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1 kogudes kadunud aegu collecting the Lost Times 1

2 Näitus Kadunud aegade aarded / Exhibition Treasures of Lost Times Mikkeli muuseumis At Mikkel Museum Kataloog/Catalogue Koostaja/Editor: Pekka Erelt Tekst/Text: Anu Allikvee, Pekka Erelt Keeletoimetajad/Proofreading: Dana Karjatse (Estonian), Richard Adang, Rolf von Kiaer (English) Tõlge inglise keelde / English translation: Kadi Heinloo, Pekka Erelt Fotod/Photos: Stanislav Stepaško, Andres Tennus Kujundus/Design: Tuuli Aule Copyright 2010 Pekka Erelt, Eesti Kunstimuuseum Kadrioru kunstimuuseum 2

3 Sisukord/Contents Saateks/Foreword 4 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti / Estonia and collecting classical antiquities 6 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina / Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof 26 Egiptuse, Vana-Ida, Kreeka ja Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistiseid Pekka Erelti kogust / Egyptian, Near-Eastern, Greek and Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt 46 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust / Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection 146 Kirjandus/Literature 168 3

4 Saateks Tuhandete aastate tagustest kõrgkultuuridest ei ole fotosid ega filme, mis lubaksid meil suurema vaevata mõista toonaseid inimesi ja nende mõttemaailma. Meie pilt Muinas-Egiptusest ja Mesopotaamiast on pandud kokku pika aja vältel kild-killult, läbi tuliste vaidluste, avastuste ja eksimuste. Iga leitud uus kivisse raiutud hieroglüüftekst või savist kiilkirjatahvel aitab meid mõistmisele lähemale, ent samas on selge see on ikkagi vaid mosaiik, millest jääb palju kilde puudu. Paratamatult ja igavesti. Mikkeli muuseumis veebruaris 2009 avatud näitus Kadunud aegade aarded koosnebki mineviku kõrgkultuuride kildudest, igaüks neist ometi vaatamisväärt ka fragmendina. Me ei tea näiteks, kellele kuulusid need viis tuhat aastat vanad Egiptuses valmistatud kivinõud. Ja kes kandis seda peenelt nikerdatud umbes sama vana Sumeri amuletti või kellele kuulusid need kaunilt maalitud Kreeka vaasid. Võime aga imetleda ammuste aegade kõrget käsitööoskust. Huvi vanade kultuuride vastu ulatub Eestis tagasi juba 18. sajandisse. Üllataval kombel on just siin säilinud ühes erakollektsioonis joonistused maailmakuulsast Sir William Hamiltoni vaasikogust, mille põhjal ilmus 18. sajandi lõpul uhke neljaköiteline raamat. Ehk oli üks nende vaasimaalide mahajoonistajaid selle raamatu tarvis keegi baltisakslane. Või osteti joonistused kellegi baltisakslase kunstikogusse näiteks Peterburist? Valik neid joonistusi on esmakordselt avalikkusele eksponeeritud just näitusel Kadunud aegade aarded ja publitseeritud käesolevas kataloogiski. Meie osa toona Euroopat haaranud vanade kultuuride vaimustuses oli suurem, kui seni oskasime arvata. Näitus Kadunud aegade aarded sai teoks tänu Kadrioru kunstimuuseumi, Mikkeli muuseumi ja Eesti Ajaloomuuseumi entusiasmile ja Eesti Kultuurkapitali toele. Neile siinkohal näituse koostaja siiras tänu. Lisaks kuulub tänu veel paljudele inimestele, nii Eestis kui ka välismaal, kelle lahket vastutulekut ja abi nii näituse kui ka kataloogi tegemisel on raske üle hinnata: Kadi Polli (Kadrioru kunstimuuseum), Ivar-Kristjan Hein (Mikkeli muuseum), Anne Ruussaar (Eesti Ajaloomuuseum), Anu Allikvee (Kadrioru kunstimuuseum), Sergei Stadnikov (Tallinna Ülikool), Amar Annus (Tartu Ülikool), Rolf von Kiaer (Helios Gallery, Kingsdown, Inglismaa), Glenn Janes (Manchester, Inglismaa), dr Bron Lipkin (London, Inglismaa), dr Renee Kovacs (Corte Madera, USA), Olaf Sprenger (Hamburg, Saksamaa). 4

5 Foreword In Estonia, interest in ancient cultures dates back to the 18 th century. Surprisingly, it is here that we find a private collection with drawings of a famous set of vases belonging to Sir William Hamilton, which was the basis for an impressive four-volume publication at the end of the 18 th century. It is possible that one of the artists copying the drawings from the vases was of Baltic German origin, or the sketches might have been bought for some Baltic German s art collection from St. Petersburg. A selection of these drawings is, for the first time, laid out for the audience at the exhibition Treasures of Lost Times, as well as being printed in this catalogue. Our role in the general European fascination with old cultures was more significant than we thought. There are no photos or films of high culture dating back thousands of years that would make understanding the people of the time and their thoughts less difficult. Our images of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia have developed piece by piece over the course of time, accompanied by heated discussions, numerous discoveries and mistakes. Each new discovery of a text carved in stone in hieroglyphs, or a slate tablet with cuneiform writing, helps us to come nearer to an understanding of the past, but at the same time we cannot forget that this is nothing but a mosaic with many missing pieces. This is an inevitable and insurmountable problem. Virtually, the exhibition Treasures of Lost Times consists of pieces of high cultures from the past, whereas each piece carries significant importance also as a fragment. We do not know, for example, who the stoneware made in Egypt 5000 years ago belonged to, who wore the fine Sumerian amulet that dates back to the same period or who owned the beautifully painted Greek vases. But we can admire the examples of high skill in artisanship. The exhibition Treasures of Lost Times became a reality thanks to the enthusiasm of the Kadriorg Art Museum, Mikkel Museum and Estonian History Museum, and with the support of the Cultural Endowment of Estonia. The organiser of the exhibition would like to express his heartfelt thanks to the abovementioned, as well as to many others in Estonia and abroad, whose kindness and help in putting together both the display and the catalogue cannot be underestimated, namely Kadi Polli (Kadriorg Art Museum), Ivar-Kristjan Hein (Mikkel Museum), Anne Ruussaar (Estonian History Museum), Anu Allikvee (Kadriorg Art Museum), Sergei Stadnikov (Tallinn University), Amar Annus (Tartu University), Rolf von Kiaer (Helios Gallery, Kingsdown, Great Britain), Glenn Janes (Manchester, Great Britain), Dr. Bron Lipkin (London, Great Britain), Dr. Renee Kovacs (Corte Madera, USA) and Olaf Sprenger (Hamburg, Germany). 5

6 Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Pekka Erelt 6

7 Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Pekka Erelt 7

8 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Niisamuti nagu mujal Euroopas, tärkas Eestiski huvi vanade kõrgkultuuride vastu juba 18. sajandil. Kohalikke baltisakslasi vaimustas eriti just Egiptus ning selle huvi keskuseks kujunes 19. sajandi algul ootuspäraselt Tartu Ülikool. Eestvedajaks oli noor energiline baltisakslane, Vastse-Kuustest pärit Otto Friedrich von Richter ( ). Tema oli arvatavasti ka esimene eestimaalane, kelle jalg selle tõotatud maa pinnale astus. Egiptusse saabus Richter ühes oma reisiseltsilise, Rootsi Konstantinoopoli saatkonna jutlustaja Sven Fredrik Lidmaniga aprilli keskel Teekond viis neid mööda Karnaki, Luxori, Kom Ombo ja Assuani muististest, kirjutab egüptoloog Sergei Stadnikov oma Richteri-uurimuses. Richteri reisid, aga ka tema tulevikuplaanid said augustis 1816 traagilise lõpu. Äsja 25-aastaseks saanud Richter suri 13. augustil Smürnas düsenteeriasse. Ta oli läbi rännanud Egiptuse, osa Nuubiast, Palestiina, Süüria ja Anatoolia ning kavatses minna Pärsiasse, kus talle Vene saatkonna juures keiser Aleksandri käsu kohaselt oli eraldatud auväärne ametikoht, kirjutati Saksamaal ilmunud nekroloogis. Richter ei olnud siiski ainuke eestimaalane, kes toona Egiptuses ja Nuubias ringi rändas. Aastatel viibis seal teinegi baltisakslane, Haimre mõisa pärija Alexander von Üxküll ( ). Richteri reisidel kogutud muistised jõudsid Rootsi kaudu Eestisse tema isa kätte, kes kinkis need aastal Tartu Ülikooli kunstimuuseumile (asutatud aprillis 1803). 19. sajandi lõpul kuulus muuseumi Egiptuse kollektsiooni 124 eset, kogu põhiosa moodustas Richteri pärand. Oma mahult ja teaduslikult kaalult oli muuseumi egüptoloogiline kollektsioon võrreldav Venemaa suuremate kogudega, iseloomustab seda Stadnikov. Lisaks kuulus aastast 1893 Kaunite Kunstide Muuseumi nime kandnud muuseumile 228 antiikkeraamika eset, 5000 münti-medalit, 23 pronks- ja marmorskulptuuri (1915. aasta seisuga). Need olid annetanud-hankinud muuseumi asutaja ja direktor, Tartu Ülikooli professor Johann Karl Simon Morgenstern ( ), muuseumi järgmised direktorid professorid Ludwig Schwabe, Georg Loeschcke ja Woldemar Malmberg, mõisnikud J. H. von Blankenhagen ja G. von Rennenkampf, arst C. M. Bartels jt. Kuid aastal viidi see väärtuslik kollektsioon, v.a üksikud erandid, Venemaale sõjavarju. Kogu asub vaatamata Eesti riigi korduvatele tagastamispalvetele praeguseni Voroneži oblasti kunstimuuseumis, kuigi pidi juba pärast Tartu rahulepingut (1920) kodumaale naasma. Kurb on seegi, et neid meie jaoks hindamatu väärtusega esemeid hoiti Venemaal pikka aega halbades tingimustes ning rikuti asjatundmatu restaureerimisega. Toonane egüptomaania ei jätnud puutumata ka Tallinna. Just Tallinna arstile ja raeapteekrile, baltisakslasele Johann Burchardile ( ), peame tänulikud olema, et Eesti Ajaloomuuseumis on praegu parim riiklik klassikaliste muististe kollektsioon. Juba aastal asutas Burchard Tallinnas hiljem ka linnarahvale avatud muinsuste kabineti Mon Faible (minu nõrkus) aastal otsustati Tallinnas samal aastal asutatud Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu juurde luua muuseum Eestimaa Kirjandusühingu Provintsiaalmuuseum (alustas tegevust aastal Kanuti Gildi ruumes Pikal tänaval). Just sellele muuseumile kinkisid Burchardi pärijad aastal tema mitmekülgse muististe kollektsiooni, kuhu kuulus esemeid nii Egiptusest kui ka Kreekast ja Roomast. Tähelepanuväärt on eriti Egiptuse muististe päritolu. Mitmed neist (Stadnikovi andmeil vähemalt 16) annetas Burchardi eramuuseumile kapten-leitnant Ivan Butenev, 8

9 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Similarly to other parts of Europe, old high cultures started to excite the interest of Estonia in the 18 th century. Local Baltic Germans were particularly enraptured with Egypt, and in the 19 th century the University of Tartu became the centre of interest. The initiator was Otto Friedrich von Richter ( ), a young and energetic Baltic German from Vastse-Kuuste. He was probably the only Estonian whose foot touched the Promised Land. Richter arrived in Egypt along with his fellow passenger, a preacher at the Swedish legation in Constantinople, Sven Fredrik Lidman, in mid- April Their voyage took them past the antiquities of Karnak, Luxor, Kom Ombo and Aswan, writes Sergei Stadnikov, an Egyptologist, in his Richter study. In August 1816 Richter s travels were tragically ended, along with his plans for the future. Richer, who had just turned 24, died of dysentery in Smyrna on 13 August. He had travelled through Egypt, a part of Nubia, Palestine, Syria and Anatolia, and he planned to go on to Persia, where, according to an order by Emperor Alexander, an honourable position was waiting for him with the Russian Embassy, reads the obituary published in Germany. Richter was not the only one from Estonia to wander around in the Egypt and Nubia of the past. In the years , another Baltic German travelled in the area, namely the heir of the Haimre manor, Alexander von Üxküll ( ). Via Sweden, the antiquities collected during the travels reached Richter s father in Estonia, who gave them to the Museum of Tartu University (founded in April 1803). At the end of the 19 th century, the Egyptian collection of the museum included 124 items, the basic part of which belonged to the Richter legacy. In respect to its volume and scientific importance, the Egyptological collection of the museum can be compared to the biggest collections in Russia, says Stadnikov, describing the collection. Additionally, since 1893, the Museum of Fine Arts has also included 228 items of antique pottery, 5000 coins and medals, and 23 bronze and marble sculptures (as of 1915). These items had been donated-obtained by the founder and the director of the museum, a professor in the University of Tartu, Johann Karl Simon Morgenstern ( ), the succeeding directors of the museum, Professors Ludwig Schwabe, Georg Loeschcke, and Woldemar Malmberg, the squires J. H. von Blankenhagen and G. von Rennenkampf, the doctor C. M. Bartels, et al. But in 1915 the valuable collection, with the exception of a few items, was taken to Russia to protect it from the war. Despite repeated requests from the Estonian government to have the collection returned, it is still held in the Art Museum of Voronezh Oblast, although it was agreed to return it to its homeland after the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed in It is sad that in Russia these invaluable objects have been kept in poor conditions for a long time and some of them have been ruined due to incompetent restoration. The Egyptomania of the time also affected Tallinn. We should be grateful to Johann Burchard ( ), a Baltic German doctor and pharmacist, for the only available national collection of classical antiquities, held in the Estonian History Museum. In 1802 Burchard established a cabinet of antiquities, Mon Faible (My weakness) in Tallinn, which was later also open to the general public. In 1842 it was decided to open a museum The Estonian Provincial Museum (it opened in 1864 on Pikk Street, on the premises of the St. Canute s Guild) by the Estonian Literary Association, established the same year. It was this very museum to which, in 1870, the successors of Burchard donated his versatile collection of antiquities, which included items from Egypt, Greece and Rome. 9

