Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition By Jane M. Simmons

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1 Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition By Jane M. Simmons Chapter 1 Introduction to Optical Networks 1.1 Brief Evolution of Optical Networks 1.2 Geographic Hierarchy of Optical Networks 1.3 Layered Architectural Model 1.4 Interfaces to the Optical Layer SONET/SDH Optical Transport Network (OTN) 1.5 Optical Control Plane 1.6 Terminology 1.7 Network Design and Network Planning 1.8 Research Trends in Optical Networking 1.9 Focus on Practical Optical Networks 1.10 Reference Networks Traffic Models 1.11 References Chapter 2 Optical Network Elements 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Optical Components 2.3 Optical Terminal Colorless Optical Terminal (Slot Flexibility) 2.4 Optical-Electrical-Optical (O-E-O) Architecture O-E-O Architecture at Nodes of Degree-Two O-E-O Architecture at Nodes of Degree-Three or Higher Advantages of the O-E-O Architecture Disadvantages of the O-E-O Architecture 2.5 Optical Bypass Advantages of Optical Bypass Disadvantages of Optical Bypass 2.6 OADMs/ROADMs OADM Reconfigurability 2.7 Multi-Degree ROADMs Optical Terminal to ROADM to ROADM-MD Upgrade Path 2.8 ROADM Architectures Broadcast-and-Select Architecture Route-and-Select Architecture Wavelength-Selective Architecture 2.9 ROADM Properties Cascadability Automatic Power Equalization Colorless Directionless Contentionless Gridless Wavelength vs. Waveband Granularity Multicast East/West Separability (Failure/Repair Modes) Wavelength Reuse Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 1

2 2.10 Optical Switch Types O-E-O Optical Switch Photonic Switch All-Optical Switch (ROADM) Fiber Cross-Connect Grooming Switch 2.11 Hierarchical or Multi-Granular Switches 2.12 Optical Reach 2.13 Integrating WDM Transceivers in the Client Layer 2.14 Packet-Optical Transport 2.15 Photonic Integrated Circuits 2.16 Multi-Fiber-Pair Systems 2.17 Exercises 2.18 References Chapter 3 Routing Algorithms 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Shortest Path Algorithms 3.3 Routing Metrics Minimum-Hop Path vs. Shortest-Distance Path Shortest-Distance Path vs. Minimum-Regeneration Path 3.4 Generating a Set of Candidate Paths K-Shortest Paths Strategy Bottleneck-Avoidance Strategy 3.5 Routing Strategies Fixed-Path Routing Alternative-Path Routing Dynamic-Path Routing 3.6 Capturing the Available Equipment in the Network Model O-E-O Network Optical-Bypass-Enabled Network 3.7 Diverse Routing for Protection Shortest Pair of Disjoint Paths Minimum-Regeneration Pair of Disjoint Paths Shortest Pair of Disjoint Paths: Dual-Sources/Dual-Destinations Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs) Routing Strategies with Protected Demands 3.8 Routing Order 3.9 Flow-Based Routing Techniques 3.10 Multicast Routing Minimum Spanning Tree with Enhancement Minimum Paths Regeneration in a Multicast Tree Multicast Protection Manycast 3.11 Multipath Routing Non-Disjoint Multipath Routing Disjoint Multipath Routing 3.12 Exercises 3.13 References Chapter 4 Regeneration 4.1 Introduction Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 2

3 4.2 Factors That Affect Regeneration Optical Impairments Network Element Effects Transmission System Design Fiber Plant Specifications Mitigation of Optical Impairments Mixed Line-Rate Systems System Regeneration Rules 4.3 Routing with Noise Figure as the Link Metric Network Element Noise Figure Impact of the ROADM without Wavelength Reuse Cohesive System Design 4.4 Impairment-Based Routing Metrics Other Than Noise Figure 4.5 Link Engineering 4.6 Regeneration Strategies Islands of Transparency Designated Regeneration Sites Selective Regeneration 4.7 Regeneration Architectures Back-to-Back WDM Transponders Regenerator Cards All-Optical Regeneration 4.8 Exercises 4.9 References Chapter 5 Wavelength Assignment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Role of Regeneration in Wavelength Assignment 5.3 Multi-Step RWA Alleviating Wavelength Contention 5.4 One-Step RWA Topology Pruning Reachability Graph Transformation Flow-Based Methods ILP-Based Ring RWA 5.5 Wavelength Assignment Strategies First-Fit Most-Used Relative Capacity Loss Qualitative Comparison 5.6 Subconnection Ordering Graph Coloring 5.7 Bi-directional Wavelength Assignment 5.8 Wavelengths of Different Optical Reach 5.9 Nonlinear Impairments Due to Adjacent Wavelengths Mixed Line-Rate Systems 5.10 Alien Wavelengths Analog Services 5.11 Wavelength Contention and Network Efficiency Backbone Network Study Metro Network Study Study Conclusions 5.12 Exercises 5.13 References Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 3

