Dealing with Viruses. Topic 8. Contents. Prerequisite knowledge Before studying this topic you should be able to:
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1 173 Topic 8 Dealing with Viruses Contents 8.1 Introduction Viruses Virus types Virus code actions Other infections Anti-virus software Anti-virus techniques Using a virus information library Summary End of topic test Prerequisite knowledge Before studying this topic you should be able to: Describe a virus and how it operates; Describe the common symptoms of virus infections and how they can spread; Explain the need for anti-virus software. Learning Objectives By the end of this topic you will be able to: Classify viruses by type of file infected; Describe virus code actions; Distinguish between a virus, a worm and a Trojan horse; Describe anti-virus software detection techniques.
2 174 TOPIC 8. DEALING WITH VIRUSES Revision The following exercise tests the prerequisites for this topic. Ensure that you are happy with your responses before progressing. Q1: A virus is best described as: a) a disabling code that infects a computer b) a disabling code written into a program c) an error written in a code d) an error that occurs only when a program is running Q2: Which of the following is the most likely source of a virus? a) an message b) an attachment c) a software package d) an operating system Q3: To prevent a virus infection you should: a) install virus checking software b) reinstall the operating system c) install a firewall d) install anti-virus software 8.1 Introduction This topic covers the issue of protecting software and systems from viruses and other threats. 8.2 Viruses A virus is a program code that causes some undesirable and unexpected event to happen in a computer. Viruses are usually disguised as something innocent and are designed so that they automatically spread within or between computer systems. Viruses can enter a system as: attachments to an , a download from the web, or from on a disc or CD. Some viruses take effect as soon as their code is executed and others can wait until circumstances cause their code to be executed by the computer. Viruses can be quite harmful and erase data or close down a system.
3 8.2. VIRUSES Virus types Viruses are classified into three main types: File virus Boot sector virus Macro virus It is also important to distinguish between viruses, worms and trojans. File virus File viruses attach themselves to program files such as.exe or.com files. When the program is loaded, the virus is also loaded. A file virus can also take the form of a complete program, or script, attached to something else, e.g an . They then take up residence in the computer ready to cause havoc. Boot sector virus These viruses infect executable code found in certain system areas on a disc. They attach to the boot sector on discs or the master boot record on hard discs. To infiltrate the boot sector, the virus is read while the system is running and then activated the next time the operating system is loaded. Macro virus Macro viruses are fairly common viruses, but tend to do the least damage. Macro viruses infect applications and typically cause a sequence of actions within the application e.g. inserting unwanted words or phrases in a document Virus code actions Viruses don t all follow the same course of action. They can, and do, use a combination of the following actions: Replication; Camouflage; Watching; Delivery.
4 176 TOPIC 8. DEALING WITH VIRUSES Replication USB DRIVE A computer virus has the unique ability to replicate. Like a biological virus they can spread quickly and can be difficult to control. They can attach themselves to almost any type of file and spread as files are copied and sent between computer users. A virus can take a long time to replicate itself before activation. This gives it time to be spread over many computers before being discovered. Camouflage It is possible for a virus to avoid detection by taking on the characteristics that detection software is programmed to look for and ignore. However, detection software has evolved to prevent this happening. Today s anti-virus software does much more than simply check particular characteristics (or signature) of a virus. They also check the virus code and even checksum the virus code to identify it. With these cross-checks it would be extremely difficult for a virus to camouflage itself and get past detection. Watching A virus can lie in wait and ambush a computer when something routine is carried out e.g. opening a particular application. The damage routines will activate when certain conditions are met. On a certain date, or when the infected user performs a particular action may trigger the virus.
5 8.3. ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE 177 Delivery Infected discs brought in from the outside used to be the main source of viruses until provided the ideal delivery vehicle. Once delivered the virus will wait for the trigger to drop its payload Other infections Worm A worm is a self-replicating virus that does not alter any files but takes up residence in the computer s active memory and duplicates itself. They only become noticeable once their replication consumes the memory to the extent that the system slows down or is unable to carry out particular tasks. Worms tend to use the parts of the computer s operating system that is not seen by the user until it is too late. Trojan horse A Trojan horse is a program where harmful code is contained inside another code which can appear to be harmless. Once the apparently harmless code is in the computer, it releases the malicious code to do its damage. Trojan horses may even claim to be anti-virus in order to get the user to install it. The name comes from the deception that the Greek army played on the people of Troy during the Trojan War. They presented Troy with a large wooden horse in which they had secretly hidden their warriors. Once inside the city gates, the warriors emerged from the horse and took control of the city. Virus types Online there is an interactivity which you should attempt. 8.3 Anti-virus software Anti-virus software is used to prevent the spread of small, usually malignant programs that spread amongst machines using a similar approach to that used by biological viruses. As programs, they need to be executed before they can be effective, so viruses often attach themselves to program files. Another place that computer viruses can be found is in the boot sector of discs.
