Section 1 Woody Plants: Trees & Shrubs
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1 1 Section 1 Woody Plants: Trees & Shrubs
2 Acer spp. Leaf comparison of native & invasive trees INVASIVE! Native Native Native INVASIVE! Native Leaf comparison of several Acer species. Photo: USDA PLANTS database
3 Acer spp. Native trees Fruits of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Fruits of red maple (Acer rubrum) Photos: Virginia Tech Dendrology Program
4 Acer ginnala Amur Maple Potentially invasive tree Photo: Stacy Leicht, IPANE Photo: Virginia Tech Dendrology Program
5 Acer platanoides Norway Maple Invasive tree Flowers with young leaves. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Fruits. Photo: Virginia Tech Dendrology Program Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE The leaf petioles secrete a milky sap. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
6 Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple Potentially invasive tree Photo: Stacy Leicht, IPANE Photo: Virginia Tech Dendrology Program
7 Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven Invasive tree A patch of tree-of-heaven. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Leaf underside showing basal glands. Photo: James H Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Flowers. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org Leaflets. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
8 Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven Invasive tree Tree-of-heaven in Haddam, CT. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
9 Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo Potentially invasive shrub False indigo infestation. Photo: Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org False indigo has fragrant purple flowers. Photo: R.W. Smith,
10 Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo Potentially invasive shrub False indigo foliage and flowers. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Fruits. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
11 Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry Invasive shrub Seedlings from purple cultivars may be purple or green. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Flowers (left) and fruits (right). Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese barberry invasion. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
12 Berberis vulgaris Common Barberry Invasive shrub Flower clusters. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Fruit clusters. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Top: Berberis vulgaris. Middle: hybrid. Bottom: Berberis thunbergii. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Note serrated leaf margins. Photo: Stacy Leicht, IPANE
13 Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive Potentially invasive shrub Flowers. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Mature fruits. Photo: Barry Rice, Bugwood.org Immature fruits. Photo: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org
14 Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive Invasive shrub Left: Flowers. Middle: Close-up of stem with brown lenticels. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Right: Some branches have sharp thorns. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Autumn olive invasion. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
15 Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive Invasive shrub Leaves are dull green with silvery undersides. Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
16 Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive Invasive shrub Autumn olive produces high numbers of fruits. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
17 Comparison Elaeagnus umbellata vs. Elaeagnus angustifolia Autumn Olive vs. Russian Olive Autumn olive traits: Russian olive traits: - Flowers: white to pale yellow - Leaves: oval to lanceolate; glabrescent top surface - Fruits: red, succulent with metallic flecks - Flowers: yellow - Leaves: narrow/lanceolate; hairy on all surfaces - Fruits: white to red, mealy with silver scales
18 Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus (Burning Bush) Invasive shrub A planting of winged euonymus in Storrs, CT. Photos: Donna Ellis, UConn
19 Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus (Burning Bush) Invasive shrub Foliage changes to a bright scarlet in the fall. Photo: Les Merhhoff, IPANE. Red-purple ovary walls split open to reveal seeds encased in a red-orange fruit. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Winged euonymus is a problematic invader in forest understories. Photo: Les Merhhoff, IPANE
20 Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus (Burning Bush) Invasive shrub Close-up showing corky protrusions along stems. Photo: Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org
21 Frangula alnus Glossy Buckthorn Invasive shrub Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
22 Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn Invasive shrub Left: Note fruits and leaf venation. Right: Branches end in a single thorn. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
23 Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn Invasive shrub Common buckthorn foliage. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Invasion of common buckthorn. Photo: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org
24 Frangula alnus Glossy Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn Glossy buckthorn flowers. Top photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Bottom photo: Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org Common buckthorn flowers. Top photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Bottom photo: Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org
25 Comparison Frangula alnus vs. Rhamnus cathartica Glossy Buckthorn vs. Common Buckthorn Glossy buckthorn traits: Common buckthorn traits: - Leaves: glossy; oblong to elliptical; alternate - Leaf venation: five or more pairs of veins that run parallel from the midrib; smooth or wavy along margins - Flowers: greenish-yellow with five petals -Fruits: ripen from red to purpleblack fruit with two to three seeds - Twigs: thornless - Leaves: dull green; oblong; opposite - Leaf venation: three to four pairs of veins which curve toward the tip from the mid-vein; tiny teeth along margins -Flowers: greenish-yellow with four petals - Fruits: black fruit with three to four seeds - Twigs: spike-like thorns at the tips Brush Management Invasive Plant Control. Buckthorns Rhamnus cathartica & Frangula alnus. Conservation Practice Job Sheet NH-314. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service.