10 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti kes sai need aastal Egiptuses olles sealselt Rootsi peakonsulilt Anastasilt. Burchard ei piirdunud lihtsalt kogumisega, ta üritas oma kogu esemete kohta ka rohkem teada saada. Näiteks Egiptuse muististe osas küsis ta nõu Vene teaduste akadeemialt ja Helsingi ülikoolilt, aga ka Leipzigi egüptoloogilt professor Gustav Seyffarthilt. Vaatamata sõdadele ja muudele ajaloovapustustele on Burchardi kogu õnneks suuresti säilinud. Siiski läks Teise maailmasõja ajal kaotsi kaks Egiptuse kivisteeli. Sisuliselt oli Burchardi muinsuste kabinet provintsiaalmuuseumi eelkäija ja nii võiks Eesti Ajaloomuuseumi pidada meie vanimaks muuseumiks. Sel näitusel on eksponeeritud ka valik klassikalisi muistiseid, mis kuulusid ühte 20. sajandil loodud mitmekülgsesse kogusse ning mis nüüd asuvad Eestis. Nende omanik oli Saksa arhitekt ja arheoloog Udo Schwalm ( ). Oma kollektsioonile pani diplomeeritud insener Schwalm aluse juba aastatel, soetades mitmesuguseid Egiptuse ja Kreeka antiikesemeid. Kahjuks hävis suur hulk kogust sõjapäevil nii nagu juhtus ka Johannes Mikkeli kollektsiooniga. Ja sarnaselt Mikkelile ei heitnud Schwalm meelt, vaid soetas järgnevate aastakümnete jooksul uue, väga mitmekülgse kogu. Pärast Teist maailmasõda osales Schwalm paljudel arheoloogilistel kaevamistel aastate lõpul oli ta mitmel pool Mesopotaamias, kuid peamiseks tegevuspiirkonnaks sai talle Anatoolia (tänapäeva Türgi) aastatel võttis Schwalm osa muistse Hetiidi riigi tähtsate keskuste Hattusa, Kültepe ja Karatepe väljakaevamistest. Schwalm töötas koos mitme maailmas tuntud arheoloogiga näiteks Karatepes professor Helmut Th. Bossertiga. Oma tähtsaimateks pidas Schwalm aga Nemrud Dagi väljakaevamisi, mida juhtis kuulus Ameerika arheoloog Theresa Goell. Ühed viimased kaevamised, millel Schwalm Anatoolias osales, olid aastal Cavustepes, muistses Urartu tsitadellis. Huvi vanade kõrgkultuuride vastu tundis ka Eesti üks olulisemaid kunstikogujaid Johannes Mikkel ( ), kuigi tema kogumisvaldkonda klassikalised muistised ei kuulunud. Ometi on tema kollektsiooni üks väärtuslikumaid töid just Faijumi portree sajandi Egiptusest. Selle pildi ostis Mikkel siinse kunstikoguja Eduard Bramani käest, kes sajandi algul oli töötanud Ermitaažis konservaatorina. Braman omakorda oli portree hankinud enne Teist maailmasõda Riiast. Legendi järgi pärineb maal krahv Rumjantsevi kogust Peterburis. Need Faijumi portreed on ju põhiliselt toodud krahv Rumjantsevi poolt Egiptusest. Ta oli Aleksander I ajal välisminister ja hiljem saadikuks Egiptuses ning säält ta siis sai vanu Egiptuse antiikesemeid ja ka Faijumi portreesid, jutustas Mikkel ise. Oma mahuka ja mitmekülgse kunstikogu kinkis Mikkel Eesti Kunstimuuseumile. Juunis 1997 alustas tegevust Mikkeli muuseum, kus on Lääne-Euroopa vanema maalikunsti ja graafika, Eesti klassika ning erinevate maade portselani kõrval eksponeeritud ka Faijumi portree. Tänu näitusele Kadunud aegade aarded tuli ilmsiks väga põnev leid. Ühes Eesti erakogus asub mahukas käsikiri pealkirjaga Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases.... Jah, tegemist ei ole millegi muu kui eeltööga Sir William Hamiltoni ( ) Kreeka vaaside kollektsiooni põhjal 18. sajandi lõpul koostatud kuulsale neljaköitelisele raamatule. Eestis asuvas käsikirjas on umbes paarsada nummerdatud joonistust kõigile neljale osale. Šoti aadlik Sir Hamilton oli Briti saadik Napoli kuningriigis aastatel Osalt ostes, osalt ise Apuulia ja Sitsiilia endistes Kreeka kolooniates arheoloogilisi 10

11 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Special attention should be paid to the origin of the Egyptian antiquities. Many of them (according to Stadnikov, at least 16) were donated to the Burchard private museum by Lieutenant-Commander Ivan Butenev, who had received them from the Swedish Consul General Anastas in Egypt in Burchard did not confine himself to merely collecting antiquities; he also tried to learn more about the objects in his collection. In regard to the Egyptian antiquities, for example, he took counsel from the Russian Academy of Science and the University of Helsinki, but he also consulted Professor Gustav Seyffarth, an Egyptologist in Leipzig. Fortunately, in spite of wars and other dramatic historical events, the Burchard collection is still largely preserved. Nevertheless, two Egyptian stone steles were lost during the Second World War. Practically, the Burchard cabinet of antiquities was the predecessor of the Provincial Museum and thus the Estonian History Museum could be regarded as our oldest museum. The exhibition also displays a selection of classical antiquities, which belonged to one of the most versatile collections of the 20 th century, and which are currently located in Estonia. The owner of these antiquities was the German architect and archaeologist Udo Schwalm ( ). An architect by profession, Schwalm started collecting in the 1930s, purchasing various Egyptian and Greek antiquities. Unfortunately, a large part of the collection was destroyed during the war similarly to the collection of Johannes Mikkel. And similarly to Mikkel, Schwalm did not despair, but in the decades to come he put together a new and an extremely versatile collection. After the Second World War, Schwalm took part in many archaeological excavations. At the end of the 1940s, he worked in many parts of Mesopotamia, but his main region of operation was Anatolia (present-day Turkey). In the 1950s and 1960s, Schwalm participated in the excavations of important centres in the ancient Hittite region Hattusa, Kültepe and Karatepe. Schwalm worked with many world famous archaeologists; in Karatepe, for example, he worked side by side with Professor Helmut Th. Bossert. The most significant excavation for Schwalm was that of Nemrud Dagi, which was led by the famous American archaeologist Theresa Goell in One of the last excavations in Anatolia in which Schwalm participated took place in Cavustepe, an ancient Urartian fortress, in Johannes Mikkel ( ), one of the most important art collectors in Estonia, was also interested in old high cultures, although classical relics were not a major part of his collection. Yet one of the most valuable works in his collection is the portrait of Faiyum, which dates back to 1 st 4 th century Egypt. Mikkel bought the picture from a local art collector, Eduard Braman, who had worked as a conservator in the Hermitage at the beginning of the century. Braman, in turn, had obtained the picture in Riga before the Second World War. According to legend, the painting originates from the collection of Count Rumyantsev in Saint Petersburg. These portraits of Faiyum were mostly brought back from Egypt by Count Rumyantsev. He was the foreign minister during the rule of Alexander I and later became the ambassador to Egypt, and thus he obtained old Egyptian antiquities, including the portraits of Faiyum, said Mikkel. Mikkel gave his great and versatile art collection to the Art Museum of Estonia. In June 1997 the Mikkel Museum opened; there a portrait of Faiyum is exhibited next to older paintings from Western Europe, Estonian classics, and china from various countries. 11

12 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti kaevamisi tehes omandas ta kaks suurt vaasikollektsiooni. Esimese, 730 Kreeka vaasi sisaldanud kogu müüs ta aastal Briti muuseumile. Üle 400 vaasist koosnev teine, hiljem soetatud kogu, hävis osaliselt laevahukus teekonnal Napolist Londonisse aastal. Suurem osa sellest jõudis õnneks siiski pärale. Mõlemast Sir Hamiltoni kogust avaldati rikkalikult illustreeritud uurimused. Neist teise teostas sellal Napolis töötanud Saksa maalikunstnik Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein ( ). Vaasimaalide mahajoonistamisel kasutas Tischbein kui kunstiakadeemia direktor oma üliõpilaste abi ning otsides eriti õigeid ja täpseid jäädvustusi, lasi ta iga pilti kuni kümme korda uuesti teha. Seejärel tegi ta ise vasegravüürid, mis ilmusid (tiitellehel ekslikult 1791) Napolis neljas köites pealkirja all Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases now in possession of Sir William Hamilton. Eesti erakogus asuvad joonistused võivad olla valik Tischbeini meeskonna eeltöödest nimetatud väljaandele. Kas Tischbein kasutas vaaside mahajoonistamisel ka kellegi siinse baltisakslase abi, mis seletaks kollektsiooni sattumise Eestisse? Või ostis keegi baltisakslane joonistused oma kunstikogusse näiteks Peterburist? Raske öelda, sest käsikirja eelmine omanik soetas selle Tallinnas umbes 60 aastat tagasi. Varasema käekäigu kohta andmed kahjuks puuduvad. Nagu tagasirännak ajalukku näitas, võinuks Eestiski olla paar päris korralikku riiklikku klassikaliste muististe kollektsiooni. Üks Tartus, teine Tallinnas. Eestit viimase saja aasta vältel korduvalt laastanud sõjad ja okupatsioonid aga lõhkusid meie kogud. Loodetavasti süveneb Eestis huvi mineviku kõrgkultuuride vastu veelgi ja ühes sellega sünnib siin ka uusi klassikaliste muististe kollektsioone. Maailm on praegu avatud rohkem kui kunagi varem ja oleks patt seda võimalust kasutamata jätta. 12

13 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Thanks to the exhibition Treasures of Lost Times, we unearthed an exciting find a private collection in Estonia containing a bulky manuscript titled Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... Indeed, this treasure is nothing less than a preliminary work for a famous four-volume book compiled in the late-18 th century on the basis of Sir William Hamilton s ( ) collection of Greek vases. The manuscript, discovered in Estonia, includes approximately two hundred numbered drawings for all four volumes. The Scottish nobleman Sir William Hamilton served as the ambassador of Great Britain to the Kingdom of Naples from 1764 to Partly through purchases and partly through archaeological excavations in the former Greek colonies of Apulia and Sicily, he was able to acquire two large collections of vases. The first collection, containing 730 Greek vases, was sold to the British Museum in The second, more recent collection of more than 400 vases was partially destroyed in a shipwreck on the way from Naples to London in Fortunately, most of the vases survived the disaster unharmed. Thorough studies with numerous illustrations were published about both of Sir William s collections. The drawings for the second publication were made by the German painter Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein ( ), who was at that time working in Naples. Tischbein, as the head of an art academy, employed his students in copying the drawings from the vases and, looking for particularly accurate representations, he had each picture made and remade up to ten times. After that, he himself prepared copper engravings, which were published in (the title page incorrectly states 1791) in Naples in four volumes, with the title Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases now in possession of Sir William Hamilton. The drawings in the Estonian private collection could be a selection of preliminary sketches by Tischbein s team for the above-mentioned publication. Could it be that Tischbein used the help of a local Baltic German in copying the vase drawings, which would explain how the collection ended up in Estonia? Or did some Baltic German art patron buy the drawings for his art collection in St. Petersburg? It is difficult to say, because the previous owner of the manuscript acquired it from Tallinn about 60 years ago. The earlier history of the material is, sadly, unknown. As we can see from history, Estonia could have had a couple of decent collections of classical antiquities: one in Tartu, the other in Tallinn. Wars and occupations that have repeatedly ravaged Estonia in the past century have also broken up our art collections. We can only hope that the interest in the high cultures of the past will increase once again, and will simultaneously give rise to new collections of antiquities. These days, the entire world is more accessible than ever before and it would be a shame not to take advantage of this. 13

14 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Kanoop väepealik Padihoremhebi hauakambrist 26. dünastia, sajand ekr. Alabaster, k 52 cm. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum 14

15 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities CANOPIC JAR from the tomb of the military leader Padihoremheb Dynasty 26, 7 th 6 th century BC. Alabaster, height 52 cm. Estonian History Museum 15

16 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Steel Ptolemaioste periood, ekr. Puit, k 46 cm. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum 16

17 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Stele Ptolemaic Period, BC. Wood, height 46 cm. Estonian History Museum 17

18 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Osirise kujuke 26. dünastia, sajand ekr. Pronks, k 20,2 cm. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum 18

19 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Osiris statuette Dynasty 26, 7 th 6 th century BC. Bronze, height 20.2 cm. Estonian History Museum 19

20 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Ateena mustafiguuriline leküüt U 500 ekr. Keraamika, k 15,9 cm. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum 20

21 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Athenian black-figure lekythos Ca 500 BC. Pottery, height 15.9 cm. Estonian History Museum 21

22 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Apuulia punasefiguuriline leküüt 4. sajand ekr. Keraamika, k 8,7 cm. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum 22

23 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Apulian red-figure lekythos 4 th century BC. Pottery, height 8.7 cm. Estonian History Museum 23

24 Pekka Erelt Klassikaliste muististe kogumine ja Eesti Faijumi portree sajand pkr. Vahavärvid puidul, 30 15,5 cm. Mikkeli muuseum (Eesti Kunstimuuseum) 24

25 Pekka Erelt Estonia and collecting classical antiquities Faiyum portrait 1 st 4 th century. Encaustics on wood, cm. Mikkel Museum (Art Museum of Estonia) 25

26 Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H. W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina Anu Allikvee 26

27 Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H. W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof Anu Allikvee 27

28 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina W. Hamilton kui diplomaat ja harrastusteadlane Šoti aadlisoost pärinev Sir William Hamilton ( ) oli Briti diplomaat. Nooruses ( ) tegi ta sõjaväelist karjääri ning aastatel töötas saadikuna Napoli kuningriigis. Huvitudes oma ajastule tüüpilise härrasmehest teadlasena ajaloost ja loodusteadustest, tegutses Sir Hamilton seal nii arheoloogi ja antiigiuurija kui ka vulkanoloogina. Nimelt uuris ta vahemikus vulkaanide Vesuuvi ja Etna tegevust ning sellega kaasnevaid maavärinaid. Oma kirjutisi avaldas ta Royal Society (Briti teaduste akadeemia, asutatud 1660) väljaannetes, mille korrespondentliige oli ta alates aastast Samuti tegutses ta aktiivselt Londonis aastal asutatud ühingus The Dilettante Society. Selle liikmed olid aadlikud, kes olid osa võtnud Grand Tour ist ning tegelesid muu hulgas antiigi (eriti Antiik-Kreeka) uurimisega. Rühma juhtis algselt poliitik Fr. Dashwood, kuid hiljem liitusid kunstnik J. Reynolds, näitleja D. Garrick ja teised tuntud inimesed. Tegevuse eesmärk oli kultuuri toetamine ning selle kaudu kunstimaitse parandamine riigis. Kui aastatel toetati Itaalia ooperit, siis aastatel Royal Academyt, hiljem rahastati arheoloogilisi ekspeditsioone. Samuti anti noortele välja stipendiume Grand Tour i sooritamiseks, mille eesmärgiks oli Itaalia kultuuripärandiga tutvumine. Erinevalt tänapäevast ei omandanud ühingu nimes peituv sõna diletant halvustavat suhtumist. Sellega rõhutati, et tegemist on inimestega, kes tegelevad teaduse ja kultuuriga vaid vabast tahtest, mitte palgatööna, ning see ei välistanud sugugi asjatundlikkust. Hamiltoni antiigihuvi innustas ning suunas kindlasti ka tema tutvus esimeseks kaasaegseks kunstiteadlaseks peetud J. J. Winckelmanniga, kes oli just Hamiltoni Napolisse saabumise aastal avaldanud oma antiiki käsitleva peateose ( Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums, 1. kd, Dresden, 1764). Winckelmann külastas Hamiltoni viimase kutsel Napolis, peatudes ta juures kaks kuud. Koos vaadeldi ka vulkaanipurset. W. Hamilton kui kollektsionäär W. Hamiltoni suurimaks teeneks tollal alles sündiva kunstiajaloo kui teaduse ees oli Antiik-Kreeka vaaside kollektsioneerimine ning uurimine. Seejuures on eriti oluline, et Hamilton huvitus ka vanematest, mustafiguurilistest vaasidest, mida 18. sajandil veel täielikult hinnata ei osatud. Lisaks teadmistele Kreeka tarbekunstist aitas vaasidel olevate maalingute uurimine täiendada teadmisi antiiksetest müütidest, religioonist, kommetest ja nagu usuti ka kirjandusest. Samuti asendasid vaasimaalid teatud määral Antiik- Kreeka maalikunsti, mida sellal veel ei tuntud. Teiseks tuleb rõhutada Hamiltoni meetodite erinevust võrreldes paljude asjaarmastajatega, kellele oli see vaid põnev hobi. Nimelt kasutas ta täiesti kaasaegset uurimisprintsiipi. Kuna Hamiltoni ei huvitanud mitte ainult leiud, vaid kogu kontekst, lasi ta jäädvustada leidude esialgse paigutuse ja määras haua tüübi. Leidudest olulisimad olid vaasid, mis, jäädes kokku teiste hauast leitud esemetega (mõõgad, kannud jne), võimaldasid nendegi dateerimist. Apuulia (eriti Capua ja Nola ümbruses) ja Sitsiilia endistes Kreeka kolooniates arheoloogilisi kaevamisi tehes omandas Hamilton kaks suurt kollektsiooni. Näiteks on teada, et aastal avati tema osavõtul Trebbias Capua lähedal üks Kreeka haud (u ekr). Hamiltoni soov täpselt jäädvustada kogu uuringute käigus saadud info oli hiljem tema kogude katalogiseerimise ajendiks. Peale selle ostis ta vaase imeodavalt kohalikelt elanikelt, kes tegelesid hauaröövimisega või olid maad harides 28

