Protozoa: Exercise 12
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- Thomasina Cox
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1 Protozoa: Exercise Describe trophozoite and cyst stages What stage of a protozoa s life is it metabolically active, feeding, capable of motion and found in fresh, warm stool samples? Trophozoites stage This stage causes patients to have symptoms. Best view while stool still warm What stage of a protozoa s life is it inactive (dormant)? Cyst stage Will have a regular shape (oval or circle) than in the troph stage 36. With the aid of your drawings on p and 12-18, identify: Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cyst Class Sarcodina Mode of Locomotion: Pseudopods (False feet) Scientific Name/ Common Name Disease Size/Shape Laboratory Diagnostic Source of Infection/ Intermediate Host/Vector Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Entamoeba histolytical Amoebic dysentery (infection of intestines) Cysts or trophs in stool Cysts in food & water or feces Bloody diarrhea, dehydration Metronidazole (Flagyl) 10% world affected 50% population in some countries 1
2 Pseudopod (Cigar shaped) Troph Cysts Nucleus will contain a dark stained dot called a Karysome. Cigar shaped Chromatin Body Troph stage will have Pseudopods, an extruding cytoplasmic extension 2
3 Class Mastigophora Scientific Name/ Common Name Trichomonas vaginalis Giardia lamblia Trypanasoma T. brucei gambiense (W. Africa) T. brucei rhodesience (E. Africa T. cruzi (US, Cent & South Amer) Mode of Locomotion: Flagella Disease Size/Shape Laboratory Diagnostic Female: Trichimoniasis Male: Prostate & epididymis infections Giardiasis/ backpacker's parasite African or American sleeping sickness, Chagas disease Tear shaped in troph stage Pear shaped flagellate. Eyes on a face Trophs in vaginal & prostate secretions, sediment in urine Cysts or trophs in stool Blood smear Source of Infection/ Intermediate Host/Vector Sexually transmitted. Trophs in vaginal & prostate secretions Cysts in food & water or feces. Drinking water in the wilderness without purification Tsetse fly (T.b.g & T.b.r.) or reduviid (triatomid) bug (T.c.) Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Male: Asymptomatic Female: Vaginal discharge, burning, itching, chafing, increased urination Abdominal discomfort, severe diarrhea, malabsorption, milk intolerance, weight loss Fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, coma, death Metronidazole (Flagyl) for both sex partners Boiling water (5-10 min) Quinacrine hydrochloride 10-25% women in US infected Carried by elk, beavers, & deer 1 million infected/year Produce 1000 antigenic coats No cyst stage Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites Flagella Karyosome No cyst stage Tear shaped 3 to 5 flagella on anterior end Nucleus with Karyosome Purple stain 3
4 Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cysts Troph Cyst Troph: Pear shaped Cyst: Oval shape Ovoid, concave sucking disc of ventral surface 2 to 4 nuclei Two nuclei, both with large central Karyosome Eyes on face appearance 4 to 5 flagella maybe present 4
5 Trypanosoma species trophozoites No cysts stage Flagella Found between blood cells in blood smears (Don t need to distinguish by species) 5
6 Class Ciliata Mode of locomotion: Cilia Disease Size/Shape Laboratory Diagnostic Scientific Name/ Common Name Balantidium coli Recurrent diarrhea alternating with constipation Large, 200 micron Balantidium coli trophozoites and cysts Cysts in stools Source of Infection/ Intermediate Host/Vector Ingested Feces of infected person Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Diarrhea, constipation Epidemic in US mental hospitals Macronucleus Macronucleus Cysts wall Troph: Large size Cilia Oval shape Prominent long & kidney shaped macronucleus (Micronucleus present but not usually visible) Cysts: Spherical shape No cilia Cysts wall Cilia Troph Cyst 6
7 Class Sporozoa / Apicomplexa Mode of locomotion: None, use spores for reproduction Scientific Name/ Common Name Plasmodium P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium parvum Disease Size/Shape Laboratory Diagnostic Source of Infection/ Intermediate Host/Vector Malaria Blood smear Anopheles mosquito Toxoplasmosis, Hydrocephaly- "Water on the brain" (congenital defect) Traveler s diarrhea Crescent shaped, 6 microns long to 3 in width Biopsied tissue or body fluids/serology, mouse inoculation Oocysts in stool with acid-fast stain, fluorescent stain or immunoassays Cat feces (litter box), raw meat or transplacental (mother to infant) Water or feces, fecaloral route Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sweating Human Fetus: Congenital defects, retinochoroiditis, mental retardation (from water on the brain), convulsions, blindness, death Profuse/watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, n/v, fever, headache Mefloquine hydrochloride (Larium) Kill mosquitos Repellants & netting Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) Spiramycin (for pregnant women in Europe) Microfiltration Oral & parenteral rehydration therapy 400 million (world) w/malaria Very resistant to disinfectants Opportunistic infection of AIDS patients 7
8 Plasmodium species trophozoites No cysts stage Ring found inside blood cells (Don t need to distinguish by species) 8
9 Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites No cysts stage Bow or boomerang shaped Nuclei Cryptosporidium oocyst Oocyst stage Bright red spheres in acid-fast stain 9
