Fairy Ring: Biology and Ecology

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2 Fairy Ring: Biology and Ecology FBasidiomycete ( mushroom ) fungi F> 60 species of soil inhabiting fungi have been associated with fairy ring FColonize soil, thatch, mat, and organic matter

3 Agaricus arvensis Hydnellum suaveolens Marasmius oreades Agaricus campestris Hydnum compactum Agaricus arvensis Marasmius siccus Agrocybe pediades Hygrocybe coccinea Marasmius rotula Bovista Bovista dermoxantha Hygrocybe dermoxantha psittacina Marasmius urens Bovista plumbea Clitocybe Hygrocybe caespitosa reae Melanoleuca melaleuca Calocybe carnea Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca Clitocybe dealbata Melanolueca grarmopodia Lactarius insulsus Calvatia cyathiformis Nolanea staurospora Lactarius piperatus Camarophyllus pratensisleucopaxillus giganteus Panaeolina foenisecii Lactarius torminosus Campanella subdendrophora Lycoperdon perlatum Panaeolus campanulatus Lepista nuda Chlorophyllum molybdites Paxillus involutus Lycoperdon Lepista personata pusillum Clarulinopsis corniculata Lepista Scleroderma verrucosum Clitocybe infundibuliformis Lepista sordida Leucoagaricus naucinus Suillus grevillei Clitocybe rivulosa Collybia butryacea Coprinus comatus Coprinus kubickae Cyathus stercoreus Dentinum repandum Marasmius oreades Leucopaxillus giganteus Lycoperdon marginatum Vascellum curtisii Tricholoma columbetta Lycoperdon perlatum Tricholoma panoeolum Vascellum pratense Lycoperdon pusillum Lycoperdon spp. Macrolepiota procera Hebeloma crustuliniforme Marasmius graminum Trechispora alnicola Tricholoma terreum Vascellum curtisii Vascellum pratense Lycoperdon perlatum Lycoperdon pusillum Marasmius oreades Vascellum curtisii Vascellum pratense

4 Lycoperdon perlatum

5 Marasmius oreades )

6 Conditions Favoring Fairy Ring FSandy soils, newly constructed greens FExcessive thatch accumulation FExtremes in soil moisture FNutrient deficiency, especially nitrogen

7 Fairy Rings Symptoms/Signs: Fairy rings have been classified in several ways, depending on the symptoms and conditions induced. Couch described them as belonging to 2 basic types: edaphic or lectophilic. Edaphic fairy rings are those induced by fungi that are soil inhabitants. Lectophilic fairy rings are those that are inhabitants of the thatch and upper soil surfaces.

8 Fairy Ring Types Type I rings - These have a zone of dead grass just inside a zone of dark green grass. These are more prevalent on new greens than on established ones. The dead grass may form from mushroom mycelia accumulating below the soil surface and causing the soil to become hydrophobic (water hating ). Type II rings - These have only a band of dark green turf, with or without mushrooms present in the band. Type III rings - These do not exhibit a dead zone or a dark green zone, but simply have a ring of mushrooms present.

9 Symptoms associated with Lycoperdon perlatum Fno green ring Fgreen ring Fgreen and necrotic ring Fnecrotic ring *Tahama Y. (1980) On the ring of fairy rings on turf grasses. J. Jap.; Turfgrass Res. Assoc., 9(2), (Japanese, En. R.A.P.P. 60, 12, 6517 (1981)

10 Type I fairy ring symptoms

11 Type II fairy ring symptom

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13 Superficial fairy ring Fconfined almost entirely to the thatch layer, litter layer and top of the mineral soil Fmost are saprophobic and cause little damage Fothers produce unsightly rings & dry spots/patch specifically on sand golf greens

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16 Clamp connection

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19 Nectrotic Fairy Ring/ hydrophobic soil conditions Caused by Lycoperdon sp.