26 Ligustrum spp. Privets Potentially invasive shrubs L. obtusifolium infestation. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE L. vulgare (left) and L. obtusifolium (right) flowers are yellow to white. Left photo: Nava Tabak, IPANE, Bugwood.org. Right photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE L. vulgare has opposite leaves. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE L. obtusifolium (left) and L. ovalifolium (right) fruits are dark blue to black. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
27 Lonicera morrowii Morrow s Honeysuckle Invasive shrub Top: L. morrowii flowers. Bottom: L. morrowii fruits. Top photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Bottom photo: Donna Ellis, UConn L. morrowii shrub. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn
28 Lonicera tatarica Tatarian Honeysuckle Potentially invasive shrub Top: L. tatarica flowers. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Bottom: L. tatarica fruits. Photo: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org
29 Comparison Lonicera spp. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
30 Rubus phoenicolasius Wineberry Invasive shrub Top-left: Arching wineberry cane. Top-right: Trifoliate leaves. Bottom-right: Berry-like fruits reveal yellow cone when removed. Bottom-left: Canes are covered in red hairs and spines. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
31 2 Section 2 Woody Plants: Vines
32 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Porcelainberry Invasive woody vine Porcelainberry in Fairfield, CT. Photo: Logan Senack, UConn
33 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Porcelainberry Invasive woody vine Porcelainberry leaves and fruits. Note variation in leaf shape. Left photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Right photo: James Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
34 Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental (or Asiatic) Bittersweet Invasive woody vine Oriental bittersweet fruits in Roxbury, CT. Photo: Logan Senack, UConn Oriental bittersweet strangling a small tree. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
35 Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental (or Asiatic) Bittersweet Invasive woody vine Close-up of fruits. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Oriental bittersweet produces high numbers of fruits. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Oriental bittersweet growing in Storrs, CT. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
36 Comparison Celastrus orbiculatus vs. Celastrus scandens Oriental Bittersweet (invasive) vs. American Bittersweet (native) Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) American bittersweet (Celastrus scandens)
37 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Invasive woody vine Leaves and flowers are opposite. Flowers are white. Photo: Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Leaf shape varies at base of plant. Photo: James R. Allison, Georgia Department of Natural Resouorces, Bugwood.org
38 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Invasive woody vine Japanese honeysuckle has purple/black fruits. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese honeysuckle flowers. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
39 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Invasive woody vine Infestation. Photo: James R. Allison, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Bugwood.org
40 Pueraria montana Kudzu Potentially invasive woody vine Roadside kudzu in Greenwich, CT. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
41 Pueraria montana Kudzu Potentially invasive woody vine Kudzu fruits. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Kudzu flowers. Photos: Donna Ellis, UConn
42 Pueraria montana Kudzu Potentially invasive woody vine Kudzu leaf shape variation. Left photo: Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org. Middle photo: USDA Forest Service - Region 8 - Southern Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org. Right photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE The leaf undersides are hairy. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE The petioles are covered in fine hairs. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
43 Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy Native woody vine or shrub Poison ivy has trifoliate leaves. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Leaves can have entire, toothed or lobed margins. Top-left photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn. Top-right photo: Joseph A. Marcus. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Bottom-right photo: John Pickering, Bottom-left photo: Steven J. Baskauf, bioimages.vanderbilt.edu.