6 178 TOPIC 8. DEALING WITH VIRUSES As this is where the disc stores the program that is used to start the computer, any virus in this area can be activated automatically each time the machine is started. Viruses are also capable of hiding in other places, such as the partition table. The damage that a virus can inflict is called its payload, and this can vary from no effect (apart from taking up space and slowing the machine down slightly) to viruses that can overwrite a part of the operating system that resides in certain types of hardware. Such an action can result in the hardware becoming useless. Anti-virus software can operate in several different ways, including: 1. monitoring the size of files (if a program suddenly changes size this may indicate that a virus has attached to it); 2. monitoring the system for suspicious activities, such as trying to modify important files; 3. checking to see if a characteristic series of program instructions known as a signature appears in a file. The appearance of a recognised signature is an indication that a known virus is infecting a system. The virus writers are aware of the efforts being made to prevent the spread of viruses, and are developing different techniques. One of these is the polymorphic virus. This attempts to defeat detection by encoding parts of the virus into many different forms. This generates a huge number of different signatures for the anti-virus software to try and detect. The large vendors of anti-virus systems provide daily updates for their products, and given the speed with which viruses can propagate through the system, it is a good policy to update virus protection products at least once a day. There are a large number of web sites that contain information about computer viruses and how to remove them, not least from the vendors of software to deal with the problems of infection. These include: Anti-virus techniques The best protection against a virus is to know that each file you open from an , disc or from the web is free from any virus. This requires anti-virus software that can screen attachments, web downloads, and checks all of your files from time-totime removing any viruses that are found. Techniques used by anti-virus software to detect a virus include: Checksum; Signature; Heuristic; Memory monitoring.
7 8.3. ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE 179 Checksum In checksum detection, a checksum of key files is recorded at source and stored in the system. When these files are called to execute the checksum is calculated and compared with what it should be. If there are any anomalies, then the file about to be run could have been infected and a warning given. There is also the facility to recalculate the checksum when boot or executable file are legitimately altered by the user. Virus signatures A virus signature is a unique pattern of bits within a virus. It can be used to detect and identify specific viruses. Once known, the anti-virus software uses the virus signature to scan for the presence of malicious code and removes it. Heuristic detection Heuristic detection describes the technique of approaching a problem through past knowledge. The technique is used to find unknown viruses that have not yet been identified by their signatures by looking for characteristics in files that have previously been associated with a known virus. Heuristics can also detect a virus that has disguised its signature, by recognising a particular characteristic of the virus behaviour. Heuristic techniques work on the probabilities of a file being infected i.e. it will give a percentage likelihood of a file being infected by weighing up the file behaviour. For example, if a file attempts to access your address book then that might be suspicious. If the same file includes code that checks a date, then the suspicion rises. There will come a point when a warning is issued on the possibility of a virus. Memory resident monitoring Some anti-virus software is memory resident and is loaded on start up. It actively monitors the system for viruses whilst the computer is switched on and checks programs for infection every time they run. This will include the boot files on start up, checking any disc as it is accessed, checking any files accessed during operation and checking any files being loaded on the hard drive. The price to be paid with memory resident programs is that they can cause delays in program loading and execution whilst the checks are being carried out Using a virus information library Using a virus information library Literally thousands of viruses have been detected and catalogued. For example: or Using these or another source, find the details of at least one of each type of virus: file
8 180 TOPIC 8. DEALING WITH VIRUSES boot macro worm trojan For each one, make a note of the following: 1. name: 2. type: 3. symptoms: 4. date discovered (try to find one from this year): 5. medium for infection (e.g. , website): 6. cure (if any): Another probem with viruses is that some of them are hoaxes (and some of the hoaxes are themselves hoaxes). Include a hoax (or a virus disguised as a hoax) in your list of virus types and note its details. 8.4 Summary The following summary points are related to the learning objectives in the topic introduction: Classification of viruses by file type: file virus, bootsector virus, macro virus Descriptions of virus code actions: replication, camouflage, watching, delivery Distinction between virus forms: virus, worm, trojan Protection against viruses: use of anti-virus software 8.5 End of topic test An online assessment is provided to help you review this topic.
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