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21 Greening Effect FDue to increased ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil* FLevels of nitrogen vary depending on: F species of fairy ring causing fungus Fmore ammonium nitrogen in soil which had an abundant mycelium Fmost nitrates were found in the zone containing the dying mycelium of the fungus - In Marasmius oreades inner stimulated zone shows more clearly than outer - probably because the nitrate nitrogen is more available than the ammonium form. *Moliard (1910), Bayliss-Elliott (1926), & Smith (1957)

22 Fairy ring symptoms are most evident in under-fertilized turf Tredway

23 Masking Symptoms of a Type II Fairy Ring with Nitrogen on a Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green +N -N +N -N 0.1 lb N/1000 sq ft appl. 3 Jul Jul 2001 (28 days later). Fidanza

24 Pathogenic or Epiphytic? FMarasmius oreades hydrogen cyanide which is toxic to grass roots* Fdamaged/dead roots then colonized by fungus FConfirmed to produce hydrogen cyanide Heino Lepp - Australian National BotanicGardens *Bayliss, J.S. (1911) Observations on Marasmius oreades and Clitocybe gigantea as parasitic fungi causing fairy rings. J. Econ. Biol., 6,

25 Hydrophobic soil associated with Lycoperdon fairy ring in bentgrass green

26 Why is fairy ring so difficult to control? Control of the fungus or the symptoms? It is very difficult to eradicate any fungus, especially soil-borne In some cases we can suppress the fungus with fungicides Sometimes some success with masking symptoms with fertilizer / soil penetrants

27 Fairy Ring: Management 3 Basic Concepts: Suppression cultural practices, fungicides, soil surfactants/wetting agents Antagonism mixing soil Eradication fumigation or removal of soil (destructive) 2 Basic Strategies: Preventive --Curative

28 Fairy Ring: Management F Curative/Preventive Program: F Cultural practices Fspike or aerify area to be treated Firrigation - wet soil profile (root zone or depth of 6 in) Fother practices (reduce thatch, proper fertility (N can mask fairy ring), etc.) F Apply soil surfactant Falleviate hydrophobic soil conditions Fsoil surfactants (Primer, Revolution, Surfside ) F Apply a fungicide Ffungicides (optimum control w/ 4 to 5 gal water/1000 sq ft) F Do not allow soil to dry-out F Repeat if necessary

29 Patience The fungus is in the root zone and/or thatch killing the fungus causes desiccation of the mycelium the mycelium must deteriorate/decay for soil structure to improve death or decay of the mycelium may result in release of nitrogen ( green or ring flaring ) This process will take time, surely more than 1 or 2 days and quite possibly up to 4 to 6 weeks!

30 Fungicides for Fairy Ring FAzoxystrobin (Heritage) FFlutolanil (Prostar) FPyraclostrobin (Insignia) FFluoaxostrobin (DisArm) FPolyoxin D (Endorse) FBayleton Flo FTriticonazole (Trinity) F Metconazole (Tourney)

31 Suppression of Lycoperdon with Prostar Martin, 1993

32 Suppression of Lycoperdon with Heritage Martin, 1998

33 Steve Kammerer Syngenta Professional Products 1 Aug, 2005

34 Fairy ring, % Incidence (Lycoperdon sp.). Myrtle Beach trial site #1. Martin, Clemson Univ Fairy ring control with Heritage Prostar 6.0 oz+prim er Prostar 6.0 oz Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d irrig Heritage 0.4oz 28d irrig Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d Heritage 0.4oz 28d Irrigated 0.25 in Not Irrigated 2 w ai 3 w ai 6 w ai Untreated % fairy ring Test initiated 6/11/98, all materials applied on 28 day interval irrig=irrigated after application with 0.25

35 Fairy ring, % Incidence (Lycoperdon sp.). Myrtle Beach trial site #2. Martin, Clemson Univ Fairy ring control with Heritage Prostar 6.0 oz+prim er Prostar 6.0 oz Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d irrig Heritage 0.4oz 28d irrig Heritage 0.4oz+Prim er 28d Heritage 0.4oz 28d Irrigated 0.25 in Not Irrigated 14 dai 19 dai 39 dai Untreated % fairy ring Test initiated 6/11/98, all materials applied on 28 day interval irrig=irrigated after application with 0.25

36 Fairy Ring Control on Perennial Ryegrass Fairway PA, % Plot Area with Type-I Fairy Ring Heritage Heritage + Rev Heritage Heritage + Rev Prostar Prostar + Rev Prostar Prostar + Rev 88 gpa 176 gpa 88 gpa 176 gpa Check Products/1000 sq ft: Heritage 0.4 oz; Prostar 4.5 oz; Revolution 6 fl oz - Fidanza

37 Fairy Ring Control on Perennial Ryegrass Fairway PA, % Plot Area with Type-I Fairy Ring Endorse Endorse + Rev Endorse Endorse + Rev Insignia Insignia + Rev Insignia Insignia + Rev 88 gpa 176 gpa 88 gpa 176 gpa Check Products/1000 sq ft: Endorse 4 oz, Insignia 0.9 oz; Revolution 6 fl oz Fidanz

