Table of Contents. 1 Introduction...1

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1 Table of Contents 1 Introduction Analog Television Scanning an Original Black/White Picture Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses Adding the Color Information Transmission Methods Distortion and Interference Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval Measurements on Analog Video Signals Analog and Digital TV in a Broadband Cable Network The MPEG Data Stream The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet Information for the Receiver Synchronizing to the Transport Stream Reading out the Current Program Structure Accessing a Program Accessing Scrambled Programs Program Synchronization (PCR, DTS, PTS) Additional Information in the Transport Stream Non-Private and Private Sections and Tables The Service Information according to DVB (SI) The PSIP according to the ATSC ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T DTMB (China) Tables Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream The Transport Priority The Transport Scrambling Control Bits The Adaptation Field Control Bits The Continuity Counter...80

2 XVIII Table of Contents 4 Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601) High Definition Television HDTV Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain The Fourier Transform The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT and FFT The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in the Frequency Domain Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Prevent them Window Functions MPEG-2 Video Coding Video Compression Reducing the Quantization from 10 Bits to Omitting the Horizontal and Vertical Blanking Intervals Reduction in Vertical Color Resolution (4:2:0) Further Data Reduction Steps Differential Pulse Code Modulation of Moving Pictures Discrete Cosine Transform Followed by Quantization Zig-Zag Scanning with Run-Length Coding of Zero Sequences Huffman Coding Summary Structure of the Video Elementary Stream More Recent Video Compression Methods MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding Compression of Audio Signals to MPEG and Dolby Digital Digital Audio Source Signal History of Audio Coding Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear Basic Principles of Audio Coding Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital Multichannel Sound New Developments - MPEG Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB...165

3 Table of Contents XIX 9.1 Teletext and Subtitles Video Program System WSS Wide Screen Signalling Practical examples A Comparison of Digital Video Standards MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, VCD and DVD, M-JPEG and MiniDV/DV MPEG-3, MPEG-4, MPEG-7 and MPEG Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals Parallel and Serial CCIR Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Interface Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Interface (TS ASI) SMPTE 310 Interface DVI Interface HDMI Interface HD-SDI Interface Gigabit Ethernet Interface as Transport Stream Distributor Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss) Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error) Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT) Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error) The PID_Error The Continuity_Count_Error The Transport_Error (Priority 2) The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error The Program Clock Reference Error The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error) The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error) Service Information Repetition Rate Error Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOT Tables Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID) Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error, EIT_other_error Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals Methods for Measuring Video Quality Subjective Picture Quality Analysis...210

4 XX Table of Contents Double Stimulus Continual Quality Scale Method DSCQS Single Stimulus Continual Quality Evaluation Method SSCQE Objective Picture Quality Analysis Summary and Outlook Basic Principles of Digital Modulation Introduction Mixer Amplitude Modulator IQ Modulator The IQ Demodulator Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction A Comparison to Analog Modulation Methods Amplitude Modulation Variants of Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation Band Limiting of Modulated Carrier Signals Summary Transmitting Digital Television Signals by Satellite - DVB-S/S The DVB-S System Parameters The DVB-S Modulator Convolutional Coding Signal Processing in the Satellite The DVB-S Receiver Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link DVB-S DVB-S/S2 Measuring Technology Introduction Measuring Bit Error Ratios Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a Spectrum Analyzer Approximate Determination of the Noise Power N C/N, S/N and Eb/N Finding the E B /N 0 Ratio Modulation Error Ratio (MER) Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation DVB-S/S2 Receiver Test...303

5 Table of Contents XXI 16 Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C The DVB-C Standard The DVB-C Modulator The DVB-C Receiver Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link Broadband Cable Transmission According to ITU-T J83B (US) J83B Transmission Parameters J83B Baseband Input Signals Forward Error Correction Calculation of the Net Data Rate Roll-off Filtering Fall-off-the-Cliff Measuring Digital TV Signals in the Broadband Cable DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with Constellation Analysis Detecting Interference Effects Using Constellation Analysis Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Phase Jitter Sinusoidal Interferer Effects of the I/Q Modulator Modulation Error Ratio (MER) Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER) Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-C Signals Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel DVB-C/J83A,B,C Receiver Test Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM) Why Multi-Carrier? What is COFDM? Generating the COFDM Symbols Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum Hierarchical Modulation Summary Terrestrial Transmission of Digital Television Signals (DVB-T) The DVB-T Standard The DVB-T Carriers Hierarchical Modulation...379

6 XXII Table of Contents 20.4 DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter The DVB-T Receiver Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and its Effects DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN) Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T Measuring DVB-T Signals Measuring the Bit Error Ratio Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Phase Jitter Interference Sources Echoes, Multipath Reception Doppler Effect I/Q Errors of the Modulator Cause and Effect of I/Q Errors in DVB-T Measuring the Crest Factor Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group Delay Response Measuring the Impulse Response Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation DVB-H/DVB-SH - Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds Introduction Convergence between Mobile Radio and Broadcasting Essential Parameters of DVB-H DSM-CC Sections Multiprotocol Encapsulation DVB-H Standard Summary DVB-SH Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSC Standard The 8VSB Modulator VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate The ATSC Receiver Causes of Interference on the ATSC Transmission Path ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV Compatibility with the Existing Frame Structure MPEG-4 Video and Audio Streaming ATSC M/H Multiplexer...487

