HOW TO INTERPRET THE EXERCISE STRESS TEST. Disclosures: None
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1 HOW TO INTERPRET THE EXERCISE STRESS TEST Nora Goldschlager, M.D. MACP, FACC, FAHA, FHRS SFGH Division of Cardiology UCSF, San Francisco Disclosures: None
2 ST SEGMENT RESPONSES DURING EXERCISE TESTING: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Primary in myocardial oxygen demand (usually produces ST depression) Primary in myocardial oxygen supply (can produce ST elevation)
3 ECG RESPONSES DURING EXERCISE TESTING ST segment abnormalities - Depression (downsloping, horizontal, slowly upsloping) - Elevation - Scooping - Alternans ST depression in exercise PVCs
4 Positional ST-T wave abnormalities
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6 Evolution of downsloping ST-T segment response
7 Pseudo-ST depression due to baseline artifact
8 Pseudo- ST elevation due to artifact
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12 ST-T alternans
13 54 y.o. male - recent admission for unstable angina; isordil, β-blocker on discharge
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16 45 y.o. woman with chest pain and hypertension
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19 ECG RESPONSES DURING EXERCISE TESTING T wave abnormalities, isolated - Inversion - Normalization. Prevalence: pts with CAD = 27%, pts without CAD = 57%. In over 90% of pts with CAD, exercise test will show evidence of ischemia. In pts without CAD, exercise test will be normal. T wave normalization does not interfere with ischemic response. May indicate myocardial viability - amplitude ( coronary Ts )
20 T WAVE NORMALIZATION AS A PREDICTOR OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY* % Any workload < 50 watts Anterior MI, < 50 watts Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy * PET Mobilia et al JACC 7.98 N = 40
21 ECG RESPONSES DURING EXERCISE TESTING U waves - Inversion - Enhancement QT dispersion Axis shifts Rate dependent bundle branch block QRS duration changes in P wave duration (LA) or amplitude (RA) in II
22 BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK IN TREADMILL TESTING Predictive accuracy depends on prevalence of coronary disease in population studied. + PA is about 20% in asx subjects Predictive accuracy of intermittent, rate-dependent and newly acquired BBB is unknown Criteria for ischemia apply in lateral leads in RBBB, not in LBBB, although sensitivity is reduced due to the secondary ST-T abnormalities
23 Rate-dependent LBBB
24 Rate-dependent LBBB
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26 EXERCISE TEST RESPONSES PREDICTING SEVERE CAD ST segments: downsloping, elevated Early onset of ischemic ECG changes (1st 3 min) Prolonged duration of ischemic ECG changes in recovery (> 7 min) Hypotension associated with evidence of ischemia
27 EXERCISE TEST RESPONSES NOT HELPFUL IN PREDICTING SEVERE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Failure of heart rate to increase appropriately Failure of systolic blood pressure to rise Rise in diastolic blood pressure Ischemic ECG changes in exercise vs recovery Ventricular arrhythmias at high heart rate Atrial arrhythmias Bradyarrhythmias
28 SPECIFIC ST RESPONSES: ACCURACY IN IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CORONARY ARTERY INVOLVEMENT* ST elevation - AVR > 0.5 mm: 89% sensitive for LAD, 44% specific - V 1 > 0.5 mm: 70% sensitive for LAD, 100% specific - V 2-3 : LAD - II, III, AVR: RCA ST depression: - V 1 : 100% specific for LCX; sensitivity low * Developed in 1-V CAD pts
29 VALUE OF V 4 R IN EXERCISE ECG overall sensitivity by 10% sensitivity for RCA CAD by 15-20% May be only + lead in RCA subtotal occlusion No in specificity
30 CORRELATES OF U WAVE INVERSION DURING EXERCISE Anterior ST depression LVH and other resting ECG abnormalities Anterior MI (Q and non-q) Collaterals to % occluded LAD in pts with MI Poor effort tolerance Chikamori et al, AJC 9:97, N = 339 with left anterior descending CAD
31 Inverted U waves during exercise testing 14A Peak Ex Recovery 15 sec
32 Chikamori et al AJC 3:95
33 PROMINENT U WAVES IN DETECTION OF LCx OR RCA OBSTRUCTION Site of prominent Sensitivity Specificity + prediction U-waves (%) (%) (%) Limb leads Right precordial leads Right and left precordial leads Chikamori et al, AJC 9.94, N = 311
34 100 Increased magnitude of U waves in all leads Prominent U waves in all leads Prominent U waves in limb leads Prominent U waves in precordial leads % 50 0 Insignif. CAD (n = 116) LAD (n = 60) LC (n = 21) RCA (n = 24)
35 FEMALE, ATYPICAL CHEST PAIN, NORMAL CORONARY ARTERIES
36 INDICATIONS FOR STRESS SCINTIGRAPHY Exercise ECG uninterpretable for diagnosis of ischemia - LBBB - WPW - RBBB - LVH - Baseline ST-T abnormalities Exercise ECG of known low sensitivity - Post myocardial infarction - Single vessel CAD Exercise ECG of possible low specificity - Mitral valve prolapse - Vasoregulatory abnormalities -? Women T wave normalization
37 Healthy 34 y.o. runner 6 EX. 12 EX. 14 METS
38 RBBB: Rest
39 RBBB: Peak Exercise
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43 UNANSWERED QUESTIONS IN TREADMILL TEST INTERPRETATION ST-T wave normalization during exercise P wave abnormalaities developing during exercise QRS prolongation QT interval prolongation with exercise in patients without known LQTS Meaning of rate-dependent LBBB Prognostic significance of loss or maintenance of WPW pattern at rapid heart rates
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