Study on the Relationship Between Historical and Cultural Heritage Protection and China s Tourism Development

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1 Study on the Relationship Between Historical and Cultural Heritage Protection and China s Tourism Development JIA Jinan, LI Jing School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Engineering, P.R.China, jiajinan1970@sina.com Abstract: With the development of economy, a number of historical and cultural heritage places set off tourism boom. However, many historical and cultural heritage are subject to different degrees of damage due to the ignoring of historical and cultural heritage protection and over-exploitation in the development process. This article discusses the relationship of historical and cultural heritage protection and tourism development, outlines the harm caused to the historical and cultural heritage by the development of tourism, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions for the existing problems, hopes that can provide help to the protection of historical and cultural heritage. Keywords: historical and cultural heritage, protection, Tourism Development 1. Introduction Historical and cultural heritage, which contains unique spiritual values, ways of thinking and imagination of the Chinese nation, embodies the vitality and creativity of the Chinese nation, is not only a valuable non-renewable resource, but also the name of family wisdom and a treasure of mankind civilization. With the speeding up of the trend of economic globalization and modernization process, many cultural heritage places emerged the phenomenon of extraordinary losses and premature decline of cultural heritage because of the inappropriate involvement of tourism development in the course of tourism development., which affects our cultural heritage protection and sustainable development of tourism, causes a huge change of the cultural ecology of our country and serious threat to cultural heritage and its living environment. It is worth pondering that how to coordinate tourism development and the protection of historical and cultural heritage. Many scholars have done some studies on the protection of the historic and culture heritage. Wu-Zhong Zhou (2006) discussed the city's historical sites of different types of tourism planning methodology and the innovative ideas and strategies of tourism development, based on the practice of tourism planning crossing the city's historical sites, such as the Beacon Hill in Yangzhou, the ancient cities of Ming and Qing dynasties, Nanjing Plum Garden Area, Confucius Temple, Zhengjiang Xijin ferry and so on. Li Chuan-yi (2003) proposed the concept of the construction of modern scientific urban cultural heritage protection system from the three aspects of key historic streets and buildings, the General Historic District and individual buildings. LI Xuan (2002), discussed the transformation of the old city of cultural heritage protection issues with the use of economic principles and analytical methods, condered that any development in the city can not avoid the economic dimension of choice, that the protection of cultural heritage also needs be treated from the economics perspective, and that development and protection is not antagonistic in terms of the public decision-making goal. 2. The Relationship between the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development Tourism development is a "double-edged sword". Inappropriate development, over-development will destroy the historical and cultural heritage, the reasonable and appropriate exploitation to promote the protection of historical and cultural heritage. The good conditions of heritage are the premise of tourism development. The better protection of cultural heritage, the higher its use value, so the tourism industry will have long-term development. Once the historical and cultural heritage, the valuable resources, are damaged, tourism development will be out of the question, due to non-renewable and irreplaceable of 236

2 historical and cultural heritage. Of course, reasonable development is also an effective way to protect historical and cultural heritage. Non-material cultural heritage, with brand effect, is fragile and precious, so travel can be used as an important channel for rescue and protection of intangible cultural heritage. Heritage protection needs a lot of human capital and technical equipment support, and tourism development has provided funding for the protection of heritage. Along with economic globalization and the steady development of market economic, cultural heritage has developed into a kind of important resources for economic development. Tourism industry, as the third part of the national economy, to accelerate the development of tourism can be effective in promoting China's industrial development, expanding the areas of employment and employment, ensuring social stability, in addition, it can significantly improve people's living standards and the quality of life. Practice has proved that the development of tourism, which promotes the rapid economic development of the heritage sites, at the same time publicizes the cultural heritage, has played an active role on the protection of heritage. 3. The analysis of the impact made by current over-exploitation to the protection of the historical and cultural heritage 3.1 The effects of excessive pursuit of economic The short-term economic activities such as the phenomenon that treating cultural heritage as a "cash cow" of the local economy, developing tourism at the expense of destruction of cultural heritage, advocating the "pseudo-culture" at the cist of destruction of cultural heritage authenticity, is widespread. The activities of local governments such as over-exploitation, big tourist highway construction, erection of rope, cable cars in order to develop the economy, or to raise funds for heritage protection,, have resulted in irreversible damage to the heritage sites. For example, Mount Tai engineering, demolition of the mountain to built ropeway, which destructed 1.9 million square meters of terrain and made the destroyed vegetation and bare rock can easily be seen in the 10 to 20 kilometers away, seriously undermine the integrity of the landscape. Some of the ancient cities wanton demolition and construction in the rebuild process, which caused damages of overall outlook to many historical and cultural cities (blocks, towns), ancient architecture, ancient heritage, ancient sites and scenic spots. The top floor of Teng Wang Ge, one of the three famous Pavilion in Jiangnan, was unrecognizable and replaced by antique; historic buildings to the surrounding of the Zunyi Meeting site have been razed to the ground. 3.2 The number of visitors beyond the capacity of heritage sites Professor Xie Ninggao has pointed out that the biggest threat to historical and cultural heritage is "overcrowded". Tourism sectors, just from the economic benefits, let the number of visitors uncontrolled, and over-use the historical and cultural landscape resources and ecological environment, which lead to irreversible damage to the heritage buildings, ecological of scenic areas. Especially in the tourist seasons, crowded visitors not only destructed the scenic atmosphere, but also destroyed architectural sculpture, monument and murals. There have been nearly 400 million tourists from 80 countries and regions visited the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, formally opened began in In recent years, there is a obvious upword trend in the number of tourists and more than 300,000 tourists visited Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes every year. According to experts, although the Mogao Grottoes is large-scale, and has numerous caves, the space of each cave is limited. While the colorful carvings and murals inside the caves are made of clay, wood, straw and other fragile material, it can t be excessive opened to the public. As the tourists who carry a certain degree of water vapor and temperature, too much visits to the cave is very easy to cause the changes of cave temperature, relative humidity, the wall surface temperature and humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration, so that will not only produce crisp alkali, but also may cause discoloration of Mural paint. Currently, many murals have falled off and faded. If the number of visitors do not control, maybe the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes will only left empty walls in the near future. 3.3 Laws and regulations are not sound, safe facilities are aging 237