29 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof W. Hamilton as a diplomat and hobby scientist The Scottish nobleman Sir William Hamilton ( ) was a British diplomat. Hamilton spent his youth ( ) in the military, and in the years worked as the ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples. As a typical gentleman scientist of the era, who was interested in history and natural sciences, Sir William studied archaeology, antiquities and vulcanology: in the period , he examined the activities of the volcanoes Vesuvius and Etna and the accompanying earthquakes. He published his treatises in the publications of the Royal Society (British Academy of Sciences, founded in 1660), of which he became a corresponding member in He was also an active participant in the Dilettante Society, founded in London in The members included noblemen who had been on the Grand Tour and, among other things, had studied antiquities (particularly from ancient Greece). Initially, the group was headed by the politician Francis Dashwood, and later the membership enlarged to include the artist J. Reynolds, the actor D. Garrick and other outstanding people. The objective of their activities was to support culture and to purify tastes in art in the country. In the 1740s, the society supported Italian opera, in the 1750s, the Royal Academy, and in later years they financed archaeological expeditions. The society also awarded grants to young noblemen to go on the Grand Tour and get acquainted with the Italian cultural heritage. Unlike nowadays, the term dilettante in the name of the society had no derogatory connotations. It was used to emphasise that the people were involved in science and culture of their own free will and not as paid employees, which by no means indicated a lack of expertise. Hamilton s interest in antiquities stemmed from, and was influenced by, his acquaintance with J. J. Winckelmann, who is considered to be the first modern art historian and had just published his main work, History of Ancient Art (Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums, 1 st vol, Dresden, 1764) in the year Hamilton arrived in Naples. Winckelmann visited Hamilton in Naples upon the latter s invitation, and stayed with his host for two months. Together, the two men also observed a volcanic eruption. W. Hamilton as a collector The main service of Hamilton to art history, a newly emerging field of science, was the collection and study of ancient Greek vases. Fortunately, Hamilton was also interested in older, black-figure vases, which were not yet fully appreciated in the 18 th century. In addition to his knowledge of Greek applied art, the examination of paintings on the vases helped Hamilton to learn more about ancient myths, religion, customs and literature. To a certain extent, drawings on vases substituted for the ancient Greek painting, which was not known at that time. Secondly, we must stress the difference in Hamilton s methods from those of many amateurs who studied antiquities as an exciting pastime. In particular, he employed a truly modern principle of study. Since Hamilton was not only interested in the findings but also in the whole context, he had the original placement of findings recorded, and he determined the types of graves. His most significant findings were vases that were kept together with other buried objects (e.g., swords, jugs etc.), hence allowing for the dating of the latter. During the archaeological excavations in the former Greek colonies of Apulia (particularly in the vicinity of Capua and Nola) and Sicily, Hamilton acquired two large collections. We have, for instance, information that, in 1766, he participated in opening a Greek gravesite (ca BC) in Trebbia, close to Capua. Hamilton s wish to 29

30 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina midagi juhuslikult leidnud. Oma suurima ostuga omandas ta ühe kohaliku kollektsionääri terve kogu. Küll ei vasta tõele oletus, et ta leidis Kreeka vaase ka väljakaevamistel Herculaneumist ja Pompeist, mis olid hävinud 79. aastal ekr toimunud vulkaanipurskes. Mõlemas linnas olid uuringud alanud juba enne Hamiltoni saabumist esimeses aastal (regulaarselt 1738) ja teises aastal. Siiski olid sealsed leiud peamiselt linnade hukkumise perioodist ning igal juhul oli tegemist Rooma, mitte Kreeka tsivilisatsiooniga. Hamilton huvitus aga tõesti ka sealsetest väljakaevamistest ning külastas neid kohti korduvalt. Hamiltoni kollektsioonidesse kuulunud vaasid polnud mitte tavakasutuses olnud tarbeesemed, kuigi jäljendasid neid oma vormilt, vaid pärinesid hauakambritest. Sellised hauapanused olid mõõtudelt üsna suured ning ümbritsesid surnukeha. Kuna mitmel puhul näib, et vaasidel kujutatud teemad on omavahel seotud, on oletatud, et need on valitud teadlikult ning seotud surnu isikuga. Vaaside rohkus hauas olenes surnu tähtsusest, neid võis olla mõnest mõnekümneni, isegi kuni kuuskümmend. Peale selle võimaldas suletud hauakambrites paiknemine neil tervena säilimist. Mis puutub niisuguse maalitud keraamika väärtusesse nende loomisajal, siis olid vaasid hinnalised juba tol ajal. Eelkõige olid kallid suured eksemplarid. Näiteks maksis mõni neist umbes 500. aasta paiku ekr ühe drahmi, mis vastas tollase kiviraiduri päevapalgale. Siiski hinnati veelgi kõrgemalt metallnõusid, eriti muidugi väärismetallist. W. Hamiltoni esimene kollektsioon Antiikkeraamika kogujana ei olnud Hamilton siiski teerajaja, sest seoses arheoloogia arenguga oli nende kollektsioneerimine vähemalt Itaalias üsna levinud juba 18. sajandi esimesel poolel. Tema esimese kogu aluseks oligi senaator Porcinari poolt loodud kollektsioon, mille ta ostis tervikuna aastal. Kokku sisaldas Hamiltoni varasem kogu lisaks 730 vaasile ka antiikseid esemeid, loodusloolisi eksponaate ja kujutavat kunsti. Viimaste seas on eriti silmapaistvad Apollo kuju kolossaalne jalg ja Heraklese büst, mis on detail Kreeka skulptor Lysippose (4. sajandi teine pool ekr) pronkskuju järgi Roomas valmistatud marmorkoopiast (2. sajand pkr). Teose kolme meetri kõrgune terviklik koopia leiti aastal Roomast ning kannab nime Farnese Herakles aastal müüs Hamilton selle kollektsiooni tervikuna 8000 naelsterlingi eest Briti muuseumile (asutatud 1753), pannes aluse sealsele antiigikogule. Kollektsiooni soovis muide osta ka Preisi kuningas Friedrich II, kuid nõutud hind osutus tema jaoks üle jõu käivaks. Ostu tähtsust rõhutab asjaolu, et järgmine suur antiikkunsti kollektsioon osteti muuseumile alles aastal. Selle kogu kõige tuntumat eksemplari, nn Hamiltoni vaasi (inventarinumbriga 1772, ), peetakse siiani Briti muuseumi põhiekspositsiooni üheks suuremaks vaatamisväärsuseks. Tegemist on Apuulia voluutkrateeriga 4. sajandist ekr. W. Hamiltoni teine kollektsioon Rohkem kui 400 esemest koosnev teine kollektsioon (vaasid, gemmid, pronksesemed jms), mille ta pärast esimesest loobumist omandas, hävis osaliselt. See juhtus aastal kollektsiooni transportinud sõjalaeva H. M. S. Colossus hukus teekonnal Napolist Londonisse Inglismaa ranniku lähedal Scilly saarte juures. Tänapäeval on osa teoseid vrakilt üles toodud. Nende seas on ligikaudu vaasikildu, mis samuti jõudnud Briti muuseumi. 30

31 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof accurately record the information gathered during the studies later prompted the cataloguing of his collections. In addition, he paid obscenely cheap prices to buy vases from the locals who engaged in grave robbing or had come across something while tilling the land. With one of his major purchases, he acquired the whole collection of a local collector. The assumption that Hamilton also found Greek vases in excavations in Herculaneum and Pompeii, which were destroyed during the volcanic eruption in 79 BC, turned out to be unfounded. The excavations in both sites had already begun before Hamilton arrived in Herculaneum in 1710 (regularly in 1738) and in Pompeii in Besides, the findings there were mostly from the period when the towns perished and also concerned the Roman, and not Greek, civilisation. However, Hamilton was indeed interested in the progress of excavations in these locations, and visited the two sites several times. The vases in Hamilton s collections were not everyday objects, even though they imitated their form, but came from burial chambers. These grave goods had rather large dimensions and usually surrounded the body. On several occasions, it seemed that the subject matter depicted on the vases was in some way related; it was assumed that the topics had been consciously chosen and were connected with the buried person. The number of vases in a grave depended on the importance of the deceased, ranging from a couple to as many as sixty. Placement in closed burial chambers allowed the vases to survive intact. As concerns the value of painted ceramics during their time of creation, they were already quite costly back then. The most expensive were the large specimens. For instance, around 500 BC, some of them cost one drachma, which was the daily wages of a stonecutter. Metal vessels were naturally valued even more highly, especially those made of valuable metals. W. Hamilton s first collection Hamilton was not a pioneer in collecting ancient pottery: in connection with the development of archaeology, collecting vases was already rather widespread in Italy in the first half of the 18 th century. Hamilton s first collection was based on items acquired by Senator Porcinari, which he purchased in In addition to 730 vases, Hamilton s earlier collection contained other ancient items, natural objects and visual art. The most outstanding works of art are a giant leg from the statue of Apollo, and a bust of Hercules, a detail of a marble copy (2 nd century AD) made in Rome after a bronze statue by the Greek sculptor Lysippos (II half of the 4 th century BC). The whole copy, three meters in height, was discovered in Rome in 1546, and is called Farnese Hercules. In 1772, Hamilton sold his whole collection for 8,000 pounds sterling to the British Museum (founded in 1753), effectively starting the museum s antiquities collection. Prussian King Frederick II also expressed his interest in purchasing the collection, but the asked price was above his means. The importance of the purchase is emphasised by the fact that the next large antique collection was bought for the museum only in The best known item of the collection, the Hamilton Vase (inventory 1772, ), is still considered one of the biggest attractions in the main exposition of the British Museum. It is an Apulian volute-krater from the 4 th century BC. W. Hamilton s second collection The second collection of more than 400 items (vases, engraved gems, bronze objects 31

32 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina Teine osa sellest kogust, mis oli paigutatud teisele laevale, jõudis aga Londonisse. See müüdi samal, aastal Christie s oksjonil Šoti publitsistile, harrastusarhitektile ja kunstikollektsionäärile Thomas Hope ile ( ). Pärast Hamiltoni vaaside omandamist muutus Hope i kogu regendiajastul ( ) üheks tähtsamaks omasuguste seas. Et kollektsiooni säilitada ja eksponeerida, ehitas ta oma linnamaja Dutches Streetil ümber nii, et seda peetakse lausa kaasaegse muuseumihoone eelkäijaks. Hiljem ei säilitatud kogu kui tervikut ning seetõttu on ka Hamiltoni kollektsiooni uuem osa eri kogude vahel hajunud. Esimese kollektsiooni kataloogid Mõlemasse Sir W. Hamiltoni kogusse kuulunud vaasidest avaldati rikkalikult illustreeritud uurimused. Esimest kogu käsitles neist kõige varasem ja kõige luksuslikum väljaanne Antiquités Etrusques, Grecques et Romaines. Tirées du Cabinet de M. William Hamilton, Envoyé extraordinaire de S. M. Britannique en Cour de Naples, 4. kd, (tegelikult ). Inglis- ja prantsuskeelse foolioformaadis ( ) kataloogi koostas prantslane Pierre-François Hugues d Hancarville ( ). Tegemist oli prantsuse pseudo-aristokraadiga, kes lisas ise oma sünninimele Pierre-Francois Hugues parunitiitli ja aadliku perekonnanime d Hancarville. Endine sõjaväelane ja kahe erootilise romaani autor d Hancarville tegutses Napolis kunstikaupmehena ning tutvus W. Hamiltoniga, kui vahendas talle Porcinari kollektsiooni müüki. Raamatus, mida on peetud üheks ilusaimaks väljaandeks läbi aegade, kujutati nii vaase tervikuna kui ka eraldi vaasijoonistusi. Kreeka vaaside kõrval käsitleti neidki, mida tollal peeti etruski ja Rooma meistrite loominguks. Kõik 220 illustratsiooni, mille autorid olid Napolis tegutsenud gravöörid Filippo Grado and Carmine Pignataro, on teostatud vaselõike- ja akvatintatehnikas. 74 lehte oli käsitsi koloreeritud. Põhigravüüridele lisandusid neli koloreeritud gravüüri tiitellehtedena ning arvukalt vinjette ja initsiaale. Mis puutub nimetatud kunstnikesse, siis nende eluaastad pole teada. C. Pignataro tegutses teadaolevalt umbes aastatel ja graveeris ka Herculaneumi leide käsitleva kogumiku Museo Ercolanense jaoks. F. Grado oli samalaadse väljaande Antichita di Ercolano (Napoli, 1755) kaastööline ja ta on loonud ka vaateid Paestumi jt linnade antiigipärandist. Raamatu tekstiosa koostajaks valis Hamilton loomulikult oma sõbra ja suurima antiigitundja J. J. Winckelmanni, kuid kahjuks mõrvati teadlane juba aastal. Seetõttu koostas sõnalise osa (üle 1000 lk) d Hancarville, kes toetus seejuures arvatavasti Winckelmanni konspektidele. Siiski jäi see sisult asjatundmatuks, pealegi raskesti loetavaks, ning sattus vastuollu põhjalike ja kvaliteetsete illustratsioonidega. Suurteose väljaandmine kestis keerukuse tõttu Napolis kokku üheksa aastat. Seikleja d Hancarville ise viibis linnas vaid aastani, mil ta oli sunnitud võlausaldajate eest Firenzesse põgenema. Seejuures võttis ta kaasa kahe viimase köite trükiplaadid. Projekti lõpetamine oli võimalik vaid tänu Hamiltoni aktiivsusele ja erakordsele finantspanusele. Seoses ostjaskonna suure huviga teose vastu ilmus kataloogist veel kaks muudetud varianti. Esimene neist ( Antiquités Étrusques, Grecques et Romaines, ou les beaux Vases Étrusques, Grecs et Romains ) trükiti aastatel Pariisis prantsuse keeles ja viieköitelisena. Teine ( Antiquités étrusques, grecques et romaines tirées du cabinet de M. Hamilton envoyé extraordinaire de S. M. Britannique à la Cour de Naples ) ilmus aastatel Firenzes prantsuse ja inglise keeles kaheköi- 32

33 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof etc.), which Hamilton acquired after selling the first one, was partially destroyed. This happened in 1798 near the Isles of Scilly off the English coast, in the wreck of the warship H. M. S. Colossus while it was transporting the collection from Naples to London. Some of the items have been retrieved from the wreck, including approximately 30,000 vase fragments, which have ended up in the British Museum. The second part of the collection, which was placed on another ship, safely reached London. The same year, 1798, at an auction at Christie s, the collection was sold to the Scottish author, hobby architect and art collector Thomas Hope ( ). After the acquisition of Hamilton s vases, Hope became one of the most important collectors of the Regency era ( ). To preserve and display the collection, Hope rebuilt his town house on Dutches Street in such a way that it can be considered a predecessor of the modern museum building. Later, the collection was not preserved as a whole, so the more recent part of Hamilton s collection has been distributed between different collections. Catalogues of the first collection Studies with numerous illustrations have been published on both of Sir William Hamilton s collections of vases. The first collection was treated in the earliest and most luxurious publication, titled Antiquités Etrusques, Grecques et Romaines. Tirées du Cabinet de M. William Hamilton, Envoyé extraordinaire de S. M. Britannique en Cour de Naples, 4 th vol, (in reality, ). The folio format (475 x 355) catalogue in English and French was compiled by the Frenchman Pierre-François Hugues d Hancarville ( ). He was a pseudoaristocrat, who added the title of baron and the nobility surname d Hancarville to his birth name. The former soldier and author of two erotic novels operated in Naples as an art dealer, and met W. Hamilton while acting as a mediator during the purchase of the Porcinari collection. The book, which is considered one of the most beautiful publications of all times, depicts both complete vases and drawings of parts of them. In addition to Greek vases, the work dealt with what were thought to be Etruscan and Roman masterpieces. All 220 illustrations by Napolitan engravers Filippo Grado and Carmine Pignataro were carried out in copperplate and aquatint techniques. Seventy-four prints were hand-coloured. In addition to the main prints, there were four coloured engravings on title pages, and numerous vignettes and initials. The birth and death dates of artists are unknown. To our knowledge, Pignataro worked in the 1760s 1770s and also engraved Museo Ercolanens, the compilation dealing with the findings of Herculaneum. Grado was the co-author of a similar publication, Antichita di Ercolano (Naples, 1755), and created images of the ancient heritage of Paestum and other cities. Hamilton naturally chose his friend and an expert on antiquities, J. J. Winckelmann, as the author of the text of the book but, sadly, the scholar was murdered in Therefore, the written text (more than 1,000 pages) was compiled by d Hancarville, who probably used Winckelmann s notes. However, the text was of low quality and not very readable, and hence incongruous with the thorough, high-quality illustrations. Due to several difficulties, the publication of the epic in Naples took nine years to complete. The adventurer d Hancarville stayed in town until 1769, when he was 33