7 Table of Contents XXIII ATSC M/H Modulator Forming Single Frequency Networks Summary Closed Captioning Analog Switch-off ATSC/8VSB Measurements Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals Measuring Amplitude Response and Group Delay Response Digital Terrestrial Television according to ISDB-T Introduction ISDB-T Concept Forming Layers Baseband Encoding Changes in the Transport Stream Structure Channel Tables Performance of ISDB-T Other ISDB Standards ISDB-T measurements Summary Digital Audio Broadcasting - DAB Comparing DAB and DVB An Overview of DAB The Physical Layer of DAB DAB Forward Error Correction DAB Modulator and Transmitter DAB Data Structure DAB Single-Frequency Networks DAB Data Broadcasting DAB DAB Measuring Technology Testing DAB Receivers Measuring the DAB Signal DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU Data Broadcasting in DVB Object Carousels The Multimedia Home Platform MHP...563

8 XXIV Table of Contents 27.4 System Software Update SSU T-DMB IPTV Television over the Internet DVB-IP IP Interface Replaces TS-ASI Summary DRM Digital Radio Mondiale Audio source encoding Forward Error Correction Modulation Method Frame structure Interference on the transmission link DRM data rates DRM transmitting stations and DRM receivers DRM Digital Terrestrial TV Networks in Practice The DVB-T SFNs Southern and Eastern Bavaria Playout Center and Feed Networks Technical Configuration of the Transmitter Sites Mount Wendelstein Transmitter Olympic Tower Transmitter, Munich Brotjacklriegel Transmitter Measurements in DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks Test Parameters Practical Examples Response of DVB-T Receivers Receiver Test and Simulation of Receiving Conditions in Single-Frequency Networks Network Planning Filling the Gaps in the Coverage Fall-off-the-Cliff Summary DTMB DMB-T, or now DTMB Some more Details Return Channel Techniques...641

9 Table of Contents XXV 34 Display Technologies Previous Converter Systems - the Nipkow Disk The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) The Plasma Screen The Liquid Crystal Display Screen Digital Light Processing Systems Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Effects on Image Reproduction Compensation Methods Test Methods Current State of the Technology The New Generation of DVB Standards Overview of the DVB Standards Characteristics of the Old and the New Standards Capabilities and Aims of the New DVB Standards Baseband Signals for DVB-x Input Signal Formats MPEG-2 Transport Streams - TS Generic Fixed Packetized Streams - GFPS Generic Continuous Streams - GCS Generic Encapsulated Streams - GSE Signal Processing and Conditioning in the Modulator Input Section Single Input Stream Multiple Input Streams Standard-related Special Features DVB-S DVB-T DVB-C DVB-T Introduction Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity DVB-T2 - Overview Baseband Interface Forward Error Correction COFDM Parameters Normal Carrier Mode Extended Carrier Mode Modulation Patterns...700

10 XXVI Table of Contents Normal Constellation Diagrams Definition of 'Cell' Rotated Q-delayed Constellation Diagrams Frame Structure P1 Symbol P2 Symbols Symbol, Frame, Superframe Block Diagram Interleavers Types of Interleaver DVB-T2 Time Interleaver Configuration Pilots Sub-Slicing Time-Frequency-Slicing (TFS) PAPR Reduction SISO/MISO Multi-Antenna Systems MISO according to Alamouti Modified Alamouti in DVB-T Future Extension Frames Auxiliary Data Streams DVB-T2-MI SFNs in DVB-T Transmitter Identification Information in DVB-T Capacity Outlook DVB-C2 the New DVB Broadband Cable Standard Introduction Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity DVB-C2 An Overview Baseband Interface Forward Error Correction COFDM Parameters Modulation Pattern Definition of a Cell Interleavers Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) Frame Structure Channel Bundling and Slice Building Preamble Symbols Pilots in DVB-C PAPR Block Diagram...746

11 Table of Contents XXVII Levels in Broadband Cables Capacity Outlook DVB-x2 Measuring Techniques DVB-S DVB-T DVB-C Summary CMMB Chinese Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting Other Transmission Standards MediaFLO IBOC - HD Radio FMextra Effects of the Digital Dividend on Cable and Terrestrial TV Networks Anatomy of the Mobile Radio Signals Terrestrial TV Networks and Mobile Radio Broadband Cable TV Networks and Mobile Radio Electromagnetic Field Immunity Standard for Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers Summary Digital Television throughout the World - an Overview Bibliography Definition of Terms TV Channel Tables Europe, Terrestrial and Cable Australia, Terrestrial North America, Terrestrial North America, Cable Europe, Satellite Index...803

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