44 Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy Native woody vine or shrub Left: Flowers. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, Center: Immature fruits. Photo: Donna Ellis, Uconn. Right: Mature fruits. Photo: Peter Burn, Mature poison ivy vine. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Leaves turn yellow to red in the fall. Left photo: Michael Strickland, Right photo: Carolyn Fannon, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
45 Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy Native woody vine or shrub Poison ivy can grow along the ground or high into tree crowns. Left photo: Peter Burn, Right photo: Bobby Hattaway,
46 3 Section 3 Herbaceous Plants (including Grasses & Vines)
47 Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed Invasive herbaceous plant Goutweed infestation. Photo: Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Goutweed plants produce clusters of white flowers. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
48 Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed Invasive herbaceous plant Variegated goutweed foliage. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Goutweed flowers (left) and fruits (right). Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
49 Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Invasive herbaceous plant Close-up of garlic mustard rosettes. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Stalks with flowers. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
50 Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Invasive herbaceous plant Cluster of first year rosettes. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Infestation of second year stalks. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Top: Cluster of white, four petaled flowers. Bottom: Black seeds are produced in pods (siliques). Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
51 Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort Invasive herbaceous plant Mugwort growing in a garden. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Mugwort stand. Photo: Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org
52 Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort Invasive herbaceous plant Mugwort leaves vary from bottom to upper portion of plant (left to right). Photo: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Mugwort spreads by aggressive rhizomes (underground creeping stems). Photo: Clay Minor, Norwalk, CT Mugwort plants have aromatic foliage. Photo: Connie Scata
53 Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort Invasive herbaceous plant Flower clusters can produce viable seeds in CT. Photo: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Undersides of leaves have soft, silvery-white hairs. Top photo: Virginia Tech, Bottom photo: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Flower heads in spike-like cluster at stem terminal. Photo: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Stems become reddish and woody with maturity. Photo: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org
54 Arthraxon hispidus Hairy Jointgrass Potentially invasive grass Hairs along margins of leaf blades. Heart-shaped bases encircle the sheath. Low-growing creeping annual grass grows up to 1.5. Flowers in spike-like racemes Sept. Oct. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
55 Comparison Arthraxon hispidus vs. Dichanthelium clandestinum Hairy Jointgrass (invasive) vs. Deer-tongue Grass (native) Hairy jointgrass. Photo credit: s029.jpg Deer-tongue grass. Photo credit: J. Sulman, botany.wisc.edu/jsulman/jsulman_plantphotos
56 Comparison Arthraxon hispidus vs. Dichanthelium clandestinum Hairy Jointgrass (invasive) vs. Deer-tongue Grass (native) Hairy Jointgrass Traits: Deer-tongue Grass Traits: - Native Region: Eastern Asia - Inflorescence: Spikelet - Stems: Root at nodes - Leaves: Ovate to lanceolate, hairy along margins, 2 7 cm in length - Habitat: Prefers sunny, moist conditions - Native Region: Eastern North America - Inflorescence: Panicle - Stems: Do not root at nodes - Leaves: Lanceolate, mostly smooth along margins, cm in length - Habitat: Prefers partly sunny, moist, sandy conditions
57 Butomus umbellatus Flowering Rush Potentially invasive aquatic plant Flowers in bracted umbels from summer to fall depending on water depth. Perennial, aquatic herb grows ~ 3 tall in water several meters deep. Fleshy rhizomes. Dark brown fruits. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
58 Cardamine impatiens Narrowleaf Bittercress Invasive herbaceous plant Narrowleaf bittercress fruits (siliques). Photo: Donald Cameron, gobotany.newenglandwild.org Leaf and stem of narrowleaf bittercress. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Narrowleaf bittercress rosette. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
59 Cardamine impatiens Narrowleaf Bittercress Invasive herbaceous plant Upper leaves are more highly divided. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE White flowers. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Invasion of narrowleaf bittercress. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Smooth stem. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
60 Cynanchum louiseae Black Swallow-wort Invasive herbaceous vine The fruits are pods (left) that produce wind dispersed seeds (right). Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Twining growth habit. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Black swallow-wort Pale swallow-wort Invaded field. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Comparison of flowers of black (top) and pale (bottom) swallow-wort. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