34 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina telisena. Mõlema autoriks on märgitud P. Fr. Hugues d Hancarville. Neile lisaks ilmus Firenzes aastatel ka teose esmavariandi kõigi nelja köite järeltrükk. Kataloogi mõju inglise tarbekunstile W. Hamiltoni lootus, et antiiksete vaaside ja vaasimaalide näited on eeskujuks kaasaegsetele kunstnikele ning parandavad nende maitset, läkski täide. Need mõjutasid tollal tärkavat klassitsismi, aga eriti Wedgwoodi keraamikat. Inglise ettevõtja Josiah Wedgwoodi ( ) portselanimanufaktuur hakkas tootma uut liiki keraamikat (nn Jasper ware), mis kujutas endast enamasti siniseid nõusid valgete reljeefidega, meenutades antiikset kameekunsti. Materjalina kasutati Wedgwoodi enda leiutatud uut kõrgkuumuskeraamilise kivisaua liiki, mida nimetati tema auks Wedgwoodware iks. Paljud Wedgwoodi firma tooted lähtusid otseselt antiikvaaside vormist ja nendel olevatest kujutistest, mis olid publitseeritud just selles teoses. Peamiselt kasutati niisuguseid vaase kaminakaunistustena (Chimney Pieces) ning neid leidus nii aadlike kui ka kodanlaste kodudes. Saksamaal katsetasid selles laadis Gotha, Königsbergi ja Meisseni manufaktuurid, mis võtsid eeskujuks nii Hamiltoni kogu katalooge kui ka inglise keraamikat otseselt. Ometi ei puudunud ka opositsioon. Kõrge Kreeka kunsti kasutamist mingi turukauba loomiseks põlastasid paljud õilishinged, need seas Hamiltonile muidu nii lähedane J. W. Goethe. Saksa kunstnik Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein Kõrge omahinna tõttu olid koloreeritud raamatud kättesaadavad vaid rikkamale osale asjahuvilistest (näiteks Itaalias müüdi aasta väljaannet 120 taalri eest). Samas oli antiigiarmastajate ringkond palju laiem, hõlmates mitte ainult aadelkonda, vaid ka kodanlikke ringkondi ja intelligentsi. Seetõttu otsustas Hamilton, kes soovis tutvustada ka oma teist vaasikollektsiooni, teha seekord teisiti ja kasutada vaasimaalingute edasiandmiseks vaid kontuurjoont. Uus meetod oli lihtsam ja odavam, kuid samas selge ja ülevaatlik. Kontuurjoonistuste eesmärk oli vältida kujutise ruumilisust, mis segab nautimast puhta joone ilu nagu värv skulptuuril segab nautimast selle vormi. Stiil oli ülimalt aktuaalne, arenedes välja 18. sajandi lõpukümnenditel. Inglismaal tegi selle laadi populaarseks skulptor John Flaxmann ( ), Saksamaal ja Austrias vastavalt maalikunstnikud Jakob Asmus Carstens ( ) ja Joseph Anton Koch ( ). Uue väljaande teostajaks valis Hamilton Napolis töötava sakslase Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbeini ( ). Tegemist oli tunnustatud maalikunstnikuga, kes õppis maalimist kunstnikust onu Johann Jacob Tischbeini ( ) juures Hamburgis. Alates aastast töötas ta Berliinis, luues siiani kõrgelt hinnatud portreid. Vahemikus viibis ta Kasseli kunstiakadeemia stipendiumiga Roomas, kuid pidi rahapuudusel reisi katkestama. Tänu hertsog Ernst II von Sachsen-Gotha- Altenburgile, kes määras talle aastal küllusliku stipendiumi (100 tukatit aastas), pöördus ta Rooma tagasi aastal pakkus ta oma Rooma peatänaval Corsol asuvas korteris peavarju inkognito Rooma reisinud Johann Wolfgang Goethele ( ) ning maalis teda. Kunstiajaloos ongi Tischbein kõige rohkem tuntud just valgustusaja ideaale ja püüdlusi peegeldava portreemaaliga Goethe Campagnas (1787). Samal aastal sõideti koos edasi lõuna poole. Kuna kirjanik oli Hamiltoni hea tuttav, kellega koos ta Napoli lahel kalastas ja Pompei väljakaevamistega tutvus, tut- 34

35 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof forced to escape to Florence from his creditors. He also took along the printing plates for the two final volumes. The project was completed only thanks to Hamilton s efforts and substantial financial contribution. Because of the avid interest of buyers, two modified versions of the catalogue were published. The first one (Antiquités Étrusques, Grecques et Romaines, ou les beaux Vases Étrusques, Grecs et Romains) was printed in the years in Paris, in French and in five volumes. The second (Antiquités étrusques, grecques et romaines tirées du cabinet de M. Hamilton envoyé extraordinaire de S. M. Britannique à la Cour de Naples) was published in in Florence, in French and English and in two volumes. The author of both these publications was P. Fr. Hugues d Hancarville. In addition to the above-mentioned, all four volumes of the original version were re-published in Florence in The influence of the catalogue on English applied art W. Hamilton s hope that the examples of ancient vases and vase paintings would provide models for contemporary artists and purify their taste was fulfilled. The vases influenced the emerging Classicism, particularly Wedgwood pottery. The English entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood s ( ) porcelain factory started to produce a new kind of pottery, jasper ware, which was mostly blue dishes with white decor, reminiscent of ancient cameos. The material used was invented by Wedgwood himself a new type of high-temperature ceramic called Wedgwood ware in his honour. Many Wedgwood products were directly derived from the shapes of ancient vases and the images on them, which had been published in the book on Hamilton s collection. These vases were mostly displayed on mantelpieces and they could be found in the homes of the aristocracy as well as the petit bourgeois. In Germany, the trend was taken up by the factories in Gotha, Königsberg and Meissen, which followed the example of the catalogues of Hamilton s collections, and of English pottery. Despite all the admiration, there was also opposition. The use of noble Greek art to produce some market wares was scorned by many, among others Hamilton s close friend J. W. Goethe. German artist Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein Due to the high price, coloured publications were available only to the wealthiest of the dilettantes (for example, in Italy the issue of was sold for 120 Thalers). At the same time, the circle of antique lovers was much wider, including not only the nobility, but also the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia. Thus, Hamilton, wishing to introduce his second vase collection, decided to take another tack and use only the outlines to depict vase paintings. The new method was simpler and cheaper, yet clear and representative. The objective of outline drawing was to avoid the spatiality of images, which would obstruct the enjoyment of the beauty of pure lines, just as paint on a sculpture would obstruct the enjoyment of its form. The technique was widespread, having been developed in the last decades of the 18 th century. In England, the method s popularity resulted from the efforts of the sculptor John Flaxmann ( ), and in Germany and Austria, the painters Jakob Asmus Carstens ( ) and Joseph Anton Koch ( ), respectively. Hamilton selected a German, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein ( ), working in Naples, as the artist of his next publication. Tischbein was a renowned painter, who had studied painting with his uncle, the painter Johann Jacob Tischbein 35

36 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina vustas ta diplomaadile ka Tischbeini. Peagi süvenesid nendegi vahel sõprussidemed. Jäädes aastal elama Napolisse, töötas Tischbein aastatel Napoli kunstiakadeemia (Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli) direktorina aastal pidi J. H. W. Tischbein nagu ka W. Hamilton Napolist põgenema, sest revolutsioonilised prantsuse väed hõivasid linna ning said toetust kohalikelt elanikelt, kes vaimustusid Bourbonide kukutamisest. Seejärel naasis ta Saksamaale, kus elas vahelduvalt mitmes linnas. Alates aastast töötas ta Oldenburgi printsregendi ja hilisema suurhertsog Peter Friedrich Ludwigi (Peter I) ( ) õuekunstnikuna Põhja-Saksamaal, elades Eutini linnas Lübecki lähedal. Tischbeini sellest loominguperioodist hinnatakse eriti tema illustratsioone Homerose eepostele, vähem aga maalikunsti. Mis puutub Tischbeini loomingulisse käekirja, siis muutus see vastavalt kunstistiilide vaheldumisele. Alustades veel rokokoolikus laadis, võttis ta omaks nn Goethe ajastu klassitseeriva laadi ning kujunes vanas eas tõeliselt rangeks ja idealiseerivaks klassitsistiks. J. H. W. Tischbein W. Hamiltoni teise kogu kataloogi autorina Uus albumivormis kataloog, milles avaldati annotatsioonidega varustatud Tischbeini vasegravüürid, ilmus aastatel (tiitellehtedel ekslikult ) Napolis neljas köites pealkirjaga J. H. W. Tischbein, Collection of Engravings from ancient vases of Greek workmanship discovered in sepulchres in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Kavandatud oli ka viies köide, kuid see jäi välja andmata. Raamat oli suureformaadiline (nn royalfolio formaat, 20 12½ tolli ehk 50,8 31,7 cm; võrdluseks: A3-formaat on cm) ning samas väga põhjalik. Ainuüksi esimeses köites oli 63 gravüüri ja 159 lehekülge neid kommenteerivat inglis- ja prantsuskeelset teksti. Kokku oli Tischbeini illustratsioone 240. Kuigi teose autoriks on märgitud ainult J. H. W. Tischbein, oli peamine tekstide autor Venemaa täievoliline saadik Napoli kuningriigis ja hilisem Vene konsul Istanbulis Andrei Jakovlevitš Italinski (André d Italinski). Neile lisandus koguja enda poolt koostatud 46-leheküljeline eesõna. Poola päritolu Vene diplomaat krahv Andrei Italinski ( ) oli õppinud ja töötanud Kiievis, Leydenis, Edinburghis, Londonis, Pariisis ja Berliinis ning omandanud nendes maades kõneldavad keeled. Olles määratud Vene saadikuks Napolis, õppis ta täiuslikult ära ka itaalia keele. Lisaks Euroopa keeltele valdas ta Ida keeli (türgi, araabia, pärsia jt) sedavõrd hästi, et äratas imetlust isegi kohalikes. Huvitudes nagu Hamiltongi Vana-Kreeka kultuurist, suutis ta anda tekstides üsna objektiivse ülevaate omaaegsetest teadmistest Kreeka keraamika alal. Samas leidub selles muidugi ka väiteid, millesse tänapäeva kunstiteadus skeptiliselt suhtub. Käidi ju kunstiajaloo sünniaastatel faktidega ringi palju julgemalt ning tihti nähti seda, mida näha taheti. Näiteks kui ühest hauast leiti üks vaas Bellerophontese ning teine vaas pruudi kujutisega, siis tehti sellest ennatlik järeldus, et tegemist on sama kangelase mõrsjaga. Kataloog ise oli oma aja kohta uuendusliku ülesehitusega. Selliseid ülevaatlikke, teaduslike kommentaaridega varustatud pildialbumeid oli senini ilmunud vaid kaks. Nendeks olid J. J. Winckelmanni aastal itaalia keeles ilmunud uurimus Monumenti antichi inediti ( Senini publitseerimata antiikkunstiteosed ) ja Vatikani antiigikogu kollektsiooni kataloog Il Museo Pio-Clementino, mis alustas ilmumist aastal (ja lõpetas 1807). Erinevalt oma teose 30 aastat varem avaldatud eeskujust esindas J. H. W. Tischbein kujunduses juba täielikult klassitsismi. Ta eelistas külma ja lihtsat elegantsi ning loobus igasugustest kaunistustest ning isegi initsiaalidest. 36

37 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof ( ) in Hamburg. Beginning in 1777, he worked in Berlin, creating highly valued portraits. During the period , he received a grant from the Kassel Academy of Art, which he used to finance a journey to Rome, though due to a lack of funds he had to cut his trip short. Thanks to Duke Ernst II von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, who gave him a generous allowance (100 ducats a year) in 1783, the artist was able to return to Rome. In 1786, Tischbein offered shelter in his flat on Corso, the main street of Rome, to Johann Wolfgang Goethe ( ), who had travelled to Rome incognito, and Tischbein painted the writer s portrait. Tischbein is primarily known among art historians for his portrait Goethe in Campagna (1787), which reflects the ideals and aspirations of the Enlightenment era. The same year, the two men continued south. As the writer was an acquaintance of Hamilton s, with whom he went fishing in the Gulf of Naples and visited the excavations of Pompeii, Goethe introduced Tischbein to the diplomat. In no time, the two considered themselves friends. Having settled permanently in Naples in 1787, Tischbein worked in as the principal of the Naples Academy of Art (Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli). In 1799, J. H. W. Tischbein just like W. Hamilton had to escape Naples, as the town was taken over by revolutionary French troops, who were supported by local citizens thrilled at the idea of overthrowing the Bourbons. The artist returned to Germany, where he lived in various towns. Beginning in 1808, he worked as a court artist for the Oldenburg Prince-Regent, and later Grand Duke, Peter Frederick Ludwig (Peter I) ( ) in Northern Germany, residing in the town of Eutin near Lübeck. The most valued works from that period of Tischbein s oeuvre are illustrations for Homer s epics, not his paintings. As concerns Tischbein s creative handwriting, it changed according to the style of art. He began working in the Rococo style, then adopted the classicist methods of the Goethe era and became a truly strict, idealising classicist in his old age. J. H. W. Tischbein as the author of the catalogue of W. Hamilton s second collection The new catalogue, in an album format, including Tischbein s copperplates with annotations, was published in (the title pages erroneously state ) in Naples in four volumes, under the title J. H. W. Tischbein, Collection of Engravings from ancient vases of Greek workmanship discovered in sepulchres in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. There were plans for a fifth volume, but this was never printed. The book had a large format (the royal folio format, 20 12½ inches or cm; for comparison, A3 format is 42 29) and was very thorough. The first volume contained 63 engravings and 159 pages of comments in English and French. Altogether, Tischbein made 240 illustrations. Even though only J. H. W. Tischbein is listed as the author of the work, most of the text was written by the Ambassador Plenipotentiary of Russia to the Kingdom of Naples, and later Russian consul in Istanbul, Andreiy Yakovlevitch Italinski (André d Italinski). The collector himself contributed a 46-page foreword. Count Andreiy Italinski ( ) was a Russian diplomat of Polish origin. He studied and worked in Kiev, Leyden, Edinburgh, London, Paris and Berlin, and had acquired all the languages spoken in these countries. Having been appointed the Russian ambassador to Naples, he also learned to speak Italian. In addition to European languages, he was familiar with Turkish, Arabic, Persian and some other 37