3 It is a bottleneck of the protection of cultural heritage that the law is not perfect, heritage safety supervision and law enforcement institutions are not perfect and the issue of lack of team compiled. Although China has actively engaged in integration with international standards in historical and cultural heritage protection, the lack of a specialized national law on the protection of historical and cultural heritage and specific laws and regulations on the various historical and cultural heritage, led to theft, illegal excavation, smuggling and other criminal activities are rampant in recent years in China. Cultural heritage has resulted in immeasurable losses, various types of objects are lost overseas or illegal possessed by individuals. There is a serious shortage of security facilities and equipments in most of the key cultural relics units and museums. Some protection equipments are in low-quality and aging. Since the founding of the China the vast majority of tens of thousands of pieces of Jane Du unearthed can only be temporary immersed in water, due to lack of effective methods of protection, the longest more than 30 years; more than 2,000 pieces of precious cultural relics unearthed in Ming Ding Tomb, including the bulk of the silk fabrics and boxes of clothing, are the essence of textiles technology and manufacturing processes, many of which have been recognized as the national-level cultural relics. Some of the relics have disappeared and the existing part are in the brink of destruction as a result of the lake of effective means of protection. The excavations of Mawangdui in the 1970th, in addition to the well-preserved woman's bodies, the huge amount of varieties of textiles and bamboo silk manuscripts are of high academic value. The rapid oxidation, discoloration, metamorphism and deformation of the organic matter, which are national-level and bright new when unearthed, caused immeasurable and irreparable damages. The excavation of Sanxingdui artifacts in Sichuang in 1980th is a sensation at home and abroad, unearthed a large number of fine artifacts, in which dozens of huge ivory roots are almost all the damage and bronze is being subjected to the constant erosion of harmful rust. The limited technical staff are overwhelmed by the excavation of a large number of archaeological sites and relics because of the limitations of Scientific level and the severe shortage of personnel. Damages caused by non-scientific repairs and excavations occurred frequently. Coupled with environmental degradation, natural erosion and sudden disasters, thus lost historical information and damaged the value of historical and cultural heritage. 3.4 Non-material cultural heritage protection work is facing many difficulties. Intangible cultural heritage as a part of the historical and cultural heritage, is known as the" living fossil", "The Background to the national memory." The biggest characteristic of the intangible cultural heritage is that it related to the national s special mode of production and life, is the "live" show of a national personality and aesthetic habits. There are many problems on current non-material cultural heritage protection in China, the greatest threat is the gradual loss of the cultural and ecological environment based on which it survive and develop. As the changes of people's living environment, lifestyle and life philosophy and the impact of foreign culture, old customs and morals of young people are rarely accepted and appreciated by young people. In addition, as social conditions change and technology develops, so some non-material can not meet the needs of social development and be gradually ignored. Non-material cultural heritage is exist relying on peoples themselves so that it is difficult to protect. 4. The countermeasures of rational development of historical and cultural heritage 4.1 Developing historical and cultural heritage rationally, maintaining the authenticity of heritage. To change concept of logic that treating the cultural heritage as a "cash cow" of the local economy and the blind pursuit of the tourism income. Historical and cultural heritage has valuable historical, scientific, cultural and art values, which reflects the changes of historical, social and ideological, is the testimony of human history development and great basic elements of the national culture and world civilization. In urban planning, deal well with the relationship between the "protection" and "development", prevent the emergence of "creative destruction." To establish a scientific management system, take full advantage of the rich cultural factors inherent in the cultural heritage, to create unique cultural products embodied 238

