Alicja R. Rudnicka, PhD, Christopher G. Owen, PhD and David P. Strachan, MD
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1 Alicja R. Rudnicka, PhD, Christopher G. Owen, PhD and David P. Strachan, MD Division of Community Health Sciences, St George s, University of London, London, United Kingdom 19581wk mo 1mo44 45 / A1c D C von Willebrand 1mo / von Willebrand C 1mo 1mo (breastfeeding); (cardiovascular risk factors); (respiratory risk factors); (epidemiology) FEV 1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c t-pa = tissue plasminogen activator antigen Vwf = von Willebrand factor HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol CRP = C-reactive protein CI = confidence interval Address correspondence to Alicja R. Rudnicka, PhD, Division of Community Health Sciences, St George s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom. arudnick@sgul.ac. uk PEDIATRICS
2 [1] [2] [35] (2 ) [68] [9] [10, 11] [12] [12] [13, 14] [15] [16, 17] wk (1958) (78%) ( 44 45) mo1mo [10, 13, 1721] (33) Leicester ( ) 0.1 kg BMI kg / mm 2 5min Omron 705CP (Omron) 3 ( ) 32 cm Vitalograph Micro ( Vitalograph Ltd)1 (FEV 1 ) 234 RUDNICKA et al
3 Sarstedt (Leicester) (HbA1c) (t-pa) von Willebrand (Vwf) (HDL) HDL (LDL) Clauss [22] (MDA 180 Biomerieux) D ELISA ( Hyphen) CRP (BN ProSpec Dade Behring) C(CRP) T-PA vwfelisa ( Biopool DAKO) (ref 01 / 1 / 44) / HDL HbA1c D CRP t-pa vwf log 1 a 1mo 1mo P b (s) / cm (9.1) (9.3) (9.4) (9.3) 0.02 BMI/kg m (5.1) 27.8 (5.2) 27.5 (5.0) 27.2 (5.0) / mm Hg (16.5) (16.4) (15.8) (16.9) 0.61 / mm Hg 78.9 (10.8) 79.1 (10.6) 78.4 (10.4) 78.8 (11.1) 0.61 / mmol L (1.05) 5.91 (1.09) 5.90 (1.11) 5.87 (1.09) 0.25 LDL / mmol L (0.92) 3.44 (0.90) 3.44 (0.92) 3.41 (0.90) 0.11 FEV 1 / L 3.25 (0.52) 3.28 (0.52) 3.29 (0.51) 3.30 (0.52) 0.09 (GSD) c / cm 91.0 (1.2) 91.6 (1.2) 90.9 (1.2) 90.2 (1.2) / cm (1.1) (1.1) (1.1) (1.1) 0.06 / 0.87 (1.11) 0.87 (1.10) 0.87 (1.10) 0.86 (1.10) HDL / mmol LL (1.28) 1.50 (1.28) 1.51 (1.28) 1.53 (1.28) / mmol L (1.85) 1.72 (1.81) 1.68 (1.81) 1.66 (1.82) 0.06 Hba1c / % 5.24 (1.11) 5.23 (1.11) 5.23 (1.12) 5.20 (1.10) 0.08 /g L (1.23) 2.94 (1.23) 2.90 (1.22) 2.87 (1.22) CRP / mg L (3.27) 1.10 (3.31) 1.08 (3.26) 0.96 (3.39) D /ng L (1.8) (1.8) (1.8) (1.8) 0.02 t-pa / ng L (1.75) 4.64 (1.73) 4.57 (1.57) 4.38 (1.74) vwf / IU L (1.1) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4) /% (BMI 30 kg m -2 ) a 7 b 3 P c GDS log s 95% ( GSD 2 ) ( GSS 2 ) PEDIATRICS
4 1 mo 1mo [23, 24] logistic (BMI 30 kg / m 2 ) log Stata 9.2 (Stata Corp College Station TX) (87%) 46% (n = 3 772) 1mo 24% (n = 1 960) 1 mo30% (n = 2 440) HDL BMI / D CRP t-pa vwf ( P = 0.06) (P =0.06)HbA1c (P =0.08) () LDLFEV 1 ( 1) 1mo ( 46%) ( ) ( 2) 1mo( 50% 40% 37%) 1mo42% (46%) ( 3) 1mo 0.81% 95% (CI) 1.47% 0.14%/ (0.54% 95% CI0.92% 0.16%) ( % CI ) (1.43% 95% CI 2.55% 0.30%) vwf (2.15% 95% CI4.01% 0.26%) t-pa (2.75% 95% CI 5.54% 0.11%) (P ) CRP ( P ) CRP 1mo 2.6% (95% CI 4.6% 1.0% P = 0.003) CRP 12.8% (95% CI 21.5% 3.0% P =0.01) / 236 RUDNICKA et al