38 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina Mis puutub Hamiltoni soovi anda välja odavama hinna tõttu suurema levikuga teost, siis ostjaskond laieneski tunduvalt. Samas oli siiski kuulda ka teatud kriitikat piltide kvaliteedi osas, mis jäävat eelmisele publikatsioonile alla. Tischbeini illustratsioone trükiti ka köidetest eraldi eriti paksule paberile. Neid vajasid nii graafikakollektsionäärid kui ka kunstnikud, kes otsisid oma loomingule eeskuju. Käsitöölised jäljendasid neid otseselt ning Hamburgist on teada isegi üks ahi, millel olev reljeef kopeerib üht Tischbeini tööd. Kuna raamituna kasutati neid lehti moodsate kodukaunistustena, anti lisaks välja koloreeritud variant ( Sir William Hamilton s collection of engravings from antique vases, Napoli, ). Seejuures jäljendati nagu Hamiltoni esimese kogu kataloogi puhul vaid vaasimaalide originaaltoone (must, terrakotapruun ja valge). J. H. W. Tischbeini kataloogi illustratsioonid Eestis Esialgse ülesande puhul vaasimaalide mahajoonistamine kasutas J. H. W. Tischbein kunstiakadeemia direktorina oma üliõpilaste abi. Otsides eriti õigeid ja täpseid jäädvustusi, laskis ta igat pilti kuni kümme korda uuesti jäädvustada. Seejärel viis ta joonistused vaselõiketehnikasse, tehes ka ise täpsuse huvides kuni kolm varianti. Meeldiv on aga tõdeda, et osa nendest eeltöödest on jõudnud ka Eestisse, asudes praegu ühes Tallina erakollektsioonis. Tegemist ei ole visanditega ega ka vaasijoonistuste kopeerimislehtedega, vaid tindi ja sulega teostatud täpsete ja selgete kontuurjoonistustega. Igale lehele on lisatud köite ja lehekülje number, mis võib-olla oli algselt mõeldud teoste jagamiseks eri köidete vahel. Samas on võimalik, et need lisati alles pärast raamatu ilmumist uue omaniku poolt. Võrreldes näiteks pruudi ehtimist kujutavat joonistust gravüüriga, näeme mitmeid pisierinevusi ning meie juures olevat varianti ei ole seega teostatud. Seega võib järeldada, et nimetatud joonistuste puhul ongi tegemist Tischbeini meeskonna tööprotsessis sündinud nii-öelda ülejäägiga ning Tischbein valis just selliste variantide seast välja graveerimiseks parima. Vaatamata selle sõna halvale kõlale pole tegemist millegi väheväärtuslikuga, vaid huvitava dokumendiga valgustusajastu püüdlustest ning uue identiteedi otsingutest antiigi kaudu. Joonistused on tehtud sule ja tindiga kahte liiki Hollandis valmistatud õhukesele kõrgekvaliteedilisele kirjutuspaberile. Tänu paberis leiduvatele vesimärkidele on võimalik kindlaks teha, et osa neist (vesimärgiga PIETER DE VRIES COMP ) pärineb paberiveskist De Morgenstar. Selle omanik Pieter de Vries (surnud 1840) võttis koos venna Remmert iga aastal üle 17. sajandist Zaandamis töötanud paberiveski De Morgenstar ning hakkas kasutama oma nimega vesimärki. Manufaktuuri produktsioon oli nii suur ja kvaliteet nii hea, et seda eksporditi massiliselt Saksamaale. Ettevõte põles aga aastal maha. Seega toodeti vastava märgiga paberit vaid vahemikus , mis sobib kokku joonistuste trükkimise ajaga ( ). Teine osa joonistuse jaoks kasutatud paberitest kannab vesimärki C & I HONIG, mis oli kasutuses juba alates aastast. Firma De Vergulde Bijkorf asutaja oli Cornelis Jacobszoon Honig. Ettevõte töötas Zaanse Schansis kuni aastani. Kahesuguste paberite kasutamine on mõistetav, sest töö albumiga algas juba varem, kui De Morgenstar üldse Vrieside poolt üle võeti ja nende vesimärgiga paber kasutusele tuli. (Tiitellehe kohaselt taheti trükkimist alustada juba 1791). Kõik joonistused pärinevad vaasidelt, mis on teostatud u 530 ekr 3. sajandi lõpp ekr kasutatud punasefiguurilises maalistiilis. Sellel puhul maaliti taust mustaks 38

39 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof languages, to the extent that he earned the respect and admiration of even the locals. Just like Hamilton, he was interested in ancient Greek culture, and was thus capable of giving a rather objective overview of the contemporary knowledge of Greek pottery. His texts also include statements which modern day art historians view sceptically. In the early years of art history, people treated facts much more freely than nowadays, often interpreting them to suit their own purposes. For instance, when a grave contained one vase with the image of Bellerophon and another one with the image of a bride, a hasty conclusion was drawn that the bride was that of the same hero. The catalogue itself had an innovative structure for its time. Only two such summarising picture albums with scientific commentary had previously been published. These were J. J. Winckelmann s 1767 study Monumenti antichi inediti (Previously unpublished ancient works of art) and a catalogue of the Vatican collection of antiques, Il Museo Pio-Clementino, the publication of which was started in 1782 (and finished in 1807). Unlike the 30-year-old model for his work, J. H. W. Tischbein s design was a true representation of Classicism. He preferred simple cold elegance and abandoned all ornamental elements and even initials. Hamilton s wish to issue a more widespread publication due to its cheaper price was fulfilled, and the number of buyers increased considerably. Nevertheless, there was criticism of the quality of the drawings, which was below that of the previous publication. Tischbein s illustrations were also printed on thick paper separately from the volumes. These were meant for collectors of prints as well as artists looking for models for their work. Many handicraft workers imitated the designs directly and there is a stove in Hamburg with a relief copying Tischbein s work. The prints were often framed and hung in homes as decor elements. They were also issued in a coloured version (Sir William Hamilton s collection of engravings from antique vases, Naples, ). They imitated as in the catalogue of Hamilton s first collection only the original colours of vase paintings (black, Terracotta brown and white). J. H. W. Tischbein s catalogue illustrations in Estonia With the initial task of copying vase paintings, J. H. W. Tischbein, as the director of an art academy, used the help of his students. Since he strove for completely accurate and precise images, he had every copy made up to ten times. Thereafter, he himself made copperplates of the drawings, preparing again, in the interest of accuracy, up to three different versions. We are happy to say that some of these preliminary drawings have ended up in Estonia, in a private collection in Tallinn. These are neither sketches nor copy sheets of vase paintings, but clear and accurate outline drawings made in ink. Each sheet contains the number of the volume and page, possibly meant to divide drawings between different volumes. However, it is also possible that these were added later, after the publication of the book, by the new owner of the prints. When we compare the drawing depicting the adornment of a bride with the engraving, we notice several small discrepancies, which indicate that the version we hold has not been engraved. Hence, we can conclude that the drawings are leftovers of the work process of Tischbein s team, from which Tischbein picked the version best suited for engraving. Despite that, we are not dealing with something of little value, but with an interesting record of the aspirations of the Enlightenment era and of the quest for a new identity through ancient culture. 39

40 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina ja jäeti kujutis põletatud savist vaasi loomulikku värvi punakaspruuniks. Enne seda (7. 5 sajand ekr) levinud mustafiguuriline stiil, mille puhul maaliti kujutised, mitte taust, võimaldas kujutada vaid profiilis siluette. Nüüd olid võimalikud kõik vaated, samuti peened detailid. Joonistuste kogule lisavad väärtust ka tekstid, mis on kirjutatud saksa keeles paksemale suureformaadilisele paberile ning kommenteerivad piltidel kujutatut. Kuidas need lehed Eestisse sattusid, võib ainult oletada. Teada on vaid, et need on ostetud Tallina antikvariaadist pärast sõda ning seega olid nad usutavasti siin juba enne suurt pööret. Üheks võimalikuks teeks oleks kellegi kunstihuvilise baltisakslase ost Peterburist, mis suure kunstikeskusena võis pakkuda mida iganes. Teisalt leidus siingi kunstilembelisi ja samas jõukaid isikuid ning siinsete sakslaste side emamaaga ei katkenud kunagi. Eriti tugevalt oldi Saksamaa kõrgkultuurile orienteeritud 18. sajandi lõpul, mil näiteks lasti end portreteerida Dresdenis tegutseval tipp-portretistil Anton Graffil ( ). Heimtali mõisnik Peter Reinhold von Sivers ( ) aga vahetas paar kirja koguni J. W. Goethe endaga. Seega pole võimatu, et gravüürikavandid jõudsid siia otse Tischbeinilt, ühiste tuttavate vahendusel. Lõpuks ei tohi unustada sedagi, et teose tekstide autor A. Italinski oli Vene diplomaat ning suhtles kindlasti ka keisri teenistuses olevate baltisakslastega. Teisi katalooge W. Hamiltoni uuest vaasikogust Kuna huvi Tischbeini illustratsioonidega teose vastu oli suur, anti välja selle teine, seekord itaalia- ja prantsuskeelne variant nime all des vases antiques de la collection du chev. Hamilton. I IV (Florence, ). Selle kolme esimese osa tekst pärineb samuti Andrei Italinski sulest, kuid neljanda osa kommentaarid lisas Firenzes asuva Biblioteca Riccardiana direktor Francesco Fontani ( ). Teose hind mustvalgena oli suhteliselt mõõdukas 220 franki, kuid sellest anti välja ka koloreeritud variant hinnaga 560 franki. Samuti tehti katse välja anda raamatu saksakeelne variant. Kahjuks ilmus sellest ainult esimese köite esimene vihik pealkirja all Umrisse griechischer Gemälde auf antiken, in den Jahren 1787 u in Campanien und Sicilien ausgegrabenen Gefässen (Weimar, 1797). Lisaks vaselõikes tiitellehele sisaldas see kuus gravüüri. Hamiltoni kollektsioone tutvustas teiste kuulsamate antiikkunsti kollektsioonide kõrval saksakeelsele lugejale ka filoloog ja arheoloog Karl August Böttiger ( ). Ta oli omal ajal olulise uurimuse Die Abhandlungen über Griechische Vasengemälde. Mit archäologischen und artistischen Erläuterungen der Originalkupfer (Weimar, ) autor. Tema enda kommentaaride kohaselt on see raamat põhjalik kokkuvõte kõigest, millest on kunstiajaloos kirjutatud. Muu hulgas leidub teoses ka kiitev retsensioon Sir William Hamiltoni kogu ja Tischbeini väljaande teadusliku poole kohta. Väljaandes kasutati illustratsioonidena mõningaid J. H. W. Tischbeini raamatu gravüüre. (Raamatu esimene osa ilmus kahes köites, kummaski kolm vaselõiget; teine osa jäi kahjuks ilmumata.) Sellegipoolest kritiseeris Böttger Hamiltoni ja Tischbeini valikut kasutada kontuurjoonistusi, sest Euroopa publik pidavat ootama sellist kõrgetasemelist graafikat, mida esindas d Hancarville i koostatud väljaanne. Paljad kontuurid, isegi kui nad on tehtud Parrhasiose ja Zeuxise poolt (tuntud Vana- Kreeka maalikunstnikud), ei anna tema arvates kogenematule silmale ikkagi kõiki nüansse edasi. Samuti ei saa ta jätta kriitiliselt mainimata, et Hamilton, kes teenis oma kogu müügiga hiigelvaranduse, ostis need omal ajal ise naeruväärse hinnaga. Veelgi varem, veebruaris 1795, oli Goethe-aegse Weimari seltskonnakroonikuks nimetatud Böttiger avaldanud saksa esimeses moeajakirjas Journal der Mode 40

41 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof The drawings were completed in ink on two kinds of thin, high-quality writing paper produced in the Netherlands. Thanks to watermarks on the paper we can ascertain that some of the paper (with the watermark PIETER DE VRIES COMP) comes from the De Morgenstar paper mill. In 1794, the owner, Pieter de Vries (deceased in 1840), together with his brother Remmert, had taken over the De Morgenstar paper mill, in operation in Zaandam since the 17 th century, and started to use a watermark with his own name. The quantity and the quality of the products of the factory were so high that they were exported to Germany in large amounts. The mill burnt down in Hence, the paper with that specific watermark was produced only during the period , which fits with the time of printing the drawings ( ). The second part of the paper used for the drawings bears the watermark C & I HONIG, in use beginning in The company De Vergulde Bijkorf was established by Cornelis Jacobszoon Honig. It was in operation in Zaanse Schans until The use of two different kinds of paper is understandable, since the work with the album began before De Morgenstar was taken over by the Vries brothers and the paper with their watermark was released. (According to the title page, printing was planned to start in 1791). All the drawings come from vases which were made from approximately 530 BC up to the late 3 rd century BC, in the red-figure painting technique. In this technique, the background was painted black and the image remained the natural colour of the fired clay vase burnt umber. Before that time (7 th 5 th century BC), the dominant style was black-figure painting, in which the images were painted and not the background, which made it possible to depict silhouettes only in profile. Now it was possible to use all the angles and fine details. Value is added to the collection of drawings by texts written in German, on a thick, large-size paper, commenting on the images depicted in the drawings. We can only guess how these sheets ended up in Estonia. We know that they were bought in a Tallinn antique shop after the war, so presumably they were already here before the Russian Revolution. One possibility is that an art-loving Baltic German purchased them in St. Petersburg, which was a great centre of arts where almost everything was available. On the other hand, wealthy patrons of the arts also lived in Estonia, and the local Germans never really lost touch with their mother country. The ties with Germany and its high culture were particularly strong in the late 18th century, when it was popular, for instance, to have one s portrait painted by Anton Graff ( ), a top portrait artist from Dresden. The Heimtal landowner Peter Reinhold von Sivers ( ) even exchanged a few letters with the great J. W. Goethe himself. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the sketches for engravings came here straight from Tischbein, through common acquaintances. Another issue to be considered is the fact that the author of the catalogue text, A. Italinski, was a Russian diplomat and definitely had to communicate with the Baltic Germans in the service of the emperor. Other catalogues of W. Hamilton s new vase collection As there was great interest in the works with Tischbein s illustrations, another version was issued, this time in Italian and French, bearing the title Des vases antiques de la collection du chev. Hamilton. I IV (Florence, ). The text in the three first parts was also written by Andreiy Italinski, but the comments for the fourth volume were supplied by Francesco Fontani ( ), the director of Biblioteca 41

42 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina und Luxus (ilmus ) artikli, mis käsitles Hamiltoni vaasikogu ja ta abikaasa Emma esinemisi antiigiaineliste tantsudega. Aastal 1806, seega kolm aastat pärast W. Hamiltoni surma, anti Londonis välja veel üks prantsuskeelne 62-leheline gravüürialbum, mis käsitles tema kogusid üldisemalt (Kirk, Gravures au trait d après les tableaux etc. de vases étrusques, grecs et romains, recueillis par feu Sir William Hamilton ). Sellestki ilmus aastal Londonis ingliskeelne kordustrükk pealkirjaga Hamilton s Vases engraved in outline by Kirk, with borders and descriptions. Kataloogide tähtsus Kuigi antiiksete vaasimaalide käsitlusena ei olnud need uurimused kõige esimesed, olid varasemad väljaanded võrreldes Hamiltoni kogude tutvustustega puudulikud ja vigaderohked ning alles nüüd, eriti J. H. W. Tischbeini osalusel sündinud teose puhul, saame rääkida tõeliselt teaduslikust lähenemisest. Hamiltoni kogude publitseerimisel oli üldse suur panus antiigi uurimisse. Nad võimaldasid heita pilgu Vana-Rooma kõrval alles avastamisjärgus oleva antiikse Kreeka kultuuri kombestikku ja mütoloogiasse. Teada saadi uusi detaile nii argipäevast kui ka uskumustest, samuti olid nad tollal ainsad teadaolevad näited Kreeka maalikunstist. Peale selle aitasid Hamiltoni uurimused ja kollektsioonid õppida tundma Kreeka vanemat, mustafiguurilist vaasimaali. Kuna Kreekas väljakaevamisi veel ei toimunud, leiti niisuguseid vaase vaid Itaaliast. Arvestades seda asjaolu ning 18. sajandi uurijate hinnangut nende ebatäiuslikkusele, peeti neid etruskide töödeks. On teada, et etruskid, kes Kreeka vaase kõrgelt hindasid, ostsid ja kasutasid neid, proovides vaase vahel tõesti ka jäljendada, kuid käekirja erinevused on tuntavad. Hamiltoni uurimused, mida toetas antiigikorüfee J. J. Winckelmann, hakkasid neid väärarusaamu vähehaaval muutma. Küll uskus Hamilton, et selline algeline keraamika on toodetud vaid kohapeal, st Kreeka kolooniates Lõuna-Itaalias. Tegelikult loodi see põhiliselt Mandri-Kreekas, Ateena kaasa arvatud, ning imporditi vastavalt vajadusele Itaaliasse. Tõelise läbimurde vaidluses, kas tegu on etruski või Kreeka kunstiga, tekitas Korintose päritolu jahikrateer ( ekr), mis kuulus W. Hamiltoni esimesse kogusse. Capua lähedalt Itaaliast leitud vaas on just selline, mida peeti senini etruskide loominguks. Ometi olid vaasile kreeka keeles kirjutatud jahimeeste nimed. Kreeka vaasimaalide mõju uusaja kunstis Uue kunstilise fenomeni Kreeka vaasimaalide tutvustamisel, mis esialgu toimuski vaid Hamiltoni kogu kaudu, oli suur mõju ka kunstile. Eelkõige mõjutas see 18. sajandi lõpul valitsenud varaklassitsismi. Eriti suur oli nende roll inglise tarbekunstis, kus sellest lähtus nn Wedgwoodi keraamika. Samuti võttis nende kompositsioonivõtteid eeskujuks järgnev etapp kunstiajaloos kõrgklassitsism ehk ampiir ( ). Uuesti hakati Kreeka vaasimaalidest inspiratsiooni otsima 19. sajandi lõpukümnenditel, mil joonistuste lineaarsus vaimustas teiste seas ka inglise prerafaeliiti Edward Burne-Jones i ( ), prantsuse sümbolisti Gustave Moreau d ( ) ja Viini juugendi juhtfiguuri Gustav Klimti ( ). Seega kujutavad Kreeka vaasimaalid endast kahekordset fenomeni esiteks olulist osa antiikkultuurist, teiseks aga Euroopa sajandi alguse kunsti inspiratsiooniallikat. Erakordselt suur roll selles oli Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikogude teaduslikul uurimisel ja publitseerimisel, mis oli oma ajastul sellises vormis esmakordne. 42

