1980), (1996 :53) (10) ( (20) ) ( (23) ), 2

Transcription

1 Ξ,,,,,,,, () ( ),,,, ;;;;, (1),! (,31 ) (2),? () (3),(,69 ) (4),! (,132 ) (5), (6), ( ) (7),,, ( ) (8),( ) (9), ( ) (10),( )? ( 1980) ( 1985) (1996) ; ; Ξ (2003 4, ) 1

2 , ( 2004),,,: (11),? () (12), ( ) ( ) (13), ( ) (14), ( ) () (15), () (16), ( ) () (11) - (16),,( 1980),,, :,,,,,,,,,+, ( ),, +? ( + ),+, ( ),, (1982 :222), :,, (5),(1996),,,,,, (1996 :53) (10),, ( ), (4) (9) (14) (15) (16), (4) (9), (14) (15) (16),,,, (19), (20),,,(7) (8), ( (19) ) ( (20) ) ( (21) ) ( (22) ) ( (23) ), 2

3 (),,, ( ),,, (on2line extension),,,,, ( ),, (right dislocation / right detachment),,, :(name fronting) (declara2 tive tags) (17) Dot I think her name is. (,!) (18) Poplars it was called was it? (,?) (19) Davie Drummond you called him. (, ) (Macaulay 1988) Biber et al (1999),, : (20) You re a little devil, you are! (!) (21) It s terrible it is! (!) (22) He s also pitched in the National League, Doyle Alexander has. (, ) (23) He s lying to you, that guy is. (, ),+ /, ( ) (24) Has it got double doors, that shop? (25) Did they have any, the kids? (demonstratives), : (26) It was a good book, this. (, ) (27) That s marvelous, that. (, ),,,, 3

4 ,,,,,,, Prince (1981),,(),,(focus movement) (topicalization), (28) (29) ( Prince, ) (28) MacaDAMia nuts,i can t afford. (, ) (29) MacaDAMia nuts I think they re called. (, ) Prince, (28) (DAM FFORD), ;, (29),,,, : (30) 3 MacaDAMia nuts, I think they are CALLED.,Prince,, ;,,,, ( ),,,( ), ( ),( ),,, (, ) Endo (1996),, ;, ( 1980) (31) Dame de ne, kimi2wa. (,!) () (32) Kita yo, bus2ga. (,!) (), : (33) Mary2wa John2ga nigeta to itta yo, nazeka. (, ) () (), : (31) (32), (33) 4

5 Valiouli (1994), : (34) [ s[ s [ X1 ] ][ X2 ] ] X1 X2 (co2referential relation) (referential expres2 sions),x1,x2,s s ;s,x2,lambrecht : (35) Ils sont fou, ces Romains. () (, ) ( ) : (36) Ta VRIKA, ta klidia. (, ) ( ) (37) EFIGe, o adelfos mou. (, ) ( ) Valiouli,( ) (), (re2topicalization) (local topic re2instatement) Valiouli,,,, Valiouli Lambrecht,, ( ), () ( ) () (),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,: /, /, /, 3 A cook, I was 3 Brighton, I am living in 5

6 ( ),,(re2topicalization) (local topic re2instatement),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Giv n (2001), ( ),,, gλϖ,,115,,,,,,,;, ( ),,,, : ( ) ;,,, (38), (39) It was a good read, this book.,,( ),, (38) (39) ( ),,,,,, (Macaulay 1988) : (40) He was some man, him. (,!), ( ), :,;,,,,, : 6 (41),?

7 (42),, Giv n :, ;, gλω,,,,, (2004) (1982) (1996), (1994) (1995) (1998) (2000) (2001) (2001) (2001) η (2002) (2003) :, Lambrecht (1994),(2000) (20) (22) Dieterich(1977) Dieterich (front end shift),,, Prince ( Yiddish movement),,,,,,, gλϖ The text frequency of R2dislocation in spoken English was found to be roughly 1/ 10th of that of L2dislocation. ( Giv n :268 - volume 2 of Syntax ; first reported in Giv n 1983 Topic continuity in English In T. Giv n (ed) Topic continuity in discourse, Amsterdam : John Benjamins) gλω Likewise, in languages zero anaphora such as Japanese, RD involves no pronouns, much like L2dislocation. Given the typological characteristics of languages with Zero anaphora or with obligatory pronominal agreement, and given that a per2 ceived pause may in fact be only a tonal or intonational clue, there may be little difference between RD and simply placing an NP post2verbally, especially in flexible2order languages. ( Giv n : 268) 2000, 1994, , , , , 1995, , 1 7