61 Cynanchum rossicum Pale Swallow-wort Invasive herbaceous vine Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
62 Egeria densa Brazillian Water-weed Potentially invasive aquatic plant Leaves are arranged in whorls of 4 6 leaves (left) and have finely toothed margins (right). Submersed, freshwater, perennial herb that usually roots in substrate. Flowers have 3 white petals and can be seen from summer to fall. Left photo: Graves Lovell, AL DCNR, Bugwood.org. Top middle and bottom right photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Top right photo: Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org
63 Elsholtzia ciliata Crested Late-summer Mint Potentially invasive herbaceous plant Pale blue flowers are produced on one side of the spikes. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Invasion. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Crested late-summer mint foliage. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Leaves are opposite along the hairy stem. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
64 Glyceria maxima Reed Mannagrass Potentially invasive grass Inflorescence is an open panicle appearing from June to August (left). Leaf blade mid-rib is prominent (right). Rhizomatous perennial grows from unbranched stems to over 8 high. Spreads primarily by means of rhizomes. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
65 Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed Potentially invasive herbaceous plant CAUTION: POISONOUS PLANT! Giant hogweed can grow up to 15 feet tall. Photos from Brooklyn, CT. Photos: Donna Ellis, UConn
66 Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed Potentially invasive herbaceous plant CAUTION: POISONOUS PLANT! Giant hogweed foliage Giant hogweed flower Giant hogweed fruits Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
67 Comparison Heracleum mantegazzianum vs. Heracleum maximum Giant Hogweed (invasive) vs. Cow Parsnip (native) Seeds of giant hogweed (left) and cow parsnip (right). Note the heart-shaped lobes of the cow parsnip seed. Photo: Rose Hiskes, CAES CAUTION: POISONOUS PLANT! Giant hogweed stem. Note bristles at nodes. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Giant hogweed stem (left). Cow parsnip stem (right). Left photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Right photo: Naja Kraus, DEC-FHP,
68 Comparison Heracleum mantegazzianum vs. Heracleum maximum Giant Hogweed (invasive) vs. Cow Parsnip (native) Giant Hogweed Traits: - Native Region: Eurasia - Flowers: Mid-June to July, umbrellashaped clusters up to 2.5 wide - Stems: Ridged with reddish purple blotches, 2 4 inch diameter - Hairs: Coarse, erect hairs in thick circle at base of leaf stalk - Leaves: Deeply incised and up to 5 wide - Fruit: Oval-shaped - Height: 7 to 15 feet Cow Parsnip Traits: - Native Region: Eastern North America - Flowers: Late May to June, flat-topped clusters up to 1 wide - Stems: Deeply ridged, entirely green or with slightly purplish cast, 1 2 diameter - Hairs: Fine, soft and fuzzy white hairs - Leaves: Velvety appearance and between wide - Fruit: Heart-shaped - Height: 5 to 8 feet ;
69 Humulus japonicus Japanese Hop Potentially invasive herbaceous vine Female (top) and male (bottom) flowers bloom on separate plants. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Downward pointing prickles with hairs at nodes. Photo: Chris Evans, IL Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org
70 Humulus japonicus Japanese Hop Potentially invasive herbaceous vine Leaves have 5 9 lobes. Left photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Right photo: Chris Evans, IL Wildlife Action Plan Japanese hop vine. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese hop invasion. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
71 Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Invasive aquatic plant Submersed perennial plant with slender, branched stems up to 25. ~ Five leaves per whorl with visibly toothed margins. Reproduces by fragmentation, tubers (above), turions and seeds. Photo inset: Tim Krynak, Cleveland Metroparks, Bugwood.org. All other photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
72 Impatiens glandulifera Ornamental Jewelweed Potentially invasive herbaceous plant Pink to purple (sometimes white) flowers appear in summer followed by seed capsules (left). When ripened capsules are disturbed or dry up seeds are explosively released (right). Herbaceous annual that can grow over 6 in height. Hexagonally angled stems (left) and serrate leaf margins (right). Left photo: Caleb Slemmons, National Ecological Observatory Network, Bugwood.org. All other photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
73 Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris Invasive herbaceous plant Yellow iris flower. Photo: Nancy Loewenstein, Bugwood.org Left: Yellow iris fruits. Photo: Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, Bugwood.org. Right: Fruit capsule opens to reveal seeds inside. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Yellow iris invasion along the water edge. Photo: Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, Bugwood.org
74 Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris Invasive herbaceous plant Iris versicolor Blue Flag Iris Native herbaceous plant Yellow iris is an invasive plant introduced from Europe. Photo: Logan Senack, UConn Blue flag iris can be planted as an alternative to yellow iris. It is native to all of New England. Photo: John Hixson,