10 Platyhelminthes: Exercise With the aid of your drawings on p and 13-14, identify: Class Trematoda: Flukes Scientific Name/ Common Name Clonorchis sinensis / Chinese liver fluke Schistosoma mansoni / Blood fluke Disease Size/Shape Diagnostic Stage Chinese liver fluke infestation Schistosomiasis/ bilharziasis Adult: leaf shaped Ova: urn shaped m Ova in feces Infective Stage in Humans Metacercaria in raw freshwater fish Leaf shaped Ova in feces Freeswimming cercaria in fresh water penetrate skin Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Biliary obstruction, jaundice, diarrhea, liver pain, anemia, abdominal distress Destruction of liver, lungs and/or urinary tract Praziquantel Praziquantel & Oximiniquine Found in SE Asia Monoecious = organism is male & female Dioecious = organism is male or female 200 mil (world) Burrows through skin 10
11 a.clonorchis sinensis ova b. Schistosoma mansoni ova Operculum Operculum Spine Operculum (two shoulder or horn like projections) Oval shaped at one end Spine projection Oval shaped Route of transmission Free-swimming form (cercaria) which may penetrate intact human skin and infection ensues 11
12 Class Cestoda: Tapeworms Scientific Name/ Common Name Taenia saginata/ Beef tapeworm Taenia solium/ Pork tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus/ None Disease Size/Shape Diagnostic Stage Taeniasis, beef tapeworm infestation Taeniasis, pork tapeworm infestation, cysticercosis Hydatid disease 25 meters Ova/proglottids in feces Scolex has crown of hooks A few millimeters long Ova/proglottids in feces Ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance, serology Infective Stage in Humans Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Cysticercus Brain cysts Niclosamide In US through rare steak Cysticercus or ova Ova Brain cysts, mimics brain tumor Depends on cyst location. Impairment of vital function. Death Niclosamide Mebendazole, surgical removal of cyst In Mexico, Central Amer, & American Hispanic communities c. Taenia species proglottid (beef or pork tapeworm) 10 to 20 branches (tree like) in its uterus Scolex at head (not shown) Body divided into proglottid (segments) (one proglottid shown here) 12
13 d. Taenia species ova (beef or pork tapeworm) Taeniea saginata (beef tapeworm) Taeniea solium (pork tapeworm) Spherically shaped Covered in striated shell Six hook embryo inside (Taenia and Echinococcus ova are identical) Route of transmission: Raw or undercooked beef meat Disease: Beef or pork tapeworm infestation Cysticercosis (from pork) 13
14 e. Echinococcus granulosus hydatid sand (also called hydatid cyst) Hooks Scolex with hooks visible Appears oval shaped (Taenia and Echinococcus ova are identical) Route of transmission: Carnivorous animals like dog s feces 38. Define: What is another name for egg? Ova What is the term for a tapeworm s head with 4 suckers and hooks by its mouth? Scolex 14
15 Scolex What is the term for a tapeworm s segmented body? Proglottid What is a fluid filled sac with buds that form and grow into brood capsules where many immature scolices develop? Hydatid sand (or hydatid cyst) What is the term for an organism that is either male or female (separate animals)? Dioecious What is the term for an organism that is both male and female (both sexes occur in the same animal)? Monoecious 15
16 Nematoda (Aschelminthes): Exercise With the aid of your drawings on p. 14-9, identify: Scientific Name/ Common Name Size/Shape Diagnostic Stage Source of Infection Ascaris Ova in feces lumbricoides / (none) Nector americanus / Hookworm Enterobius vermicularis / Pinworm Trichuris trichiura / whipworm Trichinella spiralis / (none) Female: Pencil thick/20-35 cm long Male: Smaller/ hook shaped tail 1.5 cm, blunt ends/ single thin transparent hyaline shell Male: 2-5 mm Female: 13 mm Long thin pointy body Long & thin, thick posterior Spiral formation in striated muscle Ova in feces Ova from perianal region by Graham s scotch tape method Ova in feces Muscle biopsy or serologic tests Ingesting ova in soil, contaminated food or water Larvae in soil burrows through bare feet Ingested ova in soil, contaminated food or water Ingested ova in soil, contaminated food or water Ingested larvae in raw or undercooked pork or bear meat Sign/Symptoms Treatments Stats Hepatitis, abdominal pain, intestinal blockage, vomiting, diarrhea, fever Lungs: Severe pneumonitis, coughing spasms, allergic symptoms, asthmatic breathing Anemia, lethargy, mental & physical retardation Local itching, restlessness Hand to Mouth transmission, chronic itch at anus (pruritus ani) Asymptomatic Chronic: Bloody diarrhea, abd. pain, headache, N/V, anemia, prolapse rectum Depends on # of worms, size/age of host Antiminth (pyrantel pamoate) & Antepar (piperazine citrate) Vermox (mebendazole) or Antiminth (pyrantel pamoate) Vermox Antiminth Povan (pyrvinium pamoate) causes red stool Vermox 1 billion infected (world) 1 million in US Female produces 26 million eggs/200,000 per day 500 million infected Consumes 0.15 mil per day/ 500 worms = 1 pt per day 209 million (world) 18 million (US & Can) No maturation stage outside host eggs produced daily Corticosteroids 1 pork chop = 10,000 larvae 16
17 a. Enterobius vermicularis b. Ascaris lumbricoides (fertilized) c. Necatur americanus ova Exercise 12/13/14 Flat side Developing embryo Thick outer cover Thin shell Common Name: Pinworm Oval shape One side flattened Well-developed embryo possible Route of transmission: Ingested from hands or other fomites (rag or mop head) Diseases: Pinworm infection Thick, transparent, hyaline shell covered with a thick outer layer Route of transmission: Ova may get into food or water from the soil Common Name: Hookworm Bluntly rounded ends Single thin transparent hyaline shell Embryo development at cell division stages Route of transmission: Contracted when mature larvae penetrate the intact skin of a bare foot Diseases: Severe anemia 17
18 d. Trichuris trichiura ova e. Trichinella spiralis larvae Plug end Plug end Cross section Translucent polar plug at each end Spiral form Circular in cross section Route of transmission: Ingestion of larvae in raw or undercooked pork, bear, or meat from any other carnivorous animal Diseases: Trichinosis 18
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