Educating the Presidents: Exploring the Link Between Post-Secondary Schooling and Presidential Greatness

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1 Educating the Presidents: Exploring the Link Between Post-Secondary Schooling and Presidential Greatness SCOTT L. GLABE Yale University This paper will examine the link between educational background and presidential success. It does so by grouping the presidents into three categories: those who did not attend college, those who received a bachelor s degree, and those who had some sort of graduate training. It will then analyze the success of presidents in each category using the 2000 Wall Street Journal/Federalist Society poll, and develop five typologies based on the combination of educational background and success. Finally, this paper will explore why law school dropouts along with born leaders tend to be successful presidents. INTRODUCTION As a student deeply interested in the Presidency, I have often wondered about the education of our chief executives. In particular, what is the connection between educational background and presidential success? This paper is an attempt to answer that question. It uses as its basis a 2000 survey on presidential greatness jointly conducted by The Federalist Society and the Wall Street Journal (Rankings). 78 scholars thirty historians, twenty-five political scientists, and twenty-three law professors ranked each of the first forty-one presidents on a five-point scale. George W. Bush and Barack Obama had not yet taken office; William Henry Harrison and James Garfield were dropped from the final rankings due to their short terms in office, leaving thirty-nine presidents grouped into six categories: Great, Near Great, Above Average, Average, Below Average, and Failure (see Table 1).

2 Table 1: Full 2000 Wall Street Journal/Federalist Society Rankings PRESIDENT SCORE GREAT Washington 4.92 Lincoln 4.87 F. Roosevelt 4.67 NEAR GREAT Jefferson 4.25 T. Roosevelt 4.22 Jackson 3.99 Truman 3.95 Reagan 3.81 Eisenhower 3.71 Polk 3.70 Wilson 3.68 Adams 3.36 ABOVE AVERAGE Cleveland 3.36 McKinley 3.33 Madison 3.29 Monroe 3.27 L. Johnson 3.21 Kennedy 3.17 AVERAGE Taft 3.00 J.Q. Adams 2.93 G.H.W. Bush 2.92 Hayes 2.79 Clinton 2.77 Van Buren 2.77 Arthur 2.71 Coolidge 2.71 PRESIDENT SCORE BELOW AVERAGE B. Harrison 2.62 Ford 2.59 Hoover 2.53 Carter 2.47 Taylor 2.40 Grant 2.28 Nixon 2.22 Tyler 2.03 Fillmore 1.91 FAILURE A. Johnson 1.65 Pierce 1.58 Harding 1.58 Buchanan 1.33 OMITTED W. Harrison Garfield G.W. Bush Obama Of course, the expert survey is an imperfect way of measuring presidential greatness one that fluctuates with time as various presidents and policies move in and out fashion. However, it is perhaps the best method we have for assimilating data on forty-three individuals whose life spans extend over nearly three centuries. The Federalist Society/WSJ Survey was chosen as the basis of this paper for both its breadth and its methodology ranking presidents on a point scale, as opposed to merely ordinally, allows us to get some understanding of just how much better one chief executive was than the next. For instance, while Franklin Roosevelt placed #3 and Thomas Jefferson was #4, their respective scores were 4.67 and 4.25 a

3 difference of.42. #20 John Quincy Adams and #21 George H.W. Bush, on the other hand, were separated by just to For education, I have broken the thirty-nine presidents in the survey into three categories: those with no post-secondary education, those with a bachelor s degree, and those with some graduate education. This paper will examine each of these three groups in turn, looking for any discernable connections between educational background and presidential greatness and developing five typologies of presidents-as-students in the process. Given the small sample size of each data set and the true uniqueness of each presidency, this process will approximate art much more than science. However, perhaps viewing our chief executives as students will allow us to better understand them, and develop some rules-of-thumb for the future. INITIAL FINDINGS The mean score for all thirty-nine presidents in the WSJ/Federalist Society survey was 3.03 right on the line between Above Average and Average, and somewhere in between John F. Kennedy and William Howard Taft. For the eight presidents considered that did not attend college, the mean score was 3.23 solidly Above Average (see Table 2). Those eight include two of three Greats: George Washington, who did possess a surveyor s certificate from William & Mary, and Abraham Lincoln, who only had one year of schooling. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln s successor, is reputed to have had no formal education. Grover Cleveland, who left office in 1897, is the most recent president on the list; Harry Truman, who will be discussed below, is only 20th-century chief executive without a bachelor s degree (See List ). Table 2: Presidents With No Post-Secondary Education PRESIDENT SCORE George Washington 4.92 Andrew Jackson 3.99 Martin Van Buren 2.77 Zachary Taylor 2.40 Millard Fillmore 1.91 Abraham Lincoln 4.87 Andrew Johnson 1.65 Grover Cleveland 3.36 MEAN SCORE 3.23 Presidents with a bachelor s degree but no graduate training constitute a majority of those included in the poll: twenty out of thirty-nine. Their mean score is 2.81 in the Average category, and below the overall mean (see Table 3). Their number includes presidents from John Adams (our second president) to George