38 Lycoperdon Fairy Ring Control Heritage+Cascade Prostar Insignia+Cascade Heritage+Revolution Prostar + Insignia+Revolution Prostar Heritage TL Insignia Cascade Revolution No Fungicide/no penetrant Martin, Sept.2005

39 Heritage TL/Cascade Revolution Heritage/no surfactant Heritage/Revolution

40 Localized Dry Spot (Dry Patch)

41 APS Press

42 S.B.Martin, 2001 Severe LDS on 100% sand putting green

43 Wetting Agents!

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45 DMIs for Fairy Ring Control: Background F Fairy ring activity observed during development of triadimefon (Bayleton) F Superintendents in Gulf Coast states have been using Bayleton for preventative fairy ring control F Bayleton received 2(ee) label for fairy ring control in 16 states in Feb F How do DMIs compare to other chemistries for preventative control? F Do soil surfactants influence preventative control?

46 Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon perlatum in creeping bentgrass (June 22, 2006): DMIs Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9) All treatments applied twice in March and April Treatments were watered in immediately with 0.25 of irrigation Revolution applied at 6 fl oz/m Miller and Tredway, 2006

47 Untreated Control Miller and Tredway, 2007

48 Bayleton (2 oz) applied 3/22 and 4/19 Miller and Tredway, 2007

49 Conclusions: Preventative Fairy Ring Control with Bayleton F Spring applications of DMI fungicides can provide longterm control of fairy ring F Other fungicides require tank-mixing with a soil surfactant and re-application during the season F Some injury noted from Bayleton applications ensure that bentgrass is growing and risk of hard frost is minimal before application

50 Preventative Control of Turf Root Diseases: Timing Application Timing is Based on Soil Temperature Spring Dead Spot: apply in fall when soil temperatures are between 60 F and 80 F Summer Patch: inititate applications in spring when soil temperatures are above 65 F Take-all Patch: apply in fall and spring when soil temperatures are between 40 F and 60 F Fairy Ring:??????

51 Rate and Timing of DMIs for Fairy Ring Prevention Miller and Tredway, 2007 Fungicide / Rate F Bayleton - 1 oz/1000 ft 2 F Bayleton - 2 oz/1000 ft 2 F Lynx - 1 fl oz/1000 ft 2 F Lynx - 2 fl oz/1000 ft 2 Soil temperature at initiation F(5-day average) - 50 F, 55 F. 60 F, 65 F, 70 F, 75 F USGA putting green established in 2004 with A-1 creeping bent All treatments watered-in immediately with 0.25 of irrigation Cascade soil surfactant (8 fl oz/1000 ft 2 ) applied on 3/20, 5/2, and 7/25

52 Five-day Average Soil Temperature, 2007 Average 5-day average soil temperature (ºF) D: Mar 30 C: Mar 28 B: Mar 25 A: Mar 14 E: May 2 May 29 th : Fairy ring start F: May 30

53 Bayleton, D, 2 oz Lynx, D, 1 fl oz Miller and Tredway, 2007

54 June 22, 2007 Bayleton, D, 1 oz Untreated Miller and Tredway, 2007

55 Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon perlatum in A-1 creeping bentgrass with DMIs, 2007 Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9) a b a ab b b b a b b b b c c c **Data is averaged across all application timings Miller and Tredway, 2007

56 Prevention of fairy ring caused by Lycoperdon perlatum in A-1 creeping bentgrass, 2007 a Fairy Ring Severity (0 to 9) b a a b b b b ab bc c c c b b b b b **Data is averaged across all fungicides and rates Miller and Tredway, 2007

57 Conclusions: Fairy Ring Prevention with DMIs F One spring application of Bayleton will not control fairy ring throughout the summer. F Except at the earliest application timing (50ºF), 1 oz of Bayleton also controlled fairy ring just as well as 2 oz. F Preventive applications most effective when made in late March, when 5-day average soil temperatures were between 55ºF and 65ºF.

58 Current Recommendations for Fairy Ring Prevention FInitiate applications when 5-day average soil temps reach 55ºF FMake two applications of triadimefon (Bayleton) at 1 oz/1000 ft 2 on a 21 to 30 day interval Miller and Tredway FNo need to add a surfactant to Bayleton FWater in the application immediately with 0.25 of irrigation