Using Wetting Agents Effectively
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1 Slovenian Greenkeepers Association 16 th Days of Education 18 and 19 November 2014 Hotel Maestoso Lipica, Slovenia Using Wetting Agents Effectively Mike Fidanza, Ph.D. Professor of Plant and Soil Sciences Pennsylvania State University Berks Campus Reading, Pennsylvania USA
2 Dust bowl southern plains USA during the 1930 s.
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4 USDA Soil Conservation Service
5 IPM, BMPs, Sustainable Practices, etc.
6 Maximizing Disease Control
7 BMP s
8 Sustainable Conversation Social bearable equitable sustainable viable Source: Dr. Frank Rossi
9 Information: Data = Knowledge = Power Source: Dr. Karl Danneberger Maximizing Disease Control
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11 Water Drop Penetration Test: ~use to detect water repellency in fairy ring and localized dry patch areas
12 Soil Water Repellency Surface Tension Adhesion Illustration: 1998 Aquatrols, Ron Dodson Technical Illustrator
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16 Soil Water Repellency; Soil Hydrophobicity; Non-wettable Soil; Localized Dry Patch
17 Soil Water Repellency: A condition of hydrophobicity that prevents water and solutes from adhering to and moving uniformly into the soil profile. Water repellency strongly impacts hydration and distribution of water.
18 Soil Water Repellency: Is of biological origin Impacts infiltration Increases runoff Impacts turf quality Reduces water stored in the rootzone Reduces irrigation efficiency Causes leaching of pesticides and fertilizers Results in the development of localized dry spots Impacts turf surface playability and function
19 Sources of Water Repellent Materials Photo Credit: Tammo Steenhius Slide courtesy of Paul Hallett, Scottish Crop Research Institute
20 A soil can be rendered water repellent with just 3% of the particles being affected by repellent coatings. Courtesy Tammo Steenhuis Cornell University
21 Example of fairy ring basidiomycete fungus colonizing thatch.
22 Sand-Based Rootzones - Drainage - Reduced water reservoir - Greater dependency on uniform irrigation - Low cation exchange capacity - Low nutrient availability - Perched water table - Prone to develop dry areas (dry patch), and fairy ring Coeur d Alene GC (Coeur d Alene, Idaho, USA)
23 Water Management for Golf and Sports Turf Research at the University of Florida (Dr. John Cisar): 50 to 70% reduction in irrigation IF wetting agents are used as a preventive measure prior to the onset of drought stress.
24 Water Conservation Methods on US Golf Courses: Wetting Agents 92%* Hand-Watering 78% Keeping Turf Drier 69% Mulch Landscape Beds 51% Irrigation Scheduling Techniques 47% Adjust Fertilizer Practices 45% Upgrade/Improve Irrigation System 37% Raise Mowing Heights 36% Soil Amendments/Improve Soil 31% Reduce Irrigated Acres 20% Drought Tolerant Turf Species 13% Water Harvesting 9% Irrigation Audit 7% Soil Sensors 1% *Reported as % Facilities Source: Applied Turfgrass Science, 2007
25 Wetting Agents for Golf Courses and Sports Fields: - irrigation - syringing - surface applied/watered-in - spot treatment
26 Components of an Ideal Soil About ½ of the soil volume is solid particles Mineral Matter 45% Soil Air 25% Soil Water 25% About ½ of the soil volume is pore space Organic Matter 5%
27 Volumetric Water Content (VWC) from Aeration and Wetting Agent
28 Poor drainage, limited air movement, heavy rains = severely declined turf. Above average summer temps requires better irrigation/water management. *Source: Adam Moeller, USGA Green Section
29 Soil Moisture Sensors Technology - Everyday Tool Soil moisture probe
30 Soil Moisture Sensors Time domain reflectometry (TDR) -Electrical pulses through probes -Not effected by soil density, texture, and salt content -Clay soils can have an effect -Volumetric water content
31 Volumetric water content (VWC) and Soil Texture:
32 In-Situ Soil Moisture Sensors -Get a detailed picture of what is happening at a given site over time. -Data logging possible. -Trend analysis. -Irrigation programming potenital. TurfGuard
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34 Might be time to
35 Time of Year - Plan or map the potential times for PEST pressure. - Also consider conditions that favor the PEST. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Potential for PEST activity (weeds, diseases, insects): Does not occur in month. (low risk) Occasionally occurs in month. (moderate risk) Frequently occurs in month. (high risk)
36 Wetting Agent Program: - Greens, Chipping Green, Practice Green - Revolution 19 L/ha - Once per month from March/April through November/December - Water-in immediately
37 So, what is Revolution s impact on roots? Untreated Revolution Japan Increased mass of viable roots under summer stress conditions in treated plots
38 Stockdale Country Club, Bakersfield, CA September Enhanced root mass in drier soils (alkyl-terminated block copolymer) (Hydroxyl-terminated) Revolution (Alkyl-terminated)