43 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof Riccardiana in Florence. The price of the black-and-white publication was relatively modest at 220 francs, but there was also a coloured version costing 560 francs. There were also attempts to publish a German version of the book. Unfortunately, only the first issue of the first volume came out, under the title Umrisse griechischer Gemälde auf antiken, in den Jahren 1787 u in Campanien und Sicilien ausgegrabenen Gefässen (Weimar, 1797). In addition to the copperplate title page, it contained six prints. Hamilton s collections, among other famous collections of ancient art, were introduced to German readers by the philologist and archaeologist Karl August Böttiger ( ). He was the author of the important study Die Abhandlungen über Griechische Vasengemälde. Mit archäologischen und artistischen Erläuterungen der Originalkupfer (Weimar, ). According to Böttiger s notes, the book was a thorough summary of everything ever written about art history. The study includes a laudatory review of Sir William Hamilton s collection and the scholarly level of Tischbein s publication. Böttiger s work contained some prints from J. H. W. Tischbein s book as illustrations. (The first part of the book came out in two volumes, both with three copperplates; but the second part was, sadly, never published.) Nevertheless, Böttiger criticised Hamilton s and Tischbein s choice of outline drawing, because the European audience supposedly expected high-level prints represented in d Hancarville s publication. Bare outlines, even if made by Parrhasius and Zeuxis (famous Old Greek painters), do not convey all the nuances to the inexperienced viewer. He also points out that Hamilton, who made a fortune selling his collection, had bought the items for a ridiculous price. Even earlier, in February 1795, Böttiger, who was considered the society writer of the Goethe-era Weimar, had published an article in the first German fashion magazine Journal der Mode und Luxus (published in ), which described Hamilton s vase collection and his wife Emma s dance performances inspired by the antiquities. In 1806, three years after W. Hamilton s death, another album of prints came out in London, this time in French and containing 62 sheets, which dealt with his collections in a more general way (Kirk, Gravures au trait d après les tableaux etc. de vases étrusques, grecs et romains, recueillis par feu Sir William Hamilton). This work was reprinted in 1814 in English in London, with the title Hamilton s Vases engraved in outline by Kirk, with borders and descriptions. Importance of catalogues Even though these studies were not the first treatises on ancient vase paintings, the preceding publications were inadequate and contained many mistakes compared to the overviews of Hamilton s collections. Only with the latter, especially in the case of works by J. H. W. Tischbein, can we speak of a truly scholarly approach. Publication of Hamilton s collections contributed greatly to the study of ancient times. The works provided an opportunity to glance at the customs and mythology of ancient Greece, only beginning to be discovered compared to Old Roman culture. The vases provided new details about the everyday life and beliefs of the Greeks, and they were the only known examples of Greek painting. In addition to the above-mentioned, Hamilton s studies and collections helped to illuminate the older, black-figure Greek vase painting. As there were yet no excavations taking place in Greece, vases such as these had only been found in Italy. Taking into account this fact and 18th-century scholars assessment of the imperfection of 43

44 Anu Allikvee Sir W. Hamiltoni vaasikollektsioonide kataloogid ja J. H W. Tischbeini roll nende illustraatorina Kui P.-F. Hugues d Hancarville koostatud väljaanne ja selle variandid paistsid silma teostuse kvaliteediga, siis J. H. W. Tischbeini osalusel sündinud kataloog tekstide uurimusliku taseme ja massilist levikut soodustava hinna poolest. Samas ei puudunud selle illustratsioonidel ka vajalik teaduslik täpsus, mis saavutati originaalide mitmekordse mahajoonistamise, täpsustamise ja neist parima variandi valimise teel. Tõsiasi, et killuke sellest suurest ettevõtmisest asub nüüd sulejoonistuste kujul Eestis, seob meidki ühe suure mosaiigiga. Selles ühinevad antiikkultuur, valgustusaeg, kollektsioneerimiskirg ning kaasaegse arheoloogia ja kunstiteaduse sünd. 44

45 Anu Allikvee Catalogues of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections and the role of J. H W. Tischbein as the illustrator thereof the vases, the pottery was considered Etruscan work. It is known that the Etruscans, who valued Greek vases highly, bought and used them a lot, even trying to imitate them occasionally, but the differences in the styles are fairly obvious. Hamilton s work, supported by the great expert on antiquities J. J. Winckelmann, started to gradually change these false notions. Hamilton did believe, though, that this primitive pottery was produced only locally, that is, in Greek colonies in southern Italy. In reality, it was mostly made in continental Greece, including Athens, and exported to Italy as needed. A breakthrough in the dispute over Etruscan and Greek art was caused by a Corinthian Hunt Krater ( BC), which belonged to W. Hamilton s first collection. The vase, found in Italy, near Capua, had the exact look of vases that had been previously considered Etruscan, but it contained the names of the hunters in Greek. Influence of Greek vase paintings in modern art The introduction of a new artistic phenomenon Greek vase painting originally mostly through Hamilton s collection, had a significant effect on art. Its primary influence was visible in the Early Classicism of the late 18 th century, particularly in English applied art, providing models for Wedgwood pottery. Ancient composition techniques were also followed during the next era in art history, the Empire style ( ). People turned back to Greek vase paintings as a source of inspiration in the last decades of the 19 th century, when the linearity of drawings captivated, among others, the English Pre-Raphaelite Edward Burne-Jones ( ), the French symbolist Gustave Moreau ( ) and the leading figure of Viennese Art Noveau, Gustav Klimt ( ). Hence, Greek vase paintings are a double phenomenon firstly, they are an important part of ancient culture and, secondly, a source of inspiration for European art in the 18 th to 20 th centuries. The scholarly study and publication of Sir William Hamilton s vase collections, unprecedented in this particular form, played an enormous role in the history of art. While the publication compiled by P.-F. Hugues d Hancarville and its different versions were notable for their high quality, the catalogue illustrated by J. H. W. Tischbein stood out for the scientific level of its texts and for its price, which enhanced the spread of the catalogue. At the same time, the illustrations in the text also displayed scientific accuracy, which was achieved through the repeated copying of the originals, the improvement of the copies and the selection of the best version. The fact that a small part of this major enterprise, in the form of ink drawings, is located in Estonia connects us to a great mosaic uniting ancient culture, the Enlightenment era, the passion for collection, and the dawn of modern archaeology and art history. 45

46 46 Egiptuse, Vana-Ida, Kreeka ja Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistiseid Pekka Erelti kogust

47 Egyptian, Near-Eastern, Greek and Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt 47

48 Egiptuse, Vana-Ida, Kreeka ja Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistiseid Pekka Erelti kogust Egiptuse muistised (ill 1 10) Inimasustuse esimesed jäljed Egiptuses ulatuvad juba X aastatuhandesse ekr. Umbes 5500 ekr alanud pikk dünastiaeelne periood lõppes ligikaudu 3100 ekr, mida loetakse I dünastia alguseks. Vaaraode võim Egiptuses kestis läbi vana riigi, keskmise riigi, uue riigi, vaheperioodide ja hilisperioodi aastani 342 ekr. Sellele järgnes lühike Pärsia ülemvõim, aastast 332 ekr alanud Ptolemaioste valitsusaeg kestis aga peaaegu meie ajaarvamiseni välja aastani 30 ekr. Näitusel eksponeeritud ja kataloogis valikuliselt esitletud Egiptuse muistised hõlmavad samuti pikka ajaperioodi. Vanimad on vaaraode dünastiate eelsest ajast pärit kivinõud, mil iga rohkem kui 5000 aastat. Noorimad muistised on Ptolemaioste perioodist ehk ekr. Dateerimisel on kasutatud Jürgen von Beckerathi koostatud Egiptuse ajaloo kronoloogiat. 48

49 Egyptian, Near-Eastern, Greek and Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt Egyptian antiquities (ill 1 10) The first traces of human settlement in Egypt reach back to the 10 th millennium BC. The Pre-dynastic Period started in about 5500 BC and ended in approximately 3100 BC, which is considered to be the beginning of the first dynasty. Pharaohs ruled in Egypt from the Old Kingdom through the Middle Kingdom to the New Kingdom, through the Intermediate Periods and during the Late Period, almost until the 1 st century AD. The last dynasty was the Ptolemaic Dynasty, whose rule ended in 30 BC. Egyptian relics, which are displayed at the exhibition and have been selectively presented in the catalogue, also cover a lengthy period of time. The oldest items are stone dishes from the era preceding the dynasties of the pharaohs, making them more than 5,000 years old. The more recent objects are from the Ptolemaic period of BC. Dates are based on the chronology of Egyptian history by Jürgen von Beckerath. 49

50 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Vaas Dünastiate-eelne periood, IV aastatuhande lõpp ekr. Punane bretša kivi, k 18,5 cm, d 17 cm. Leitud aastatel koos taldrikuga (kat nr 2) Egiptusest Abusirist. Niisuguseid kivinõusid kasutati hauapanustena ning neisse pandi lahkunu toiduvarud. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud Berliinis (kunagises Bodemuseumis), Konstanzis Roßgarten- Museumis, Essenis, Schaffhausenis, Grevenbroichis, Baselis. 50

51 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (1) Vase Predynastic Period, end of 4 th millennium BC. Red breccia, height 18.5 cm, diameter 17 cm. Found together with dish (Cat No 2) during the 1930 s in Abusir, Egypt. Such stone pieces are grave offerings of this period and served as a receptacle of provisions for the deceased. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. Exhibited in Berlin (the former Bodemuseum), Essen, Schaffhausen, Grevenbroich, Basel and in the Rossgarten-Museum in Konstanz. 51

52 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Taldrik Dünastiate-eelne periood, IV aastatuhande lõpp ekr. Punane bretša kivi, k 5 cm, d 28 cm. Leitud aastatel koos vaasiga (kat nr 1) Egiptusest Abusirist. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud Berliinis (kunagises Bodemuseumis), Konstanzis Roßgarten- Museumis, Essenis, Schaffhausenis, Grevenbroichis, Baselis. 52

53 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (2) Dish Predynastic Period, end of 4 th millennium BC. Red breccia, height 5 cm, diameter 28 cm. Found together with jar (Cat No 1) during the 1930 s in Abusir, Egypt. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. Exhibited in Berlin (the former Bodemuseum), Essen, Schaffhausen, Grevenbroich, Basel and in the Roßgarten-Museum in Konstanz. 53

54 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kirjutaja Pa-re-heni plokk-kuju fragment Uus riik, 18. dünastia, ekr. Lubjakivi, k 23 cm, l 20 cm, s 10 cm. Leitud aastatel Egiptusest Medinet Habust. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Tekst (tõlkinud ja kommenteerinud Glenn Janes, eestistanud Sergei Stadnikov): Ohver, mida kuningas annab Amon-Ra le, Mõlema Maa Aujärgede Isandale (ja) Osirisele, Džedu (Busirise) Isandale, Suurele Jumalale, Abdu (Abydose) Isandale; urjade pühitsemine leivas ja õlles, härja- ning linnulihas kõikides heades ja puhastes asjades, millest elab jumal, Amoni Koja valvuri Ka le, kirjutajale Pa-re-henile Tõese Häälega, sündinud Maja Emandale Ta-neb-??ile. Lahkunu nime Pa-re-heni järel on ebatavaline hieroglüüf, mida näib, et kasutatakse harva. See on 6. rea esimene hieroglüüf (lugedes paremalt vasakule), mis kujutab sünnitavat naist. See esineb A. H. Gardineri Egiptuse grammatikas (Oxford, 1927) kui B4 (lk 448). Märk on moodustatud kahest komponendist: naine toob ilmale + sündinud kellele tähistava enam kasutatava märgi (F31) alumine osa selle all. [G. Janes.] 54

55 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (3) Block statue fragment of Pa-re-heni the scribe New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, BC. Limestone, height 23 cm, width 20 cm, depth 10 cm. Found during the 1930 s in Medinet Habu, Egypt. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. Text (translated and commented by Glenn Janes): A boon which the King gives to Amen- Re, Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands, (and) Osiris, Lord of Djedw [Busiris], the Great God, Lord of Abdw [Abydos], invocation offerings of bread and beer, oxen and fowl, and all things good and pure on which a god lives, to the spirit of the Guardian of the House of Amen, the Scribe, Pa-re-heni, justified, born to the Lady of the House, Ta-neb-?? After the name of the deceased, Pa-reheni, is an unusual heiroglyph which seems to be seldom used (Gardiner B4). It is the first hieroglyph on line 6 (reading from right to left) and depicts a woman giving birth. It is listed in Gardiner (Egyptian Grammar, 1927, Oxford)) as B4 (p 448). The sign is made up from that of a squatting woman (giving birth) combined with the lower element of the more usual sign for born to (F 31) below. [G. Janes.] 55

56 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kanoop ja kanoopi kaas (Nõu ja kaas ei kuulu kokku.) Hiline periood, dünastia, ekr. Lubjakivi, k 21 cm; savi, k 9 cm. Leitud aastatel Egiptusest, Baharija oaasi piirkonnast. Kanoope kasutati mumifitseerimisel säilitamaks neis lahkunud siseelundeid, mida kaitsesid jumal Horuse neli poega inimpäine Imseti maksa, šaakalipäine Duamutef magu, kullipäine Qebehsenuef soolestikku ja ahvipäine Hapi kopse. Siinolev kaas kujutab Imsetit. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 56

57 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (4) Canopic jar and canopic jar lid (jar and lid do not belong together) Late Period, Dynasty 26 28, BC. Limestone, height 21 cm; pottery, height 9 cm. Found during the 1930 s around the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt. Canopic jars were used during the mummification process to store and preserve the internal organs of the deceased for the afterlife. Each organ was protected by one of four sons of Horus: Imsety, the human-headed god the liver, Duamutef, the jackal-headed god the stomach, Qebehsenuef, the falcon-headed god the intestines and Hapi, the baboonheaded god the lungs. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 57

58 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kanoopi kaas Hiline periood, dünastia, ekr. Lubjakivi, maaling, k 10 cm. Leitud aastatel Egiptusest Baharija oaasi piirkonnast. Nikerdatud ja maalitud kaas kujutab ühte jumal Horuse neljast pojast, inimpeaga Imsetit, maksa kaitsjat. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 58

59 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (5) Canopic jar lid Late Period, Dynasty 26 28, BC. Limestone, height 10 cm. Found during the 1930 s around the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt. Carved and painted stopper representing Imsety, the human-headed son of Horus and guardian of the liver. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 59

60 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Muumia mask Ptolemaioste periood, ekr. Puu, maaling, k 26 cm. Leitud vahemikus Egiptusest Baharija oaasi piirkonnast. Niisugune nikerdatud mask asetati lahkunu näole, kuna usuti, et see kaitseb hinge teekonnal hauatagusesse maailma kurjade vaimude eest. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud näitustel Göttingenis, Baselis ja Essenis ning Konstanzi ja Grevenbroichi muuseumis. 60

61 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (6) Mummy mask Ptolemaic Period, BC. Wood, traces of gesso remaining, height 26 cm. Found during the years around the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt. This carved mask was placed over the face of the deceased. The mask was believed to guard the soul from evil spirits on its way to the afterworld. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. The mask has been part of several public exhibitions both in Germany and Switzerland, including Gottingen, Basel, Essen and the Konstanz Museum. 61

