3D GPR Studies of Voids, Sinkholes, and Other Targets Ned Billington, PG ESP Associates. June 13, 2014
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1 3D GPR Studies of Voids, Sinkholes, and Other Targets Ned Billington, PG ESP Associates June 13, 2014
2 Topics Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Systems and Antennas Case Histories
3 The original geophysical black box has come a long way
4 From B&W paper records.
5 to digital display and processing
6 What is GPR Ground penetrating radar Also called Ground probing radar Subsurface interface radar (SIR) Surface penetrating radar Georadar Transmits and receives high frequency radio waves Typical frequency range: 100 to 2000 MHz
7 GPR Components Control and Display Unit + _ Power Supply Antenna
8 GPR Methodology UST Void Clay Water Table Sandy Soil Rock
9 GPR Methodology Antenna Position GPR Data Distance Time
10 Imaging Depth Depends on: Antenna frequency Soil or material type Acquisition parameters Good GPR Materials: Dry sand, ice, snow, fresh water Bad GPR Materials: Clay, fresh concrete, salt water
11 Data Collection GPR data typically collected along parallel lines; sometimes, two perpendicular directions.
12 Data Collection Line spacing depends on target size and whether or not 3D analysis is desired Also depends on time and budget Example 55 gallon Drum Line Spacing 1 foot? 3ft 2ft 2 feet? 3 feet?
13 GPR Antennas High frequency for shallow targets, like rebar
14 GPR Antennas Low frequency for deeper imaging
15 GPR Antennas Air launched (horn) for high speed collection
16 GPR Data Processing Basic: Gain, Color, Print Advanced: Migration, Filtering, Complex Analysis, etc. 3D Analysis: Interpolation, Time/Depth Slice, 3D Volume (2.5D or 3D) Specialty: Automated processing/picking for ice thickness, asphalt thickness, rebar, etc. Proprietary: Generally, every manufacturer has their own software. Some 3 rd party software packages exist that will import different data formats.
17 GPR Manufacturers Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. (GSSI) US MALA Geoscience Sweden Sensors and Software Canada
18 More GPR Companies* Ditch Witch Gepard GPR GeoRadar (IDS Corporation) GeoScanners OKO 2 GPR Proceq RadarTeam Radiodetection US Radar Vermeer Western Data Systems Zond 3D Radar
19 Recent GPR Developments Multi Frequency Systems Dual and Triple Center Frequencies Allows collection of data with different resolution and depth ranges in one pass Multi Antenna Systems Two or more antennas with concurrent data acquisition Allows wider coverage with one pass and denser data collection Accurate positioning needed
20 Example Multi Frequency System US Radar Quantum Imager Triple Frequency penetrating radar gpr/utility locatingcart systems/multi frequency systems/quantum imager triple frequency penetrating radar gpr/utility locating cartsystems/multi frequency systems/quantum imager triple frequency
21 Example Multi Antenna System Mala Mira System imaging radar array (mira) system
22 Line Spacing for 3D Studies 2008 Study by GSSI Line direction Robertsetal.pdf
23 2008 GSSI Study Time/Depth Slices (plan view) 0.05m (2in) line spacing 0.3m (12in) line spacing Line direction Robertsetal.pdf
24 Example 3D GPR Case Study 2013 Highway Settlement Study
25 2013 Highway Settlement Study Mobile LiDAR Scanning TOPO SLOPE Newer Lanes Older Lanes
26 2013 Highway Settlement Study GPR Imaging with 250 and 500 MHz antennas One foot line spacing Positioning grid established with tape measure Area of Interest GPR Study Area (40 x220 )
27 2013 Highway Settlement Study 500 MHz Data ~ 1 Foot Depth Cross Section
28 2013 Highway Settlement Study 500 MHz Data ~ 2 Feet Depth Cross Section
29 2013 Highway Settlement Study 500 MHz Data ~ 3 Feet Depth Cross Section
30 2013 Highway Settlement Study 500 MHz Data 0 4 Feet Depth
31 2013 Highway Settlement Study
32 2013 Highway Settlement Study
33 Highway Void Study
34 Highway Void Study
35 Highway Void Study
36 Highway Void Study 250 Mhz Antenna 50 x20 Grid 1 Foot Line Spacing
37 2013 GPR Data
38 2014 GPR Data
39 3D GPR Considerations Purpose of Data Target Size Line Spacing Positioning Specific GPR System
40 THANK YOU
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