39 USGA Green Section Record Vol. 50 (15) July 20, 2012
40 USGA Green Section Record Vol. 50 (15) July 20, 2012
41 Plant Protection / Plant Health Product Applications Photo by Dr. John Kaminski
42 Sprayer Calibration
43 How Often Do You Calibrate Your Sprayer? How often do you calibrate your sprayer?
44 nozzle spacing and boom height pressure nozzle type and nozzle output water carrier volume ground speed Sprayer Calibration
45 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Good filtration of water source.
46 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Clean the filter.
47 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Release the pressure after spraying.
48 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Don t run it too fast.
49 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Clean it out after each use.
50 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Don t wait for failure; preventive maintenance.
51 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Train employees on safety and to report problems.
52 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Emergency repair kit.
53 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Check nozzles (function, output, alignment)
54 Turf Spray Equipment Productivity Tips Preflight checklist
55
56 FUNCTIONS OF A SPRAY NOZZLE 1. Control the flow rate 2. Form droplets 3. Disperse droplets into specific patterns
57 Nozzle Types XR and XRC TeeJet TwinJet Turbo TeeJet flat fan spray pattern TurfJet AI TeeJet (Air Induction) Turbo TwinJet hollow cone spray pattern Raindrop ConeJet
58 Hollow Cone Nozzle Spray Distribution Pattern * Flat-Fan Spray Pattern is Preferred for Turf *
59 Comparative Size Symbol Relative Size Comparative Size Atomization VF F M C VC EC Point of Needle (25 microns) Human Hair (100 microns) Sewing Thread (150 microns) Toothbrush Bristle (300 microns) Staple (420 microns) #2 Pencil Lead (2000 microns) Fog Fine Mist Fine Drizzle Light Rain Rain Thunderstorm
60 Flat-Fan Nozzle Spray Application and Water Droplet Size XR TeeJet (flat fan) Fine to Medium droplets Air-Induction (flat fan) Very Coarse droplets TurfJet (flat fan) Extremely Coarse droplets
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62 Medium Very Coarse Very Coarse to Extremely Coarse Extremely Coarse
63 Spray Coverage Excellent XR TeeJet (Fine to Coarse) Turbo TeeJet (Medium to Very Coarse) Air-Induction (Very Coarse) TurfJet (Extremely Coarse) Poor Raindrop (Extremely Coarse)
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65 Poor Drift Control Excellent Raindrop TurfJet Air-Induction Turbo TeeJet XR TeeJet
66 Spray Pattern Check New Nozzles Worn Nozzles Damaged Nozzles
67 Nozzle Wear New Flat-Fan Nozzle Worn Nozzle Improperly Cleaned
68 Nozzle Wear and Replacement When do I need to replace my tips? Wear rates depend on: Tip material (stainless steel, polymer, ceramic) Chemicals used Operating pressure Care used when cleaning When measured flow rates are 10% over nominal flow rate, then it s time to replace them Buy enough nozzles, plus one extra
69 Not Recommended for Fungicide Applications
70 Nozzle Types Recommended for Fungicide Applications
71 at the end of the day, just grow grass
72 THANK YOU for your time! Mike Fidanza, Ph.D.
Early Season Fungicide Applications. Document Classification: PUBLIC
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