4 H.W. Bush (our forty-first, and the fortieth man to hold the office). These twenty presidents attended fourteen schools, with more than one possessing bachelor s degrees from the College of William & Mary (4), Harvard (3), and the United States Military Academy (2). John F. Kennedy is included in this group because he audited, but did not enroll, in classes at the Stanford Graduate School of Business following his graduation from Harvard University. James Garfield, who was not included in the final survey, is the 21st president to have a bachelor s degree but no graduate training; he was a graduate of Williams College (See List ). Table 3: Presidents With Bachelor s Degrees But No Graduate Training PRESIDENT SCORE John Adams 3.36 Thomas Jefferson 4.25 James Madison 3.29 James Monroe 3.27 John Q. Adams 2.93 John Tyler 2.03 James K. Polk 3.70 Franklin Pierce 1.58 James Buchanan 1.33 Ulysses S. Grant 2.28 Chester Arthur 2.71 Benjamin Harrison 2.62 Warren Harding 1.58 Calvin Coolidge 2.71 Herbert Hoover 2.53 Dwight Eisenhower 3.71 John F Kennedy 3.17 Jimmy Carter 2.47 Ronald Reagan 3.81 George H.W. Bush 2.92 MEAN SCORE 2.81 Eleven of thirty-nine presidents in the WSJ/Federalist Society Survey attended graduate school; their mean score is 3.31 Above Average, and well above the score for the other two categories of presidents (see Table 4). All eleven included in the survey attended law school. Woodrow Wilson, who dropped out of law school at the University of Virginia, later received a Ph.D. in history and political science from Johns Hopkins University. George W. Bush, not included in the survey, is the only other president to possess a non-law graduate degree (an Master s of Business Administration), although William Henry Harrison (also not included) studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania before dropping out. No president has ever possessed more than one graduate degree, although both

5 Wilson and Bill Clinton who was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University studied at more than one institution after receiving their bachelor s (see List ). Rutherford B. Hayes, who attended Harvard Law School, was the first president to receive a graduate degree. All but three post-world War II Presidents Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush have studied at the graduate level, although Harry Truman, who studied at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School before dropping out, never received a bachelor s degree. Our third Great, Truman s predecessor Franklin Roosevelt, was also a law school dropout (from Columbia), and two presidents, Theodore Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson, left law school (at Columbia and Georgetown respectively), before even completing a single semester (see List ). Table 4: Presidents Who Enrolled in Graduate School PRESIDENT SCORE Rutherford B. Hayes 2.79 William McKinley 3.33 Theodore Roosevelt 4.22 William Howard Taft 3.00 Woodrow Wilson 3.68 Franklin Roosevelt 4.67 Harry Truman 3.95 Lyndon Johnson 3.21 Richard Nixon 2.22 Gerald Ford 2.59 Bill Clinton 2.77 MEAN SCORE 3.31 Thus, according the Federalist Society/Wall Street Journal survey, presidents with graduate training are more successful than chief executives who did not attend college; meanwhile, both of these groups tend to be much more successful than presidents with a bachelor s degree who did not enroll in graduate school. Since these results do not lead to the simple conclusion that either more or less education makes for better presidencies, we must dive more deeply into the data. The following three sections will attempt to develop typologies within each of the three educational groupings described above. The presidents will also be grouped into three categories based on the Wall Street Journal/Federalist Society rankings: Great/Near Great, Above Average/Average, and Below Average/Failure (see Table 1).