8 2000, ,, 1982 :, , 2001, 1998, η2002, , , 1979,, 1982, Biber, D. et al Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London : Longman. Birner, B.J. &Ward, G A Crosslinguistic Study of Postposing in Discourse. Language and Speech 39, Chao, Y. R A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley : University of California Press. Cheung, Y.L A Study of Right2Dislocation in Cantonese. M. Phil. thesis, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Davidson, J Subsequent Versions of Invitations, Offers, Requests, and Proposals Dealing with Potential or Actual Rejection. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structure of Social Action : Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cam2 bridge : Cambridge University Press. Dieterich, Thomas G Front end shift, Linguistic Inquiry, 8. 4 : Endo, Yoshio 1996 Right Dislocation. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 29 : Ford, C. A., Fox, B. A. & Thompson, S. A Constituency and the Grammar of Turn Increments. In C. A. Ford, B. A. Ford, & Thompson, S. A. (eds. ) The Language of Turn and Sequence. New York : Oxford University Press. Giv n, T Topic Continuity in Spoken English. In T. Giv n (ed) Topic Continuity in Discourse. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. Giv n, T Syntax (2 volumes). Amsterdam : John Benjamins,. Giv n, T Biolinguisttics. Amsterdam : John Benjamins. Grosz, Barbara J. & Yael Ziv 1998 Centering, Global focus, and Right2Dislocation. In M. A. Walker, A. K. Joshi & Prince E. F. (eds) Centering Theory in Discourse. Oxford : Clarendon Press, Guo, Jiansheng 1999 From Information to Emotion : the Affective Function of Right2Dislocation in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics,31 : Lambrecht, Knud 1994 Information Structure and Sentence Form : Topic, course Referents. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Liang, Yuan 2002 Right Dislocation in Cantonese. Ph. D. thesis, University of Hong Kong. Focus and the Mental Representations of Dis2 McCarthy, M. & Carter, R Grammar, Tails, and Affect : Constructing Expressive Choices in Discourse, Text : Packard, J.L A Left2Dislocation Analysis of Afterthought Sentences in Peking Mandarin. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, :1-12. Prince, Ellen F Topicalization, Focus2Movement, and Yiddish2Movement : a Pragmatic Differentiation. In Proceed2 ings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Rochemont, M. & Culicover, P English focus constructions and the theory of grammar. Cambridge : University Press. Tai, James, & Hu, Wenze 1991 Functional Motivations for the so2called Inverted Sentences in Beijing Conversational Discourse. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 26/ 3 :

9 Tai, J. & Hu, W A Cross2Linguistic Study of Postposing in Discourse. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, : Valiouli, Maria 1994 Anaphora, Agreement, and Right Dislocations in Greek. Journal of Semantics,11 : Ward, G. &Birner B On the Discourse Function of Rightward Movement in English. In A. E. Goldberg (ed) Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language. Xu, Jie 2000 The Interaction of the Grammatical Features Question and Focus in Sentences. Communications of COLIPS, 10, 1, June, 2001 ; A Cross2Linguistic Study of Incremental Sentences Abstract In this paper, a comparison is made between Chinese incremental sentences (previ2 ously known as inverted sentences ) and similar sentence types such as right dislocation and right de2 tachment in English, French, Greek and Japanese. It is found that : (1) in contrast to the other lan2 guages, Chinese has a greater tendency to use word order strategies (i. e. fronting or extension) to per2 form information focusing ; (2) there are indications that right dislocation occurs much more frequently in naturally occurring speech in Chinese than in English ; (3) a general condition for a right dislocation structure to be grammatical appears to be that its first part must itself be a grammatical sentence ; (4) Chinese and Japanese, as zero2anaphora languages, behave differently in this respect : the missing sub2 jects and objects often give the false impression that constituents are being moved around, when they are not ; (5) it is possible for the second part of an incremental sentence in Chinese to receive stress, but not so in English : this suggests that far from being an inversion, an incremental sentence may well be a regular syntactic structure in Chinese. Key words inversion ; word order ; focus ; intonation ; information structure ( ) ( ) 9