75 Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Invasive herbaceous plant Purple loosestrife invasion in Wethersfield, CT. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Purple loosestrife flower. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
76 Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Invasive plant Verbena hastata Blue Vervain Native plant Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae Blazing Star Native plant Purple loosestrife is an invasive plant introduced from Eurasia. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Blue vervain is native to all of New England. Photo: Thomas Barnes, plants.usda.gov Blazing star is native to all of New England except VT. Photo: Stephen M. Young, New York Heritage Program
77 Microstegium vimineum Japanese Stilt Grass Invasive grass An extremely dense Japanese stilt grass invasion. Photo: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org
78 Microstegium vimineum Japanese Stilt Grass Invasive grass Yellowish to pale purple fall color of Japanese stilt grass. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese stilt grass flowers. Photo: Steve Hurst, USDA NRCS PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org Japanese stilt grass foliage. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese stilt grass stand along a road side. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese stilt grass is an annual with fibrous roots. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
79 Comparison Microstegium vimineum vs. Leersia virginica Japanese Stilt Grass (invasive) vs. White Grass (native) Japanese Stilt Grass Traits: White Grass Traits: - Native Region: Asia - Native Region: Eastern N. America - Inflorescence: Terminal spike-like branches - Inflorescence: Open panicle - Glumes: Present - Glumes: Absent - Lemma: Awns present or absent - Lemma: Awns present - Flowering Initiation: Mid-September - Flowering Initiation: Early to mid-august - Nodes: Smooth - Nodes: Erect hairy - Roots: Fibrous - Roots: Scaly rhizomes - Annual/Perennial: Annual - Annual/Perennial: Perennial - Fall Color: Yellowish to pale purple - Fall Color: Green to straw-colored Mehrhoff, L.J Perennial Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae): An Apparent Misidentification? J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127:
80 Comparison Microstegium vimineum vs. Leersia virginica Japanese Stilt Grass (invasive) vs. White Grass (native) Japanese stilt grass flowers (left) & white grass flowers (right). Left photo: Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan. Right photo: Donald Cameron, gobotany/newenglandwild.org Comparison of terminal spike-like branches of Microstegium vimenium (bottom) & open panicle of Leersia virginica (top). Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Japanese stilt grass foliage (top) and white grass foliage (bottom). Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Discoverlife.org Smooth Japanese stilt grass nodes (left) and hairy white grass nodes (right). Left photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Right photo: Christopher Noll, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
81 Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary Grass Invasive grass Flowers are green to purple (above) and turn to beige (below) over time. Top photo: Glen Mittelhauser, gobotany.newenglandwild.org. Bottom photo: Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org A stand of reed canary grass. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Close-up of green- purple inflorescence. Photo: Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, Bugwood.org
82 Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary Grass Invasive grass The transparent ligule distinguishes reed canary grass from native grasses. Photo: Caleb Slemmons, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, Bugwood.org Reed canary grass can grow more than 6 feet tall. Photo: Jamie Nielsen, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Cooperative Extension Service, Bugwood.org Stems are hairless. Photo: Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org Reed canary grass spreads aggressively through underground rhizomes. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Variegated forms of reed canary grass can spread from gardens. Photo: John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org
83 Persicaria perfoliata Mile-a-minute Vine Invasive herbaceous vine Mile-a-minute fruits in Bristol, CT. A dense mile-a-minute invasion in Fairfield, CT. Photos: Logan Senack, UConn
84 Comparison Persicaria perfoliata vs. Polygonum arifolium & Polygonum sagittatum Mile-a-minute Vine vs. Native Tearthumbs Halberd-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium) Mile-a-minute vine has (1) triangular leaves, (2) curved barbs, and (3) ocrea (saucer shaped leaves that encircle the stem at the nodes) Left & bottom-right photos: Logan Senack, UConn Top-right photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Arrow-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum)
85 Comparison Persicaria perfoliata vs. Vitis spp. & Calystegia sepium Mile-a-minute Vine vs. Grape spp. & Hedge Bindweed Mile-a-minute leaves. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Grape leaf close-up (Vitis spp.). Photo: Logan Senack, UConn Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium). Photo: Janet Novak 2001, CT Botanical Society