5 2 / n (%) b 1 mo 1mo a 624 (52) (50) 945 (48) (50) 581 (48) (50) (50) (50) a 97 (8.1) 400 (16) 154 (7.9) 280 (7.4) 37 (3.1) 240 (9.8) 162 (8.3) 216 (5.7) 85 (7.0) 207 (8.5) 177 (9.0) 301 (8.0) 112 (9.3) 286 (1.2) 279 (14) 453 (12) 72 (6.0) 193 (7.9) 158 (8.1) 264 (7.0) 54 (4.5) 182 (7.5) 107 (5.5) 140 (3.7) 84 (7.0) 209 (8.6) 215 (11) 338 (9.0) 54 (4.5) 159 (6.5) 138 (7.0) 344 (9.1) 65 (5.4) 124 (5.1) 97 (5.0) 235 (6.2) 67 (5.6) 104 (4.3) 100 (5.1) 276 (7.3) 42 (3.5) 91 (3.7) 90 (4.6) 251 (6.6) 197 (16) 221 (9.1) 259 (13.2) 607 (16.1) 239 (20) 24 (1.0) 24 (1.2) 67 (1.8) a 69 (5.7) 91 (3.7) 76 (3.9) 242 (6.4) 116 (9.6) 311 (13) 233 (12) 634 (17) 90 (7.5) 210 (8.6) 169 (8.6) 442 (12) 433 (36) (50) (52) (47) 114 (9.5) 351 (14) 259 (13) 404 (11) 80 (6.6) 224 (9.2) 184 (9.4) 246 (6.5) 2 (0.2) 16 (0.7) 9 (0.5) 13 (0.3) 301 (25) 7 (0.3) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.03) a 603 (50) (60) (62) (70) 159 (13) 380 (16) 311 (16) 450 (12) 119 (9.9) 332 (14) 223 (11) 331 (8.8) 50 (4.2) 155 (6.4) 126 (6.4) 193 (5.1) 274 (23) 104 (4.3) 79 (4.0) 148 (3.9) /kg a (13) 362 (15) 310 (16) 463 (12) (45) (51) (54) (57) (18) 662 (27) 477 (24) 968 (26) (1.0) 39 (1.6) 23 (1.2) 30 (1.0) 287 (24) 131 (5.4) 96 (4.9) 172 (4.6) /kg a (21) 642 (26) 442 (23) 728 (19) (18) 516 (21) 492 (25) 860 (23) (15) 397 (16) 354 (18) 785 (21) (12) 433 (18) 352 (18) 678 (18) (9.7) 290 (12) 214 (11) 495 (13) PEDIATRICS
6 289 (24) 162 (6.6) 106 (5.4) 226 (6.0) (s) / kg 3.30 (0.53) 3.30 (0.57) 3.33 (0.49) 3.38 (0.48) a 77 (6.4) 91 (3.7) 81 (4.1) 243 (6.4) 417 (35) 791 (32) 643 (33) (38) 235 (20) 500 (20) 425 (22) 775 (21) 249 (21) 490 (20) 387 (20) 617 (16) 130 (11) 340 (14) 262 (13) 428 (11) 43 (3.6) 101 (4.1) 75 (3.8) 109 (2.9) 4 (0.3) 3 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 9 (0.2) 50 (4.2) 124 (5.1) 76 (3.9) 158 (4.2) a 519 (43) (45) 869 (44) (44) / 354(29) 643 (26) 544 (28) (31) 300 (25) 616 (25) 490 (25) 796 (21) 32 (2.7) 86 (3.5) 57 (2.9) 123 (3.3) / n a 10% b 7 ( ) ( ) CRP vwf 1mo 1.9% CRP13.6% 1 mo 1mo () vwf 2.0% 1.3% 1mo 1.9%CRP 13.6% 1mo BMI / LDL HbA1C t-pa vwf FEV 1 HDL 1 mo ( 0.8%) / ( 0.5%) ( 15%) ( 3%) CRP (13%)t-PA (3%) vwf ( 2%) 3 [10, 18, 25] BMI ( 238 RUDNICKA et al
7 BMI ) [19] BMI [10, 13, 25, 26] 1 mo (BMI 30 kg / m 2 ) 15% ( % CI ) [13] ( % CI ) [17] 1/3 (30%) 15% 4% [2731] [27] mo 1mo 1mo 1mo (95% CI) (95% CI) P a / cm ( ) 0.18 ( ) 0.28 BMI / kg m ( ) 0.22 ( ) 0.10 / mm Hg ( ) 0.30 ( ) 0.34 / mm Hg ( ) 0.15 ( ) 0.50 / mmol L ( ) 0.01 ( ) 0.60 LDL / mmol L ( ) 0.02 ( ) 0.37 FEV 1 / L ( ) 0.02 ( ) 0.15 (95% CI) a / cm ( ) 0.81 ( ) 0.01 / cm ( ) 0.31 ( ) 0.17 / ( ) 0.54 ( ) HDL / mmol L ( ) 0.56 ( ) 0.40 / mmol L ( ) 0.15 ( ) 0.94 Hba1c / % ( ) 0.05 ( ) 0.93 /g L ( ) 1.43 ( ) 0.01 D /ng L ( ) 2.81 ( ) 0.10 CRP / mg L ( ) 5.04 ( ) 0.12 t-pa / ng ml ( ) 2.75 ( ) 0.05 vwf / IU L ( ) 2.15 ( ) 0.04 (95% CI) (BMI 30 kg m -2 ) ( ) 0.85 ( ) 0.02 a () BMI / ( / ) ( LDL ( FEV 1 ( 24 h 3 wk () () / () HDL ( ) ( ) HbA1c ( ) CRP D ( ) t-pa Vwf ( ) PEDIATRICS
8 2.6 [27] 28% 2.5% [32] [4] () [25] [33] 2 ( % CI ) [33] HbA1c ( HbA1c 60 d ) [28, 3437] 1/41/5 30% 60% / [28, 30, 31, 38] / 21 [39] 10% 15% 1mo 1% 1 mo 2 [16,40] ( 1 000) 2 [41] [42,43] [25] 1mo [5] LDL0.2 mmol / L 3mo [44] [15] vwf t-pa CRP (P ) [25] ( 50 y) CRP [45] CRP [21] 240 RUDNICKA et al