6 PRESIDENTS WHO DID NOT ATTEND COLLEGE: BORN LEADERS AND ALSO-RANS Four of the eight presidents who had no post-secondary education rated Average or worse (see Table 5). Three of these four ascended to the presidency because of their predecessor: Millard Fillmore and Andrew Johnson, Vice Presidents who were never elected to the Presidency, and Martin Van Buren, who was Andrew Jackson s hand-picked successor. Zachary Taylor, Fillmore s running mate, was elected based on his record as a hero of the Mexican War and had never even voted before becoming President. These four combined for just under twelve years of unremarkable leadership. The other non-great, non-college educated president does not quite fit the also ran mold: Grover Cleveland was the only president elected to two non-consecutive terms, and indeed the only Democrat elected between James Buchanan in 1856 and Woodrow Wilson in The other three presidents who lacked post-secondary education can all be considered born leaders : George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, our two greatest presidents, and Andrew Jackson, who ushered in a democratic revolution. One thing all three have in common, besides a lack of higher education, is military service at a young age. Washington was a Major in the Virginia militia by age twenty and a seasoned combat veteran by his mid-20s; Jackson was a courier in the American Revolution at the age of thirteen; and Abraham Lincoln, while not a combat veteran, was a captain in the Illinois militia during the Black Hawk war in his early 20s. Table 5: Breakdown of Presidents With No Post-Secondary Education Great/Near Great Above Average/Average Below Average/Failure George Washington Martin Van Buren Zachary Taylor Andrew Jackson Grover Cleveland Millard Fillmore Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Arguably, two presidents who did earn bachelor s degrees also belong in the category of Born Leader : Dwight Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan. After graduating from high school, Eisenhower worked for two years as a foreman at a creamery before enrolling in the United States Military Academy. Had he graduated from high school in the 18th-century, or perhaps even in the 19th, it is likely that he would not have attended college yet he might have still become president via his military service. Ronald Reagan also served as a military officer at a young age, but his categorization as born leader is for a different reason: Reagan s education at Eureka College was largely unconnected to his later success as a politician. He, too, might have become president without a college education had he pursued the same unique path to prominence via Hollywood.

7 PRESIDENT S WITH BACHELOR S DEGREES: HOMOGENEITY WITH A FEW OUTLIERS As noted above, twenty of the thirty-nine presidents in the Wall Street Journal/Federalist Society survey had bachelor s degrees but no graduate training. None are considered Great, and only four of those twenty rank as Near Great (see Table 6). Two are Eisenhower and Reagan, discussed above, who arguably belong among the born leader presidents from an earlier time who did attend college. Also among their number is James K. Polk, who is, interestingly and surprisingly, the only president to attend a flagship state university: the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (see List ). It is difficult to develop a typology based upon this single example. The fourth Near Great president with only a bachelor s degree is Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson attended the College of William and Mary, which is today a public university, and arguably a flagship one, but was at the time operating under a royal charter and akin to one of today s Ivy League institutions. Indeed, of the first eight universities founded in the United States that still exist today, only W&M is not a member of the Ivy League. In any case, Jefferson is an outlier because of his education: he studied for the bar under George Wythe for five years at a time when a year or two was standard practice. This cannot be properly be considered graduate school since Wythe did not to become the country s first professor of law until some years later and Jefferson was not studying for an advanced degree; furthermore, classifying Jefferson s time with Wythe as graduate school would require an examination of other presidents legal apprenticeships (seventeen of thirty-nine presidents in our survey practiced law without attending graduate school) that is beyond the scope of this paper. However, the point remains that Jefferson had more post-secondary education, however classified, than any president until Woodrow Wilson. Sixteen of twenty presidents who received a bachelor s but did not attend graduate school were ranked Above Average or worse (see Table 6). Unlike the Near Greats in this category, they are a rather homogeneous lot. Thirteen of sixteen went to small private schools (counting W&M as private or equivalent, as discussed above): three each to W&M and Harvard, and one each Bowdoin, Union, Amherst, Miami, Dickinson, and Stanford which today is a university, but was much more akin to a liberal arts college when Herbert Hoover was the first student there (see List ). James Garfield, who would undoubtedly be in this category had his scores been included, graduated from Williams. Curiously, five of the six presidents with Above Average or Average scores went to our nation s two oldest schools (Harvard and W&M), while nine of ten Below Average or Failure presidents went to newer institutions (John Tyler, a W&M graduate, being the only exception). Three Below Average or Failure presidents went to public schools: Warren Harding, who attended Ohio Central College, and Carter and Grant, who graduated from military institutions (United States Naval Academy and United States Military Academy, respectively) (see List ).

