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1 1) A market: A) reflects upsloping demand and downsloping supply curves. B) entails the exchange of goods, but not services. C) is an institution that brings together buyers and sellers. D) always requires face-to-face contact between buyer and seller. 2) The law of demand states that: A) price and quantity demanded are inversely related. B) the larger the number of buyers in a market, the lower will be product price. C) price and quantity demanded are directly related. D) consumers will buy more of a product at high prices than at low prices. 3) The demand curve shows the relationship between: A) money income and quantity demanded. C) price and quantity demanded. B) price and production costs. D) consumer tastes and the quantity demanded. 4) The relationship between quantity supplied and price is and the relationship between quantity demanded and price is. A) direct, inverse B) inverse, direct C) inverse, inverse D) direct, direct 5) When the price of a product increases, a consumer is able to buy less of it with a given money income. This describes: A) the cost effect. B) the inflationary effect. C) the income effect. D) the substitution effect. 6) A demand curve: A) shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied. B) indicates the quantity demanded at each price in a series of prices. C) graphs as an upsloping line. D) shows the relationship between income and spending. 7. An increase in the price of a product will reduce the amount of it purchased because: A) supply curves are upsloping. B) the higher price means that real incomes have risen. C) consumers will substitute other products for the one whose price has risen. D) consumers substitute relatively high-priced for relatively low-priced products. 8. When the price of a product rises, consumers shift their purchases to other products whose prices are now relatively lower. This statement describes: A) an inferior good. C) the substitution effect. B) the rationing function of prices. D) the income effect. 9. The construction of demand and supply curves assumes that the primary variable influencing decisions to produce and purchase goods is: A) price. B) expectations. C) preferences. D) incomes. 10. A recent study found that an increase in the Federal tax on beer (and thus an increase in the price of beer) would reduce the demand for marijuana. We can conclude that: A) beer and marijuana are substitute goods. C) beer is an inferior good. B) beer and marijuana are complementary goods. D) marijuana is an inferior good. 11. In the past few years, the demand for donuts has greatly increased. This increase in demand might best be explained by: A) an increase in consumer income. C) a change in consumer expectations. B) an increase in the price of a substitute good. D) a change in buyer tastes. 12. Which of the following will not cause the demand for product K to change? A) a change in the price of close-substitute product J B) an increase in consumer incomes C) a change in the price of K D) a change in consumer tastes 1

2 13. Which of the following would not shift the demand curve for beef? A) a widely publicized study that indicates beef increases one's cholesterol B) a reduction in the price of cattle feed C) an effective advertising campaign by pork producers D) a change in the incomes of beef consumers 14. In 2003 the price of oil increased, which in turn caused the price of natural gas to rise. This can best be explained by saying that oil and natural gas are: A) complementary goods and the higher price for oil increased the demand for natural gas. B) substitute goods and the higher price for oil increased the demand for natural gas. C) complementary goods and the higher price for oil decreased the supply of natural gas. D) substitute goods and the higher price for oil decreased the supply of natural gas. 15. A rightward shift in the demand curve for product C might be caused by: A) an increase in income if C is an inferior good. B) a decrease in income if C is a normal good. C) a decrease in the price of a product that is a close substitute for C. D) a decrease in the price of a product that is complementary to C. 16. If two goods are complements: A) they are consumed independently. B) an increase in the price of one will increase the demand for the other. C) a decrease in the price of one will increase the demand for the other. D) they are necessarily inferior goods. 17. DVD players and DVDs are: A) complementary goods. B) substitute goods. C) independent goods. D) inferior goods. 18. If the demand curve for product B shifts to the right as the price of product A declines, then: A) both A and B are inferior goods. C) A is an inferior good and B is a superior good. B) A is a superior good and B is an inferior good. D) A and B are complementary goods. 19. If the price of product L increases, the demand curve for close-substitute product J will: A) shift downward toward the horizontal axis. C) shift to the right. B) shift to the left. D) remain unchanged. 20. If the price of K declines, the demand curve for the complementary product J will: A) shift to the left. B) decrease. C) shift to the right. D) remain unchanged. 21. Which of the following statements is correct? A) An increase in the price of C will decrease the demand for complementary product D. B) A decrease in income will decrease the demand for an inferior good. C) An increase in income will reduce the demand for a normal good. D) A decline in the price of X will increase the demand for substitute product Y. 22. A shift to the right in the demand curve for product A can be most reasonably explained by saying that: A) consumer incomes have declined and they now want to buy less of A at each possible price. B) the price of A has increased and, as a result, consumers want to purchase less of it. C) consumer preferences have changed in favor of A so that they now want to buy more at each possible price. D) the price of A has declined and, as a result, consumers want to purchase more of it. 23. Other things equal, which of the following might shift the demand curve for gasoline to the left? A) the discovery of vast new oil reserves in Montana B) the development of a low-cost electric automobile C) an increase in the price of train and air transportation D) a large decline in the price of automobiles 2