4 Chapter 6 Grooming 6.1 Introduction 6.2 End-to-End Multiplexing 6.3 Grooming 6.4 Grooming-Node Architecture Grooming Switch at the Nodal Core Grooming Switch at the Nodal Edge Intermediate Grooming Layer 6.5 Selection of Grooming Sites Hierarchical Grooming 6.6 Backhaul Strategies 6.7 Grooming Tradeoffs Cost vs. Path Distance Cost vs. Capacity Cost vs. Protection Capacity Grooming Design Guidelines 6.8 Grooming Strategies Initial Bundling and Routing Grooming Operations 6.9 Grooming Network Study Grooming Switch at All Nodes Grooming Switch at a Subset of the Nodes 6.10 Evolving Techniques for Addressing Power Consumption in the Grooming Layer Routing and Grooming with Energy Considerations Selective Randomized Load Balancing Optical Flow Switching (OFS) Optical Burst Switching (OBS) TWIN Lighttrail Optical Packet Switching (OPS) 6.11 Exercises 6.12 References Chapter 7 Optical Protection 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dedicated vs. Shared Protection Dedicated Protection Shared Protection Comparison of Dedicated and Shared Protection 7.3 Client-Side vs. Network-Side Protection Transponder Protection Wavelength Assignment with Network-Side Protection 7.4 Ring Protection vs. Mesh Protection Ring Protection Mesh Protection 7.5 Fault-Dependent vs. Fault-Independent Protection Link Protection Path Protection Segment Protection 7.6 Multiple Concurrent Failures Multiple Concurrent Failures Without Catastrophes Multiple Concurrent Failures With Catastrophes Protection Schemes for Multiple Concurrent Failures Protection through Dynamic Networking Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 4

5 7.7 Effect of Optical Amplifier Transients on Protection 7.8 Shared Protection Based on Pre-deployed Subconnections Cost vs. Spare Capacity Tradeoff 7.9 Shared Protection Based on Pre-cross-connected Bandwidth p-cycles Pre-cross-connected Trails 7.10 Network Coding 7.11 Protection Planning Algorithms Algorithms for Dedicated Protection Algorithms for Shared Protection 7.12 Protection of Subrate Demands Wavelength-Level (Optical-Layer) Protection Subrate-Level (Grooming-Layer) Protection Wavelength-Level vs. Subrate-Level Protection Multilayer Protection 7.13 Fault Localization and Performance Monitoring Monitoring Structures Optical Performance Monitoring 7.14 Exercises 7.15 References Chapter 8 Dynamic Optical Networking 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Motivation for Dynamic Optical Networking Capacity Benefits of Dynamic Optical Networking Applications Enabled by a Dynamic Optical Network IP over a Dynamic Optical Layer 8.3 Centralized Path Computation and Resource Allocation PCE-Based Operation Advantages of Centralized Operation Disadvantages of Centralized Operation Multiple PCEs 8.4 Distributed Path Computation and Resource Allocation GMPLS-Based Operation Advantages of Decentralized Operation Disadvantages of Decentralized Operation Schemes to Minimize Contention Subconnection as the Label 8.5 Combining Centralized and Distributed Path Computation and Resource Allocation 8.6 Dynamic Protected Connections 8.7 Physical-Layer Impairments and Regeneration in a Dynamic Environment Regeneration in a PCE-Based Implementation Regeneration in a GMPLS-Based Implementation 8.8 Multi-Domain Dynamic Networking Backward-Recursive PCE-Based Computation (BRPC) Hierarchical PCEs Establishing Multi-Domain Connections Protected Multi-Domain Connections 8.9 Pre-deployment of Equipment 8.10 Scheduled or Advance Reservation Traffic 8.11 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) OpenFlow 8.12 Exercises 8.13 References Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 5

6 Chapter 9 Flexible Optical Networks 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fiber Capacity Limits Spectral Efficiency Expanded Transmission Band Multicore Fiber Multimode Fiber Architectural Approaches for Improved Capacity Utilization 9.3 Flexible-Grid Architectures 9.4 Gridless Architectures and Elastic Networks Superchannels Multipath Routing Bandwidth Squeezing Restoration 9.5 Routing and Spectrum Assignment (RSA) Routing Spectrum Assignment Spectral Elasticity 9.6 Spectral Defragmentation 9.7 Technologies for Flexible-Grid and Gridless Networks Gridless ROADMs Flexible Transmission for Gridless Networks Virtual Transponders 9.8 Flexible-Grid vs. Gridless Architectures 9.9 Programmable (or Adaptable) Transponders Data-Rate vs. Optical Reach Bandwidth vs. Optical Reach Utility of Programmable Transponders 9.10 Exercises 9.11 References Chapter 10 Economic Studies 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Assumptions Reference Network Topology Reference Traffic Set Cost Assumptions 10.3 Prove-In Point for Optical-Bypass Technology Comments on Comparing Costs O-E-O Technology with Extended Optical Reach 10.4 Optimal Optical Reach Add/Drop Percentage as a Function of Optical Reach 10.5 Optimal Topology from a Cost Perspective 10.6 Gridless vs. Conventional Architecture Conventional Grooming-Based Architecture Gridless Architecture Hybrid Gridless/Grooming Architecture Discussion 10.7 Optical Grooming in Edge Networks 10.8 General Conclusions 10.9 References Chapter 11 C-Code for Routing Routines 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definitions Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 6

7 11.3 Breadth First Search Shortest Paths 11.4 K-Shortest Paths 11.5 N-Shortest Diverse Paths 11.6 Minimum Steiner Tree Minimum Spanning Tree with Enhancement Minimum Paths 11.7 References Appendix: Suggestions for RFI/RFP Network Design Exercises Table of Contents Optical Network Design and Planning, 2 nd Edition, by Jane M. Simmons 7