9 vwf [4649] [5055] BMI / [27, 29, 31, 37] [39] (3%) 7y (46%) 1mo [56] ( 54% 1mo) 20 [57] [58] [59] 1958 (97%) 1mo / (1mo) 1 World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. In: Bock GR, et al, eds. The Childhood Environment and Adult Disease. 1st ed. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley; 1991: Ravelli AC, et al. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82: Singhal A, et al. Lancet 2003;361: Owen CG, et al. Pediatrics 2002;110: Fall CH, et al. BMJ 1992;304: Pettitt DJ, et al. Lancet 1997;350: Young TK, et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156: Martin RM, et al. Eur Heart J 2004;25: Victora CG, et al. BMJ 2003;327: Martin RM, et al. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002;87: F193 F von Kries R, et al. BMJ 1999;319: Parsons TJ, et al. Arch Dis Child 2003;88: Li L, et al. BMJ 2003;327: Shaukat A, et al. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24: Owen CG, et al. BMJ 2003;327: Owen CG, et al. Pediatrics 2005;115: Wadsworth M, et al. BMJ 1999;319: Owen CG, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: Martin RM, et al. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62: Williams MJ, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006;60: PEDIATRICS
10 von Clauss A. Acta Haematol 1957;17: Marmot MG, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 1980;34: Fall CH, et al. BMJ 1995;310: Martin RM, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59: Gillman MW, et al. JAMA 2001;285: Shaper AG, et al. BMJ 1997;314: Rexrode KM, et al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25: Whitlock G, et al. Semin Vasc Med 2002;2: Hu G, et al. Eur Heart J 2004;25: Yusuf S, et al. Lancet 2005;366: Stettler N, et al. Pediatrics 2002;109: Owen CG, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84: Chan JM, et al. Diabetes Care 1994;17: Ohlson LO, et al. Diabetes 1985;34: Lundgren H, et al. Int J Obes (Lond) 1989;13: Welborn TA, et al. Med J Aust 2003;179: Dagenais GR, et al. Am Heart J 2005;149: Snijder MB, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77: Martin RM, et al. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161: Taittonen L, et al. Pediatr Res 1996;40: Lawlor DA, et al. Arch Dis Child 2005;90: Martin RM, et al. Circulation 2004;109: Kolacek S, et al. Acta Paediatr 1993;82: Singhal A, et al. Lancet 2004;363: Whincup PH, et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23: Lowe GD, et al. Eur Heart J 2004;25: Danesh J, et al. N Engl J Med 2004;350: Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration. JAMA 2005;294: Lucas A, et al. Lancet 1992;339: Lanting CI, et al. Lancet 1994;344: Horwood LJ, et al. Pediatrics 1998;101(1). Available at: www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/1/e9 53 Anderson JW, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: Vestergaard M, et al. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88: SanGiovanni JP, et al. Early Hum Dev 2000;57: Newson J, et al. Infant Care in an Urban Community. London, United Kingdom: George Allen and Unwin; Kark JD, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 1984;38: Oppe TE. Present-Day Practice in Infant Feeding. Report of a working party of the Panel on Child Nutrition, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London, United Kingdom: HMSO; Cockburn F, et al. Weaning and the Weaning Diet. Report of the Working Group on the Weaning Diet of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy Great Britain Department of Health. London, United Kingdom: Her Majesty s Stationery Office; 1994 PEDIATRICS 2007;119(5):e1107 e RUDNICKA et al
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