Certificates Create a certificate for your website Ask a CA to sign the certificate Use the certificate if clients access your website
12 Certificates in practice See: The SSL Landscape - A Thorough Analysis of the X.509 PKI Using Active and Passive Measurements - Ralph Holz - IMC2011 s per 12
13 Certificate creation Generate public-private key pair Generate CSR: Certificate Signing Request - public key - certificate - signed with private key Website CA 13
14 Certificate signed by a CA Send CSR Check CSR integrity - using public key Verify identity website Generate certificate - signed with CAs private key Send Certificate Website CA 14
15 Type of certificates 1. Domain Validated Certificate DV-SSL CA sends validation mail to web master 2. Organisation Validation Certificate OV-SSL CA additionally checks existence of organisation 3. Extended Validation Certificate EV-SSL CA additionally checks if requester is authorized Expensive (> 100 Euro) 15
16 Certificate types in browsers Browsers show for all certificates the locked sign 1. Domain Validated Certificate Firefox: blue Opera: yellow 2. Extended Validation Certificate Firefox: green IE: green Chrome: green Safari: green 16
17 SSL connect Certificates Send signed certificate Check certificate - CA trusted? - On certificate revocation list (CRL)? - Check using Online Certificate Status Protocol (OSCP) Browser Website 17
18 HTTPS Introduced by Netscape Application on top of SSL/TLS Same as normal HTTP protocol RFC 2812 (Informational) Uses port 443 Server requires certificate Clients may also hold their own certificates
19 SSH NOT an application on top of SSL Replacement for TELNET, rlogin, rsh 1995: version 1, 1996: version 2 SSH Communications Security OpenSSH 2006: IETF secsh WG, many RFCs
20 SSH Protocol Architecture SSH Applications RFC 4251 SSH-CONNECT SSH Connection Protocol RFC 4254 Logical channels SSH-USERAUTH SSH-TRANS SSH User Authentication Protocol SSH Transport Protocol TCP RFC 4252 RFC 4253 Client authentication Server authentication Confidentiality Integrity Compression (option) 20
21 SSH Transport Protocol Initial key exchange / Key re-exchange Diffie-Hellman Encryption: Recommended: aes128-cbc Required: 3des-cbc Optional: blowfish-cbc, twofish-cbc, aes192-cbc, aes256-cbc, serpent-cbc, arcfour (RC4), idea-cbc, cast128-cbc, none Server authentication Recommended: hmac-sha1-96 Required: hmac-sha1 Optional: hmac-md5, none Compression: Required: None Optional: zlib (lz77) 21
22 SSH Transport Protocol - Timeline client server TCP connection setup SSH version string exchange SSH key exchange / algorithm negotiation SSH data exchange key / algorithm re-negotiation TCP connection release time 22
23 SSH Transport Protocol - Binary Packet Protocol packet length padding length max: octets payload (may be compressed) max: octets random padding MAC 23
24 SSH Transport Protocol - Server authentication Based on the server s host key The client must check this key Models the client has a local database that associates each host name with the corresponding public host key the host name to key association is certified by a trusted CA and the server provides the necessary certificates or the client obtains them from elsewhere check fingerprint of the key over an external channel (e.g., phone) best effort: accept host key without check when connecting the first time to the server save the host key in the local database, and check against the saved key on all future connections to the same server source: 24
25 SSH User Authentication Protocol Methods public key password host based keyboard-interactive (RFC 4256) Time Out period 10 minutes Too many attempts 20 attempts 25
26 SSH Connection Protocol Multiplexing protocol Opens and closes channels Multiple channels are mapped on a single SSH transport connection Each application uses one or more dedicated channels Allows for out-of-band control: change size of a terminal window application flow control exit code of a server-side process. Each channel is locally identified by channel number Standard channel types include: shell direct-tcpip forwarded-tcpip 26
27 SSH Applications SSH: Secure Shell SCP: Secure Copy SFTP: Secure FTP SSHFS: Secure SHell FileSystem ISMS: Integrated Security Model for SNMP Port forwarding (tunneling) 27
28 Port forwarding (Tunneling) client server A Application B Application x client firewall server A Application C B Application SSH Client y SSH Server 22 x 28
29 SSH References Wikipedia IETF SECSH WG Levente Buttyán, BME-HIT SSH: The Definitive Guide 29
30 SSH versus SSL/TLS SSH: Server authentication mandatory Client authentication: many options Authentication based on SSH keys Provides logical data channel multiplexing SSL/TLS: Server authentication is optional (although generally chosen) Client authentication: only public keys Authentication based on X.509 certificates Does not provide logical data channel multiplexing
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