62 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Sarkofaagi fragmendid Osirise (a) ja Ba-linnu (b) kujutisega Hiline Ptolemaioste periood, u 100 ekr. Kartonaaž, maaling, 9 24 cm, cm. Päritolu: aastatest alates erakogu, Zürich, Šveits, seejärel erakogu, Illinois, USA. 62

63 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (7) Sarcophagus fragments with a painted figure of Osiris (a) and Ba-bird (b) Late Ptolemaic Period, ca 100 BC. Cartonnage, 9 24 cm, cm. Provenance: From the 1970 s in a private collection, Zürich, Switzerland; later in private collection, Illinois, USA. 63

64 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust (8a) Skarabeus ja skaraboid a) silmapaistvalt kõrgetasemelise teostusega skarabeus vaarao Horemhebi nimega Djeser-Kheperure (vasakul), Amoni nimega (keskel raamis), Ptahi nimega (paremal) ja tiivulise päikesekettaga nende kohal. Uus riik, 18. dünastia, Horemhebi valitsusaeg, ekr. Steatiit, glasuuritud, k 2 cm. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Suure tõenäosusega sama skarabeus on publitseeritud Percy E. Newberry raamatus Egyptian Antiquities Scarabs (1906), tahvel XXXIV, nr 4 ja F. S. Matouki teoses Corpus du scarabée égyptien I (Beirut, 1971), 99 ja 193. Omanikuks on neis märgitud pr Hood, Nettleham Hall, Lincoln, Inglismaa. b) skaraboid kala (Tilapia) reljeefse kujutisega. Alumisel küljel on ringide ja joonte muster. Uus riik, ramessiidide periood, dünastia, ekr. Steatiit, valge glasuuri jäljed, k 1,4 cm, p 2 cm. Päritolu: Rootsi erakogu, omandatud aastatel Viktoria Lindströms Antikhandel ist Stockholmis. 64

65 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (8b) Scarab and scaraboid a) spectaculary high quality scarab for pharaoh Horemheb Djeser-Kheperure (name on left) with winged sun-disc above and the names of Amen (in the rectangular enclosure) and Ptah at right. New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, Reign of Horemheb, BC. Steatite, glazed, height 2 cm. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. Very likely the same scarab is published in Percy E. Newberry, Egyptian Antiquities Scarabs (Liverpool, 1906), plt. XXXIV no 4 and F. S. Matouk, Corpus du scarabée égyptien I (Beirut, 1971), 99 & 193. It belonged to the collection of Mrs. Hood, Nettleham Hall, Lincoln, United Kingdom. b) scaraboid with a fish (Tilapia) in relief. The underside has a pattern of circles and lines. New Kingdom, Ramesside Period, Dynasty 19 20, BC. Steatite, traces of a white glaze remaining, height 1.4 cm, length 2 cm. Provenance: Swedish private collection purchased during the 1950s at Viktoria Lindströms Antikhandel, Stockholm. 65

66 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust (9a,b) Vormid a) amuletivorm, vaarao Ramses II kartušš. Uus riik, 19. dünastia, Ramses II valitsusaeg, ekr. P 3,5 cm, l 2,9 cm. b) amuletivorm, vaarao Merneptahi kartušš. Uus riik, 19. dünastia, Merneptahi valitsusaeg, ekr. P 3,5 cm, l 2,9 cm. c) amuletivorm, kartušš tekstiga Amon-Ra, selle kohal kaks Maati sulge. Terviksõnum on: Amon-Ra on õiglane. Uus riik, ramessiidide periood, dünastia, ekr. P 4 cm, l 3,1 cm. d) helmevorm, geomeetriline ornament. Uus riik, ramessiidide periood, dünastia, ekr. P 5,7 cm, l 2,9 cm. Leitud aastatel Egiptusest Baharija oaasi piirkonnast. Valmistatud Niiluse rauarikkast põletatud savist ning mõeldud amulettide või ehete tootmiseks. Materjalina kasutati tavaliselt fajanssi. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 66

67 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (9c,d) Moulds a) for an amulet, the cartouche of pharaoh Ramesses II. New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, Reign of Ramesses II, BC. Length 3.8 cm, width 3.2 cm. b) for an amulet, the cartouche of pharaoh Merenptah. New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, Reign of Merenptah, BC. Length 3.8 cm, width 3.2 cm. c) for an amulet, the cartouche with text Amen-Re, above the cartouche two Maat feathers. The message would read: Amen- Re is just. New Kingdom, Ramesside Period, Dynasty , BC. Length 4 cm, width 3.1 cm. d) for an ornamented bead. New Kingdom, Ramesside Period, Dynasty , BC. Length 5.7 cm, width 2.9 cm. Found during the 1930 s around the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt. Made of fired iron-rich Nile clay and used for the manufacture of amulets and jewellery, usually from faience. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 67

68 Egiptuse muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kassi kujuke Hiline periood, 26. dünastia, ekr. Puu, k 17,5 cm. Leitud aastatel Egiptusest Tanise või Bubastise piirkonnast. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 68

69 Egyptian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (10) Cat statuette Late Period, Dynasty 26, BC. Wood, height 17.5 cm. Found during the 1930 s in the area of Tanis or Bubastis. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 69

70 Egiptuse, Vana-Ida, Kreeka ja Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistiseid Pekka Erelti kogust Vana-Ida muistised (ill 11 34) Vana-Ida all on käesoleva kataloogi (ja ka näituse) kontekstis mõeldud eelkõige Mesopotaamiat selle laiemas tähenduses. Seega mitte üksnes maad Tigrise ja Eufrati jõgede vahel, vaid ka maa-alasid Kirde-Süürias, Kagu-Türgis ja Edela-Iraanis. Tsivilisatsioonide hällina tuntud Mesopotaamia hõlmas IV II aastatuhandel ekr Sumeri, Akkadi, Babüloonia ja Assüüria ning I aastatuhandel ekr Uus-Assüüria, Uus-Babüloonia ja Ahhemeniidide impeeriume. Muistiseid on ka Türgi ehk muistse Anatoolia teistest piirkondadest, üksikuid esemeid on mujaltki. Alljärgnevad Mesopotaamia muistised hõlmavad ajavahemikku alates Jemdet Nasri perioodist (IV aastatuhande lõpp ekr) kuni Ahhemeniidide impeeriumini (6. 4. sajand ekr). Anatoolia muistised (Süüria, Hetiidi jm) on enamasti II aastatuhandest, Assüüria kaubanduskolooniate perioodist ja hilisemast ajast. 70

71 Egyptian, Near-Eastern, Greek and Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt Near-Eastern antiquities (ill 11 34) In the context of the present catalogue (and the exhibition), the Near-East covers primarily greater Mesopotamia. Thus it is not limited to the area between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, but also covers the territories of north-eastern Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and south-western Iran. In the 4 th 2 nd millennium BC, Mesopotamia, known as the cradle of civilization, included the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires and, in the 1 st millennium BC, also the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Neo- Babylonian Empire, and the Achaemenid Empire. Some antiquities originate also from other territories of Turkey (ancient Anatolia); a few objects come from other places. The Mesopotamian antiquities included in the exhibition date back to the period from Jemdet Nasr (end of the 4 th millennium BC) to the Achaemenid Empire (6 th 4 th century BC). The Anatolian antiquities (Syrian, Hittite etc) mostly date back to the beginning of the 2 nd millennium BC, the era of Assyrian trading colonies. 71

72 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Pitsat sarvloomaga Põhja-Mesopotaamia või Iraan, V IV aastatuhat ekr. Steatiit, k 2,4 cm, p 3,3 cm. Päritolu: Astarte Gallery, London; Helios Gallery, Kingsdown, Inglismaa. 72

73 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (11) Stamp seal with a horned animal North Mesopotamia or Iran, 5 th 4 th Millennium BC. Steatite, height 2.4 cm, length 3.3 cm. Provenance: Astarte Gallery, London; Helios Gallery, Kingsdown, United Kingdom. 73

74 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Loomakujuline amulett Sumer, Jemdet Nasri / Uruki periood, u ekr. Valge kivi, p 2 cm. Päritolu: erakogu, London, Inglismaa. 74

75 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (12) Animal shaped amulet Sumer, Jemdet Nasr / Uruk Period, ca BC. White stone, length 2 cm. Provenance: private collection, London, United Kingdom. 75

76 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Pitsat sarvloomadega Sumer, Jemdet Nasri / Uruki periood, u ekr. Kivi, d 2,4 cm. Päritolu: dr Alexander Fishmani kogu, Toronto, Kanada. 76

77 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (13) Stamp seal with horned animals Sumer, Jemdet Nasr / Uruk Period, ca BC. Stone, diameter 2.4 cm. Provenance: Collection of Dr Alexander Fishman, Toronto, Canada. 77

78 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Pitsat sarvloomadega Sumer, Jemdet Nasri / Uruki periood, u ekr. Lubjakivi, d 3,6 cm. Päritolu: dr Alexander Fishmani kogu, Toronto, Kanada. 78

79 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (14) Stamp seal with horned animals Sumer, Jemdet Nasr / Uruk Period, ca BC. Limestone, diameter 3.6 cm. Provenance: Collection of Dr Alexander Fishman, Toronto, Canada. 79

80 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Pitsat sarvloomaga Sumer, Jemdet Nasri / Uruki periood, u ekr. Steatiit, d 2,2 cm. Päritolu: dr Alexander Fishmani kogu, Toronto, Kanada. 80

81 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (15) Stamp seal with a horned animal Sumer, Jemdet Nasr / Uruk Period, ca BC. Steatite, diameter 2.2 cm. Provenance: Collection of Dr Alexander Fishman, Toronto, Canada. 81

82 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat võitlusstseeniga Akkad, u ekr. Serpentiin, k 3,3 cm. Pitsati stseen kujutab kaht kangelast võitlemas lõvi ja vesipühvliga. Silinderpitsateid kasutati kaitsmaks anumaid, saviümbrikke ja laoruumi ust avamise eest kõrvaliste isikute poolt. Nad tähistasid millegi kuuluvust, legaliseerisid dokumente ja kaitsesid kaupu varguse eest. Päritolu: dr Alexander Fishmani kogu, Toronto, Kanada. 82

83 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (16) Cylinder seal with a contest scene Akkadian, ca BC. Serpentine, height 3.3 cm. The scene depicts two heroes in combat with a lion and a water buffalo. Cylinder seals were used to protect vessels, clay envelopes and storeroom door latches from tampering. They marked ownership, legalized documents and protected goods against theft. Provenance: Collection of Dr Alexander Fishman, Toronto, Canada. 83

84 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat loomade võitlusstseeniga Akkad, u ekr. Marmor, k 2,5 cm. Päritolu: Malter Gallery, USA. 84

85 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (17) Cylinder seal with a contest scene between animals Akkadian, ca BC. Marble, height 2.5 cm. Provenance: Malter Gallery, USA. 85

86 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat religioosse stseeniga Vana-Süüria, u ekr. Hematiit, k 2,1 cm, d 1,1 cm. Leitud aastate teisel poolel Anatooliast (tänapäeva Türgi). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 86

87 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (18) Cylinder seal with a religious scene Syrian, ca BC. Hematite, height 2.1 cm, diameter 1.1 cm. Found in the second half of the 1950 s in Anatolia (modern Turkey). Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 87

88 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat ohvriandide esitlusstseeniga Vana-Anatoolia, u ekr. Must kivi, kõrgus 2,7 cm, d 1,5 cm. Leitud aastate teisel poolel Anatooliast (tänapäeva Türgi). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 88

89 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (19) Cylinder seal with a presentation scene Anatolian, ca BC. Black stone, height 2.7 cm, diameter 1.5 cm. Found in the second half of the 1950 s in Anatolia (modern Turkey). Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 89

90 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat Mitanni, II aastatuhande teine pool ekr. Kirju roosakas kivi, kõrgus 2,7 cm, d 1,4 cm. Leitud aastate teisel poolel Ida-Anatooliast (tänapäeva Türgi) Vani järve piirkonnast. Pitsat esindab nn rikkalikku stiili. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 90

91 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (20) Cylinder seal Mitannian, second half of the 2 nd millennium BC. Mottled pinkish stone, height 2.7 cm, diameter 1.4 cm. Found in the second half of the 1950 s in East-Anatolia (modern Turkey), in the area of Lake Van. The seal represents an example of the Elaborate Style. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 91

92 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat tiivuliste olenditega Uus-Assüüria, sajand ekr. Kollakas-pruun kivi (jaspis?), k 1,7 cm, d 1,6 cm. Leitud aastate teisel poolel Anatooliast (tänapäeva Türgi). Pseudomärgid jäljendavad Uus-Assüüria kiilkirja. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 92

93 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (21) Cylinder seal with winged creatures Neo-Assyrian, 9 th 8 th century BC. Yellowish-brown stone (jasper?), height 1.7 cm, diameter 1.6 cm. Found in the second half of the 1950 s in Anatolia (modern Turkey). Pseudo-characters imitate Neo-Assyrian cuneiform. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 93

94 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat kuningaga Uus-Assüüria, sajand ekr. Must kivi, k 3,1 cm, d 1,3 cm. Leitud aastatel Anatooliast (Türgi). Uus-Assüüria lineaarne stiil, kujutab kuningat karikaga. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 94

95 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (22) Cylinder seal with a King Neo-Assyrian, 9 th 8 th century BC. Black stone, height 3.1 cm, diameter 1.3 cm. Found in the second half of the 1950 s in Anatolia (modern Turkey). Neo-Assyrian linear style, depicting a King with a cup. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 95

96 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat kahe tiivulise olendiga Uus-Assüüria, 7. sajand ekr. Karneool, k 2,7 cm, d 1,2 cm. Leitud ajavahemikul Iraanist Naqs-i Rustamist (Persepolise lähedal). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 96

97 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (23) Cylinder seal with two winged creatures Neo-Assyrian, 7 th century BC. Carnelian, height 2.7 cm, diameter 1.2 cm. Found during the years in Naqs-i Rustam (near the Persepolis), Iran. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 97

98 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Silinderpitsat võitlusstseeniga Uus-Assüüria, 7. sajand ekr. Ahhaat, k 3,4 cm, d 1,1 cm. Kujutab jumaliku kangelase Ninurta võitlust lõvipeaga kotka Anzuga. Leitud ajavahemikul Iraanist Naqs-i Rustamist (Persepolise lähedal). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 98

99 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (24) Cylinder seal with a contest scene Neo-Assyrian, 7 th century BC. Agate, height 3.4 cm, diameter 1.1 cm. The seal depicts a contest between the hero Ninurta and the lion-headed eagle Anzu. Found during the years in Naqs-i Rustam (near the Persepolis), Iran. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 99

100 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust (25) Kiilkirjatahvel Sumer, u ekr. Savi, k 7,3 cm, p 4,5 cm. Üpris suure koguse kulla ja hõbeda jagamist erinevatele isikutele kajastav sumerikeelne ürik (s^u ti-a), võimalik, et pärineb Girsu linnast. Päritolu: dr Alexander Fishmani kogu, Toronto, Kanada. Teksti on sumeri keelest tõlkinud dr Renee Kovacs. 100

101 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (25) 1 2 ½ ma-na kù-babar 2 ½ minas of silver 2 ka-[kù] dates: 3 15 gìn i[gi-x-gál] 15 [+xth] shekels 4 [u]r-dnin-[x-x] Ur-Nin gín kù gi GÁxX 2 shekels of silver (for) x-wood 6 5 gín kù ì- ah 5 shekels of silver (for) pig fat 7 8 gín kù gada 8 shekels of silver (for) linen 8 [x]-zu...zu; 9 [x gín] kù gada x shekels of silver for linen 10 /é/-tur Etur. 11 u-ti-a received Rev 12 inim-kù inimku (is in charge?) 13 8 gín igi-3-gál kù / kù-gi 8 shekels + 1/3 (shekel) silver, gold 14 5 gín EGIR? Kù 5 shekels silver 15 /x/ gín igi-5-gál kù bar-si x shekels + 1/5 (shekel) of silver (for) barsi-textile 16 ur-dnin-me Ur-Ninme; 17 /x/ gín kù gi halub(ha.lu.é ) x shekels of silver (for) halub-wood 18 /é/-zi nagar Ezi, carpenter; 19 [x] gín kù gada x shekels of silver (for) linen 20 ki-ni Kini; 21 2 gín igi-6-gál EGIR? kù 2 shekels + 1/6 (shekel)... silver 22 uru-nam-zu Urunamzu; 23 8 gín kù gada 8 shekels of silver (for) linen 24 x-zu (photo unclear)... zu. LE 25 u-nigin 3 1/3 a (-na-pi) /x/ [x] /x/ kù Total: 3 1/3... silver. Cuneiform tablet Sumerian, ca BC. Clay, height 7.3 cm, length 4.5 cm. This Sumerian document is a receipt (s^u ti-a) of varying, but rather large quantities of gold and silver given to several individuals. May have been found in Girsu. The tablet has some damage to the beginning of the lines of the obverse and reverse, and the left edge, so the amounts are incomplete, and the calculations cannot be verified. Provenance: Collection of Dr Alexander Fishman, Toronto, Canada. Text (translated by Dr Renee Kovacs). 101