8 Table 6: Breakdown of Presidents With Bachelor s Degrees But No Graduate Training Near Great Above Average/Average Below Average/Failure Thomas Jefferson John Adams John Tyler James K. Polk James Madison Franklin Pierce Dwight Eisenhower James Monroe James Buchanan Ronald Reagan John Q. Adams Ulysses S. Grant John F. Kennedy George H.W. Bush Chester Arthur Benjamin Harrison Warren Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Jimmy Carter We are left then, with just one typology for our twenty presidents who received a bachelor s but did not attend graduate school: a degree from a small school (usually historic, almost always private) and a presidency ranking no better than Above Average. There are, as noted above, some outliers Polk and Jefferson who are not easily classified; Eisenhower and Reagan are included in the born leader typology generally reserved for presidents who did not attend college. PRESIDENTS WITH GRADUATE TRAINING: OF J.D.S AND DROPOUTS As noted above, eleven of thirty-nine presidents in the WSJ/Federalist Society survey enrolled in graduate school. All eleven were law students, although Woodrow Wilson went on to earn a Ph.D. JFK attended classes at the Stanford Graduate School or Business, but did not enroll, while William Henry Harrison attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (later to drop out) but was not included in the survey (see List ). These eleven received an mean score of 3.31, better than the 3.23 received by presidents who did not attend college, and much better than the 2.78 mean for chief executives who received a bachelor s but did not enroll in graduate school. Six of these eleven received law degrees one from Harvard (Rutherford B. Hayes) and two from Yale (Clinton and Gerald Ford). Richard Nixon graduated from Duke Law School (though he had been admitted to Harvard). Two of the six, William McKinley and William Howard Taft, graduated from public law schools (Albany and Cincinnati, respectively), although Taft attended Yale as an undergraduate (see List ). Unfortunately, these presidents, some of our smartest leaders from the most elite educational backgrounds, fared poorly in the WSJ/Federalist Society survey: all six ranked Above Average or worse, with two

9 considered Below Average (see Table 7). 1 The mean score for our six law school graduate presidents is 2.78, less than the mean score of college grads without any graduate training (see Table 8). This is a small sample size to be sure, but still downright shocking when on considers that the mean score of law school dropouts (of whom there have been five) is 3.95 (see Table 8). Harry Truman, a law school dropout whose individual score was also 3.95, was ranked as our seventh greatest president. Law school dropouts Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt rated even higher, while Wilson joins Truman as a Near Great. Lyndon Johnson, the lowest rated law-school-dropout president, is still considered above average, and outranks every law school graduate except McKinley who was a college dropout. Table 7: Breakdown of Presidents Who Enrolled in Graduate School Great/Near Great Above Average/Average Below Average Theodore Roosevelt Rutherford B. Hayes Richard Nixon Woodrow Wilson William McKinley Gerald Ford Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman *Law School Dropouts in Bold William Howard Taft Lyndon Johnson Bill Clinton Table 7: Scores of Law School Graduates vs. Law School Dropouts Law School Graduates Law School Dropouts Rutherford B. Hayes 2.79 Harry Truman 3.95 William McKinley 3.33 Lyndon Johnson 3.21 William Howard Taft 3.00 Theodore Roosevelt 4.22 Richard Nixon 2.22 Woodrow Wilson 3.68 Gerald Ford 2.59 Franklin Delano Roosevelt 4.67 Bill Clinton 2.77 MEAN SCORE 2.78 MEAN SCORE 3.95 Thus, among presidents who attended graduate school, there are two typologies: the law school graduate, and the law school dropout. For some reason, it s better to be the latter. 1 Indeed, the author is chagrined to note, none of the four Yale graduates (undergrad or law school) in the survey rated any better than Average.