86 Comparison Persicaria perfoliata vs. Calystegia sepium Mile-a-minute Vine vs. Hedge Bindweed (native) Intertwining leaves. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Leaf shape comparison. Left: Hedge bindweed. Photo: Logan Senack, UConn. Right: Mile-a-minute. Photo: Todd Mervosh, CAES Triangular leaves with pointed tips and angular, heart-shaped base. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Hedge bindweed forming a dense patch of vines in Danbury, CT. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
87 Comparison Persicaria perfoliata vs. Convolvulus arvensis Mile-a-minute Vine vs. Field Bindweed Mile-a-minute leaf. Photo: Todd Mervosh, CAES Leaf comparison of field bindweed (left) and hedge bindweed (right). Photo: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, Weedimages.org Field bindweed. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Field bindweed foliage and flower. Photo: Pedro Tenorio-Lezama, Weedimages.org
88 Comparison Persicaria perfoliata vs. Fallopia scandens & Fallopia convolvulus Mile-a-minute Vine vs. Climbing False Buckwheat & Black Bindweed Close-up of native climbing false buckwheat leaf. Photo: Nicole Gabelman, UConn Black bindweed plant. Photo: Lynn Sosnoskie, University of Georgia, Weedimages.org Native climbing false buckwheat flowers and winged fruits. Photo: Logan Senack, UConn Black bindweed flowers. Photo: Richard Old, Bugwood.org
89 Phragmites australis Phragmites (Common Reed) Invasive grass Phragmites incursion. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn Phragmites spreads by runners and rhizomes. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Left: Phragmites inflorescence. Right: Phragmites stem. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
90 Phragmites australis Phragmites (Common Reed) Invasive grass Photos: Donna Ellis, UConn
91 Phragmites australis Phragmites (Common Reed) Invasive grass Phragmites invasion. Photo: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE
92 Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese Knotweed Invasive herbaceous plant Top left: Close up of Japanese knotweed inflorescence. Top right: Fruits. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE. Center: A dense Japanese knotweed incursion. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
93 Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese Knotweed Invasive herbaceous plant Japanese knotweed along the road side. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
94 Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese Knotweed Invasive herbaceous plant Japanese knotweed leaf shape. Photo: Steve Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Bugwood.org Stand of Japanese knotweed. Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Top: Nodes are swollen along stem. Bottom: Stems are hollow and reddish brown in color. Photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE Leaves are alternate. Photo: Donna Ellis, UConn
95 Senecio jacobaea Tansy Ragwort Potentially invasive herbaceous plant Leaves are alternate with oblong/webshaped lobed and dentate margins. Biennial with first year rosette (inset) and second year stalk up to 3. Numerous yellow flower heads with rays appear July Oct. (left). Fruits are light brown achenes (right). Left photos: Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, Bugwood.org. All other photos: Les Mehrhoff, IPANE, Bugwood.org
96 4 Section 4 Mechanical and Physical Control: Tools for Invasive Plant Removal
97 Hand-pulling, Digging, Mowing, and Cutting Hand-pulling privet. Photo: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Professor and student dig out plant. Photo: University of Vermont, UVM.edu Loppers for vine cutting. Photo: Erin Griffin, Bugwood.org A mower cuts down invasive Phragmites. Photo: Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge in Maine, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
98 Tools to Remove Invasive Trees & Shrubs Left: Fiskars UpRoot Weed & Root Remover. Photo: Middle: Uprooter. Photo: Right: Pullerbear Tree and Root Puller. Photo: Using the Extractigator. Photos:
99 Flame Weeding (using a propane torch) Jane Seymour (DEEP) conducts a safety check. Photo: Chris Bunce Propane torch. Photo: Charlotte Pyle, USDA NRCS Safety and use training is required before operating this device!
100 Foliar Spray Herbicides High-volume foliar spray. Photo: Steven T. Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Bugwood.org Spraying to control invasive plants. Photo: Chris Mattrick, New England Wild Flower Society Foliar wick applicator. Photo: Steve Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Bugwood.org Always follow all directions, including safety instructions, listed on the herbicide label.
101 Cut-and-paint Herbicide Method Paintbrush used to apply herbicide to freshly cut stump. Photo: Jeff Schalau, University of Arizona College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Top: Chainsaw used to cut stump low for treating. Bottom-left: Treat circumference of large stump. Bottom-right: Treat entire top of small stump. Photos: James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Always follow all directions, including safety instructions, listed on the herbicide label.
102 5 Add a section 4 header, this section will be for maps Section 5 Maps: Connecticut Counties Connecticut Towns Distribution of Mile-a-minute Vine Distribution of Giant Hogweed Distribution of Purple Loosestrife Biological Control Beetles UConn Extension Centers
103 UConn Extension Center Locations
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