4 with unique national style and excellent national value and create a powerful cultural industry. 4.2 Control the tourist capacity To calculate the standard of eco-tourism capacity according to the carrying capacity of heritage tourism resources and the environment, be sure the number of tourists are not beyond the reasonable capacity, while strengthening advocacy work of the cultural heritage protection, raising people's awareness of the importance of cultural heritage protection, mobilizing the whole society s initiative in the protection of the cultural heritage. Getting people to understand that a country, a nation, a region in its development process, all other things can be created, and only the past history and its heritage and traditional culture can not be re-creation, once they are damaged, contaminated or dead, degraded it is difficult to recover; Except for a few Vulgar customs, the culture has no pros and cons of good and bad, only has the difference in personality; cultural exchange and collision is inevitable, so we can not blindly imitate or absolutely absorb foreign culture in the contacts and exchanges with foreign cultures, nor can we completely closed to ourselves own, but rather to develop our own culture by selectively absorbing foreign culture. Cultivate people's sense of responsibility and consciousness through publicity and education. Historical and cultural heritage is the public's, and ultimately must rely on the public to protect. Supervise visitors behavior so that make sure they fulfilling the responsibility to protect the heritages. 4.3 Improve laws and regulations Promulgated laws and regulations on the historical and cultural heritage protection as soon as possible, establish professional organizations of cultural safety supervision and administrative law enforcement, provide specialized training for the staff engaged in cultural heritage management and protection engaged in cultural heritage management and protection. Establish a sound management system, develop a rational development and protection program, implement the standards of conduct in line with the ecological system(including standards of conduct for tourists, tourism managers, tourism facilities construction standards, etc.).widely published the "Cultural Relics Protection Law" and "Criminal Law" on the illegal and criminal acts of cultural relics, so that to improve the general public s awareness of the importance of cultural heritage protection, of the serious consequences on theft and smuggling of cultural relics, and the Government's determination to crack down crime of cultural relics. 4.4 Capital investment on and the attention of non-material cultural heritage protection should be increased To carry out the non-material cultural heritage census work, comprehensively know and grasp the type, quantity, distribution, habitat environment, conservation status and problems of the development of non-material cultural heritage, make protection plans, save valuable intangible cultural heritage, conscientiously implement the approach of "protection of the main, rescue the first, the rational utilization, and sustainable development". Increase the input of funds, build a database of non-material cultural heritage, museums or exhibition center if the conditions permit. In the protection of diversity of the cultural heritage, we must also consider interests of the individuals who pass them, the state may establish special funds to protect the residents. 5. Conclusion China has five thousand years of glorious civilization and splendid culture, thus the rich and precious historical and cultural heritage in China are unmatched by any other country in the world. Not only do they constitute a rich cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, but also carry the genetic origins of Chinese culture; they are an enrichment of the country's history and culture sediment; they witnessed the historical development, times changing, as the wealth of the whole world and all humanity passed on from generation to generation. We must fully coordinate the relationship between protection and development in the development of historical and cultural heritage and the development of tourism. Protection and development is not absolutely opposite, they tend to share the common interests and 239

5 values. The purpose of protection is to enable them to pass and to build on, rather than be shelved for the protection and conservation; tourism is a good way to publicise the historical and cultural heritage, enhance public awareness of importance and value of historical and cultural heritage, continue human civilization and maximize the value of historical and cultural heritage. References [1]. Chen Junsheng, Long-Ming Dong, Li Chuan-Gui. The Historical and Cultural Heritage protection in Tourism Development. Popular Science.2008 (09) (in Chinese) [2]. Cui Feng-jun, LUO Chun-pei. Tourism and non-material cultural heritage protection. The rule of law and social. 2006(10) ( in Chinese) [3]. Yao Guifang, Gao Sheng. Strategies for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of small cities and towns Based on the Sustainable Development Strategy. School Journal of the CPC Sichuan Provincial Committee Party Provincial authorities No ( in Chinese) [4]. China Development Learning Network. "adhere to the scientific concept of development, to protect our historical and cultural heritage"( in Chinese) [5]. He Tao: "Science Times": " Chinese Academy of Sciences Development Capacity study of cultural heritage - conservation status is serious, scientific and technological support is poor and weak," ( in Chinese) 240