3 24. An increase in consumer incomes will: A) increase the demand for an inferior good. C) increase the demand for a normal good. B) increase the supply of an inferior good. D) decrease the supply of a normal good. 25. Assume the demand curve for product X shifts to the right. This might be caused by: A) a decline in income if X is an inferior good. B) a decline in the price of Z if X and Z are substitute goods. C) a change in consumer tastes that is unfavorable to X. D) an increase in the price of Y if X and Y are complementary goods. 26. ipods and headphones are: A) substitute goods. B) complementary goods. C) independent goods. D) inferior goods. 27. The demand curve for a product might shift as the result of a change in: A) consumer tastes. B) consumer incomes. C) the prices of related goods. D) all of the above. 28. An increase in the price of product A will: A) reduce the demand for resources used in the production of A. B) increase the demand for complementary product C. C) increase the demand for substitute product B. D) reduce the demand for substitute product B. 29. A decrease in demand is depicted by a: (Use above graph) A) move from point x to point y. C) shift from D2 to D1. B) shift from D1 to D2. D) move from point y to point x. 30. A decrease in quantity demanded (as distinct from a decrease in demand) is depicted by a: (Use above graph) A) move from point x to point y. C) shift from D2 to D1. B) shift from D1 to D2. D) move from point y to point x. 31. When an economist says that the demand for a product has increased, this means that: A) consumers are now willing to purchase more of this product at each possible price. B) the product has become particularly scarce for some reason. C) product price has fallen and as a consequence consumers are buying a larger quantity of the product. D) the demand curve has shifted to the left. 32. The quantity demanded of a product increases as its price declines because the: A) lower price shifts the demand curve rightward. C) lower price results in an increase in supply. B) lower price shifts the demand curve leftward. D) demand curve is downsloping. 33. The term quantity demanded: A) refers to the entire series of prices and quantities that comprise the demand schedule. B) refers to a situation in which the income and substitution effects do not apply. C) refers to the amount of a product that will be purchased at some specific price. D) means the same thing as demand. 3

4 34. If consumers are willing to pay a higher price than previously for each level of output, we can say that that following has occurred: A) a decrease in demand. C) a decrease in supply. B) an increase in demand. D) an increase in supply. 35. An increase in demand means that: A) given supply, the price of the product will decline. B) the demand curve has shifted to the right. C) price has declined and consumers therefore want to purchase more of the product. D) the demand curve has shifted to the left. 36. Assume that the demand schedule for product C is downsloping. If the price of C falls from $2.00 to $1.75: A) a smaller quantity of C will be demanded. C) the demand for C will increase. B) a larger quantity of C will be demanded. D) the demand for C will decrease. 37. A decrease in supply is depicted by a: (Use above graph) A) move from point x to point y. C) shift from S2 to S1. B) shift from S1 to S2. D) move from point y to point x. 38. An increase in quantity supplied (as distinct from an increase in supply) is depicted by a: (Use above graph) A) move from point y to point x. C) shift from S2 to S1. B) shift from S1 to S2. D) move from point x to point y. 39. The law of supply indicates that: A) producers will offer more of a product at high prices than they will at low prices. B) the product supply curve is downsloping. C) consumers will purchase less of a good at high prices than they will at low prices. D) producers will offer more of a product at low prices than they will at high prices. 40. An improvement in production technology will: A) increase equilibrium price. C) shift the supply curve to the right. B) shift the supply curve to the left. D) shift the demand curve to the left. 41. Because of unseasonably cold weather, the supply of oranges has substantially decreased. This statement indicates that: A) the demand for oranges will necessarily rise. B) the equilibrium quantity of oranges will rise. C) the amount of oranges that will be available at various prices has declined. D) the price of oranges will fall. 42. Assume a drought in the Great Plains reduces the supply of wheat. Noting that wheat is a basic ingredient in the production of bread and that potatoes are a consumer substitute for bread, we would expect the price of wheat to: A) rise, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to increase. B) rise, the supply of bread to decrease, and the demand for potatoes to increase. C) rise, the supply of bread to decrease, and the demand for potatoes to decrease. D) fall, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to increase. 4