10 ANALYSIS: WHAT, IF ANYTHING DOES IT ALL MEAN? One should be hesitant to draw too many conclusions based on the biographies of past presidents. For instance, our last four chief executives (up to and including President Obama), have all lost their first race for Congress, but that fact alone would hardly seem to be a prescription for future success. That being said, two typologies of successful presidents emerge from our survey: the born leader and the law school dropout. This is some refreshing perspective in an era of excessive credentialing, especially given that our last four presidents have attended either Yale or Harvard (or both, in George W. Bush s case). This, like the fact of their losing congressional bids, seems to be a historical anomaly. However, it does seems increasingly unlikely that we would elect a born leader as president particularly one who did not attend college, even if they were a war hero like Washington or a nationwide figure like Lincoln. Furthermore, even a born leader who did graduate from college might have trouble these days. Eisenhower cruised to the presidency despite never before having run for office, but Wesley Clark failed to get his campaign off the ground in Ronald Reagan, who was not particularly academically distinguished, managed to get elected on the strength of his record as a Western governor, but Sarah Palin is routinely assailed for her perceived lack of intellectual mettle. We are left, then, with the typology the law school dropout. How do we interpret the success of the five presidents who attended law school but did not earn degrees? One might object to the question by arguing that this typology is also outdated after all, one cannot no longer drop out of law school after passing the bar (as FDR did) or take the bar and practice despite dropping out (as Wilson did). However, three dropout-presidents (TR, LBJ, and Truman) never practiced at all; one could certainly leave law school and embark on another career today. Indeed, former Vice President Al Gore, a law school dropout, came within two electoral votes of becoming president just a decade ago. One might further contend that law school dropouts do better than law school graduates because earlier presidents tend to be more highly ranked (which is generally true) and older presidents were more likely to drop out of law school. However, all five law school dropouts were president after both Hayes and McKinley, who graduated; Taft, another graduate, preceded four of the five. Along the same lines, one might note that presidents who attended law school constitute a fraction or the chief executive who practiced law, and hypothesize that lawyers tend to rank higher than non-lawyers. Indeed, twenty-eight of the thirty-nine presidents in the WSJ/Federalist Society survey attended law school or practiced law (as noted above, three of the dropouts never practiced), but the mean score for all twentyeight is just 3.11 slightly higher the overall mean of 3.03, but lower than the nocollege mean of Indeed, the score of 3.95 is somewhat exceptional for any group of presidents organized according to biographical criteria. For instance, organizing presidents by military rank (general officer, senior officer, junior officer/enlisted,

11 and no service) produces no group ranking higher than 3.40 (for senior officers 0-4 to 0-6, interestingly enough). Grouping presidents by imputed IQ leads to a high mean score of 3.53 (for chief executives alleged to have had a 140+ IQ). For age of first elected office (20-30, 31-40, or 40+), the high group score is just However, one might contend that, given the small sample size of five, the high mean score for law-school dropout presidents might be attributed to some third factor. Indeed, four of the five W. Wilson (World War I), F. Roosevelt (World War II), Truman (Korean War), and L. Johnson (Vietnam War) might be considered war presidents. This undoubtedly helps explain why this group s rankings are so inordinately high, but Truman, Wilson, and particularly Johnson were all extremely unpopular upon leaving office on account of these conflicts (with Truman and Johnson choosing not to run again, and thus voluntarily relinquish the most powerful position on earth, because of unpopular wars). Furthermore, regardless of whether any correlation exists between dropping out of law school and becoming a successful president, there are undoubtedly valuable lessons to be learned from this cohort. All five dropped out of law school and quickly took up a profession they were more passionate about: for Wilson, it was teaching; for the other four it was politics. Theodore Roosevelt left Columbia to run for State Assembly, to which he was elected at the age of twenty-two, and later became our youngest president. Franklin Roosevelt likewise dropped out of Columbia, but only because he had passed the bar; however, within four years he was a member of the New York State Senate. Truman quit attending classes at UMKC around the time he became Jackson County Executive, while Lyndon Johnson became the youngest state director of the National Youth Administration shortly after his semester at Georgetown; just over two years later, he was a member of Congress at twenty-eight. This is not to suggest that getting elected to office at the earliest possible age is the key to presidential success it isn t but rather that this group of presidents had a keen sense of opportunity costs: they all chose to abandon an opportunity that was prestigious (attending law school) for something about which they were passionate. Perhaps this willingness to take risks, and to jettison the status quo is pursuit of greater opportunity, is at least part of what made these law school dropouts some of our most successful presidents.

12 WORKS CITED List of Presidents of the United States by education. Wikipedia. ducation Rankings: Federalist Society The Wall Street Journal Survey on Presidents. The Wall Street Journal.

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