5 43. Suppose product X is an input in the production of product Y. Product Y in turn is a substitute for product Z. An increase in the price of X can be expected to: A) decrease the demand for Z. C) have no effect on the demand for Z. B) increase the demand for Z. D) decrease the supply of Z. 44. Refer to the above table. If demand is represented by columns (3) and (2) and supply is represented by columns (3) and (5), equilibrium price and quantity will be: A) $10 and 60 units. B) $9 and 50 units. C) $8 and 60 units. D) $7 and 50 units. 45. Refer to the above table. If demand is represented by columns (3) and (1) and supply is represented by columns (3) and (4), equilibrium price and quantity will be: A) $10 and 60 units. B) $9 and 60 units. C) $8 and 80 units. D) $7 and 30 units. 46. Refer to the above table. In relation to column (3), a change from column (2) to column (1) would indicate a(n): A) increase in demand. B) decrease in demand. C) increase in supply. D) decrease in supply. 47. Refer to the above table. In relation to column (3), a change from column (5) to column (4) would indicate a(n): A) increase in demand. B) decrease in demand. C) increase in supply. D) decrease in supply. 48. Refer to the above diagram. The equilibrium price and quantity in this market will be: A) $1.00 and 200. B) $1.60 and 130. C) $.50 and 130. D) $1.60 and Refer to the above diagram. A surplus of 160 units would be encountered if price was: A) A) $1.10, that is, $1.60 minus $.50. B) $1.60. C) $1.00. D) $ Refer to the above diagram. A shortage of 160 units would be encountered if price was: A) A) $1.10, that is, $1.60 minus $.50. B) $1.60. C) $1.00. D) $ If a product is in surplus supply, its price: A) is below the equilibrium level. C) will rise in the near future. A) B) is above the equilibrium level. D) is in equilibrium. 52. At the point where the demand and supply curves for a product intersect: A) the selling price and the buying price need not be equal. B) the market may, or may not, be in equilibrium. C) either a shortage or a surplus of the product might exist, depending on the degree of competition. D) the quantity that consumers want to purchase and the amount producers choose to sell are the same. 5

6 53. Other things equal, an excise tax on a product will: A) increase its supply. B) increase its price. C) increase the quantity sold. D) increase its demand. 54. Which of the following will cause a decrease in market equilibrium price and an increase in equilibrium quantity? A) an increase in supply B) an increase in demand C) a decrease in supply D) a decrease in demand 55. Which of the following statements is correct? A) If demand increases and supply decreases, equilibrium price will fall. B) If supply increases and demand decreases, equilibrium price will fall. C) If demand decreases and supply increases, equilibrium price will rise. D) If supply declines and demand remains constant, equilibrium price will fall. 56. Refer to the above diagram, which shows demand and supply conditions in the competitive market for product X. If the initial demand and supply curves are D0 and S0, equilibrium price and quantity will be: A) 0F and 0C respectively. C) 0F and 0A respectively. B) 0G and 0B respectively. D) 0E and 0B respectively. 57. Refer to the above diagram, which shows demand and supply conditions in the competitive market for product X. Given D0, if the supply curve moved from S0 to S1, then: A) supply has increased and equilibrium quantity has decreased. B) supply has decreased and equilibrium quantity has decreased. C) there has been an increase in the quantity supplied. D) supply has increased and price has risen to 0G. 58. Refer to the above diagram, which shows demand and supply conditions in the competitive market for product X. If supply is S1 and demand D0, then A) at any price above 0G a shortage would occur. B) 0F represents a price that would result in a surplus of AC. C) a surplus of GH would occur. D) 0F represents a price that would result in a shortage of AC. 59. Refer to the above diagram, which shows demand and supply conditions in the competitive market for product X. A shift in the demand curve from D0 to D1 might be caused by a(n): A) decrease in income if X is an inferior good. B) increase in the price of complementary good Y. C) increase in money incomes if X is a normal good. D) increase in the price of substitute product Y. 6

7 60. Refer to the above diagram, in which S1 and D1 represent the original supply and demand curves and S2 and D2 the new curves. In this market: A) supply has decreased and equilibrium price has increased. B) demand has increased and equilibrium price has decreased. C) demand has decreased and equilibrium price has decreased. D) demand has increased and equilibrium price has increased. 61. An unusually large crop of coffee beans might: A) increase the supply of coffee. C) decrease the quantity of coffee consumed. B) increase the price of coffee. D) increase the price of tea. 7

8 62. Which of the above diagrams illustrate(s) the effect of an increase in automobile worker wages on the market for automobiles? (Use graph) A) A only B) B only C) C only D) D only 63. Which of the above diagrams illustrate(s) the effect of a decline in the price of personal computers on the market for software? (Use graph) A) A only B) A and D C) B only D) D only 64. Which of the above diagrams illustrate(s) the effect of an increase in the price of Pepsi on the market for Coke? (Use graph) A) A and C B) A only C) B only D) C only 65. Which of the above diagrams illustrate(s) the effect of a decrease in incomes on the market for secondhand clothing? (Use graph) A) A and C B) A only C) B only D) C only 66. In the above market, economists would call a government-set minimum price of $50 a: (Use graph above) A) price ceiling. B) price floor. C) equilibrium price. D) fair price. 67. In the above market, economists would call a government-set minimum price of $40 a: (Use graph above) A) price ceiling. B) price floor. C) equilibrium price. D) fair price. 68. Refer to the above diagram. A government-set price floor is best illustrated by: A) price A. ` B) quantity E. C) price C. D) price B. 69. Refer to the above diagram. A government-set price ceiling is best illustrated by: A) price A. B) quantity E. C) price C. D) price B. 8