102 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kiilkirjatahvel silinderpitsati jäljenditega Sumer, Ur III, 2028 ekr. Savi, k 4,5cm, l 4 cm. Silinderpitsati jäljendilt võib lugeda, et pitsat kuulus kirjutajale Ush-mu le. Päritolu: erakogu, London, Inglismaa. 102

103 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (26) Cuneiform tablet with cylinder seal impressions Sumerian, Ur III, 2028 BC. Clay, height 4.5 cm, length 4 cm. The cylinder seal belonged to Ush-mu, the scribe. Provenance: private collection, London, United Kingdom. 103

104 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Koonuseline nurgapanus kiilkirjatekstiga Sumer, ekr. Savi, k 12,5 cm. Päritolu: erakogu, London, Inglismaa. Tekst (eesti keelde tõlkinud Amar Annus): Ningirsule, võimsale Enlili vägilasele Gudea, Lagaši valitseja, täiusliku asja esile tõi, Eninnu, valge Anzudi, ta ehitas, oma kohale taastas. Gudea oli Lõuna-Mesopotaamia linnriigi Lagaši valitseja. 104

105 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (27) Cuneiform foundation cone Sumerian, BC. Clay, height 12.5 cm. Provenance: private collection, London, United Kingdom. Text: For (the god) Ningirsu, the mighty warrior of Enlil, Gudea, governor of Lagash, a resplendent marvel the Eninnu Temple, Brilliant Lion-Headed Eagle, he (re-)built and restored (to its former condition). Gudea was a ruler, ensi of the city of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia. 105

106 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Tellis asutamist märkiva kiilkirjatekstiga Ur III, kuningas Amar-Suen i valitsusaeg BC. Savi, k 26,5 cm, l 26 cm, s 7,5 cm. Leitud Uri linnast. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Tekst (eesti keelde tõlkinud Amar Annus): Amar-Suen, Enlili poolt Nippuris nimega kutsutud, Enlili koja toetaja, võimas kuningas, Uri kuningas, nelja maailmaääre kuningas, Enkile, oma armastatud isandale, ehitas tema armastatud Abzu. Tekst (tuntud kui raidkiri nr 15) meenutab Enki templi Abzu või E-Abzu püstitamist Eridu linnas kuningas Amar-Suen i poolt. Tekst vajutati tellisesse templiga ja seda on korratud ka tellise ühel küljel. Selle kirjutisega on praegu teada 55 tellist või selle fragmenti, neist 31 Briti muuseumis. 106

107 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (28) Cuneiform foundation brick Sumerian, Ur III, Reign of king Amar-Suen BC. Clay, height 26.5 cm, width 26 cm, depth 7.5 cm. Found in Ur. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. Text: Amar-Suen, the one called by name by the god Enlil in Nippur, supporter of the temple of the god Enlil, mighty king, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, for the god Enki, his beloved lord, built his beloved Abzu for him. The text is dedicated to Amar-Suen, commemorating the building of the Abzu Temple for the god Enki. The Abzu Temple was located in the city Eridu, in far southern Sumer, an ancient cultic center. The inscription was produced with a stamp and repeated on the side of the brick. There are 55 bricks or fragments known with this inscription, 31 of them in the British Museum. 107

108 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kann Hetiidi, Assüüria kaubanduskolooniate periood, u ekr. Keraamika, k 18 cm. Leitud koos votiivsõnni (kat nr 30) ja -ratsanikuga (kat nr 31) aastate teisel poolel Türgist Kültepest (muistne Kaneš). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud näitusel The ancient eastculture Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum is Hildesheimis. 108

109 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (29) Jug Hittite, Assyrian trading colonies period, ca BC. Clay, height 18 cm. Found together with votive figures of a bull (Cat No 30) and a rider (Cat No 31) in the second half of the 1950 s in Kültepe (ancient Kanesh), Turkey. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. The jug has been part of exhibition The ancient east-culture in Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim. 109

110 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Votiivsõnn Süro-hetiidi, Assüüria kaubanduskolooniate periood, u ekr. Savi, k 9,6 cm, p 12,5 cm. Leitud koos kannu (kat nr 29) ja votiivratsanikuga (kat nr 31) aastate teisel poolel Türgist Kültepest (muistne Kaneš). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud näitusel The ancient eastculture Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum is Hildesheimis. 110

111 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (30) Votive figure of a bull Syro-Hittite, Assyrian trading colonies period, ca BC. Clay, height 9.6 cm, lenght 12.5 cm. Found together with jug (Cat No 29) and votive figure of a rider (Cat No 31) in the second half of the 1950 s in Kültepe (ancient Kanesh), Turkey. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. The bull has been part of exhibition The ancient east-culture in Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim. 111

112 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Votiivratsanik Süro-hetiidi, Assüüria kaubanduskolooniate periood, u ekr. Savi, k 12,6 cm, p 8,9 cm. Leitud koos kannu (kat nr 29) ja votiivsõnniga (kat nr 30) aastate teisel poolel Türgist Kültepest (muistne Kaneš). Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud näitusel The ancient eastculture Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum is Hildesheimis. 112

113 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (31) Votive figure of a rider Syro-Hittite, Assyrian trading colonies period, ca BC. Clay, height 12.6 cm, lenght 8.9 cm. Found together with jug (Cat No 29) and votive figure of a bull (Cat No 30) in the second half of the 1950 s in Kültepe (ancient Kanesh), Turkey. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. The rider has been part of exhibition The ancient east-culture in Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim. 113

114 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Alabastron Vahemere idarannik, leitud tõenäoliselt Anatooliast (tänapäeva Türgi), sajand ekr. Klaas, savituumtehnika, k 12,5 cm. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 114

115 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (32) Alabastron East Mediterranean, very likely from Anatolia (modern Turkey), century BC. Core-formed glass, height 12.5 cm. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 115

116 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Tass kitsede kujutisega Aserbaidžaan, ekr. Fajanss, k 8 cm. Päritolu: Jay Glucki kogu, USA. Eksponeeritud Jaapanis ja mujal. Publitseeritud Jay Glucki raamatus A Survey of Persian Handicraft, Teheran,

117 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (33) Cup depicting goats Azerbaijan, ca BC. Faience, height 8 cm. Cup with a scene on either side depicting a pair of horned goats flanking a solar standard with a tree to each side. Provenance: Jay Gluck Collection. The cup has been exhibited in Japan etc. Published in Jay Gluck s book A Survey of Persian Handicraft, Teheran,

118 Vana-Ida muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kauss lõvi ja hirve kujutisega Induse org, Harappa kultuur, u ekr. Keraamika, maaling, d 18 cm, k 10 cm. Päritolu: erakogu, Swaffham, Inglismaa. 118

119 Near-Eastern antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (34) Bowl showing a lion and a deer Indus Valley, Harappan Culture, ca BC. Pottery, painting, diameter 18 cm, height 10 cm. Provenance: private collection, Swaffham, United Kingdom. 119

120 Egiptuse, Vana-Ida, Kreeka ja Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistiseid Pekka Erelti kogust Vana-Kreeka muistised (ill 35 42) Kreeka kultuuri hällideks peetakse Minose (III II aastatuhat ekr) ja Mükeene (II aastatuhande esimene pool ekr) tsivilisatsioone. Umbes 1000 ekr alanud klassikaline ajajärk oli Kreeka kultuuri õitsenguaeg. Aleksander Suure surmaga 323 ekr algas hellenistlik periood, mis lõppes Kreeka langemisega Rooma võimu alla 146 ekr. Kreeka kultuur levis koos kolonistide asutatud linnriikidega Musta mere äärde, Lõuna-Itaaliasse, Väike-Aasiasse jm. Kreeka kultuuriareaali muistised algavad kataloogis ja näitusel Mükeene väikese sõnnikujukesega sajandist ekr ja jõuavad välja peaaegu meie ajaarvamise algusse. 120

121 Egyptian, Near-Eastern, Greek and Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt Greek antiquities (ill 35 42) The Minoan (3 rd 2 nd millennium BC) and Mycenaean (first half of the 2 nd millennium BC) civilizations are regarded as the cradle of the culture of Greece. The Classical Era, which began about 500 BC, was the height of the culture of Greece. The death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Period, which ended when the Romans conquered Greece in 146 BC. Colonists living in city-states spread the culture of Greece to the Black Sea, southern Italy, Asia Minor, and to other places. The antiquities of the Greek culture at the exhibition start with a small Mycenaean figure of a bull, dating back to the 15 th 13 th century BC, and the most recent objects date back almost to the beginning of the 1 st century AD. 121

122 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Votiivsõnn Mükeene, hilise hellaadilise ajajärgu III periood, sajand ekr. Terrakota, maaling, k 8,5, l 11 cm. Leitud aastate teisel poolel Türgist Kültepest. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud näitusel The ancient eastculture Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum is Hildesheimis. 122

123 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (35) Votive figure of a bull Mycenaean, Late Helladic III period, 15 th 13 th century BC. Terracotta, painted, height 8.5 cm, lenght 11 cm. Found in the second half of the 1950 s in Kültepe, Turkey. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. The bull has been part of exhibition The ancient east-culture in Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim. 123

124 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust (36) Friisifragmendid ratsaniku ja greifi kujutisega Väike-Aasia lääneosa, Früügia, Duver, ekr. Terrakota, maalitud, 32 14,5 cm; 19,7 16,6 cm; 16,2 11,3 cm. Need vormi abil valmistatud ja maalitud friisikivid greifi tagaajava ratsanikuga kaunistasid Früügia pealinna Duveri tähtsat munitsipaalhoonet. Ratsanik sümboliseeris tõenäoliselt võimu ja sõjalist jõudu, seevastu greif rikkust kulla kujul. Samalt hoonelt pärit friisifragmendid on paarikümnes muuseumis üle kogu maailma, näiteks Pariisis Louvre is, Birminghami muuseumis, Berliinis, Jeruusalemmas, Ottawas ja Istanbulis. Päritolu: Sotheby s oksjon 1964, London, seejärel erakogus Inglismaal, seejärel Helios Gallery kogus. 124

125 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (36) Architectural tile fragments Western Asia Minor, Phrygia, Duver, BC. Terracotta, painted, cm; cm; cm. Three fragments from a large moulded and painted tile, originating from an important municipal building in the city of Duver which was part of the ancient state of Phrygia. The tile depicts a horse-mounted warrior galloping behind a striding griffin. The horseman was probably a symbol of power and military strength, but the griffin may have represented wealth in the form of gold. Closely related terracotta fragments from the same building are now held by at least 20 major museums including Berlin, Louvre, Istanbul, Jerusalem and Ottawa. Provenance: bought at Sotheby s 1964; in private collection, United Kingdom; acquired from Helios Gallery, Kingsdown, UK. 125

126 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Küprose vaagen Varane rauaaeg, u ekr. Keraamika, maaling, d 25 cm, k 7 cm. Leitud Küproselt Famagusta piirkonnast. Päritolu: ostetud aastal Küproselt Nicosiast, seejärel aastani 2007 erakogus Täbys Rootsis. 126

127 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (37) Cypriot bowl Early Iron Age, BC. Pottery, painting, diameter 25 cm, height 7 cm. Found in the area of Famagusta, Cyprus. Provenance: bought in 1977 from Nicosia, Cyprus; until 2007 in private collection, Täby, Sweden. 127

128 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Korintose alabastron Arhailine ajajärk, sajand ekr. Keraamika, maaling, k 9,7 cm. Leitud Väike-Aasiast Assosest. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 128

129 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (38) Corinthian alabastron Archaic Period, 7 th 6 th century BC. Pottery, painting, height 9.7 cm. Found in Assos, Asia Minor. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 129

130 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Ateena mustafiguuriline skyphos Ateena, hilisarhailine periood, u ekr. Keraamika, maaling, d 20 cm, k 12,7 cm. Leitud vahemikus Itaaliast Taranto piirkonnast. Lancuti grupile omistatud maaling kujutab stseeni gigantomahhiast Athena võitlust gigandiga. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 130

131 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (39) Athenian black-figure skyphos Athens, late Archaic, ca BC. Pottery, painting, diameter 20 cm, height 12.7 cm. Found during the years in the area of Taranto, Italy. The painted scene is described as a Gigantomachy: a battle between Athena and a giant. The painting is attributed to the Lancut Group. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 131

132 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Apuulia punasefiguuriline pateer Klassikalise ajajärgu lõpp, u ekr. Keraamika, maaling, d 38 cm, k 12,5 cm. Leitud vahemikus Itaaliast Taranto piirkonnast. Maaling kujutab tiivulist Erost. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. Eksponeeritud aastatel Villa Hügelis Essenis, aastatel Bad Kreuznachi muuseumis, aastatel Grevenbroichi muuseumis. 132

133 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (40) Apulian red-figure knob-handled patera Late Classical Period, ca BC. Pottery, painting, diameter 38 cm, height 12.5 cm. Found during the years in the area of Taranto, Italy. The painting represents a flying Erote. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. Exhibited during the 1950 s in the Villa Hügel, Essen, during the 1980 s in the Bad Kreuznach Museum, in the Grevenbroich Museum. 133

134 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Pea Hellenistlik periood, sajand ekr. Terrakota, k 7 cm. Leitud Väike-Aasiast Assosest. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 134

135 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (41) Head Hellenistic Period, 2 nd 1 st century BC. Terracotta, height 7 cm. Found in Assos, Asia Minor. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 135

136 Vana-Kreeka muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kosmeetika alus Hellenistlik periood, sajand ekr. Terrakota, d 9,5 cm. Leitud Väike-Aasiast Assosest. Päritolu: Saksa arheoloogi ja arhitekti Udo Schwalmi ( ) kogu, Marl, Saksamaa. 136

137 Greek antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (42) Cosmetic palette Hellenistic Period, 2 nd 1 st century BC. Terracotta, diameter 9.5 cm. Found in Assos, Asia Minor. Provenance: Collection of German archaeologist and architect Udo Schwalm ( ), Marl, Germany. 137

138 Egiptuse, Vana-Ida, Kreeka ja Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistiseid Pekka Erelti kogust Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistised (ill 43 45) Kolumbuse-eelne kunst hõlmab Mehhiko, Kesk- ja Lõuna-Ameerika kunsti ajavahemikul 1800 ekr 1500 pkr. Seega aega enne Euroopa kolonisaatorite saabumist 16. sajandil. Tuntumad kultuurid olid olmeekide, maiade, asteekide, Nazca, Moche, Chimu ja inkade oma. Kolumbuse-eelne ääretult mitmekesine kunst on siin esindatud küll vaid kolme esemega, kuid arvestades selle maailmajao kultuuri tähtsust, on oluline kas või mõne näite olemasolu. Nendeks on maiade ja Moche keraamika ja mask I aastatuhandest pkr. 138

139 Egyptian, Near-Eastern, Greek and Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt Pre-Columbian antiquities (ill 43 45) Pre-Columbian art includes art from Mexico, Central America, and South America from the period 1800 BC to 1500 AD - thus from the time before European colonists arrived in the 16 th century. The most well-known cultures were those of the Olmecs, the Mayas, the Aztecs, the Nazcas, the Moches, the Chimús and the Incas. Only three objects from the extremely diverse Pre-Columbian art are displayed at the exhibition but, considering the importance of the culture of the continent, it is essential to have at least a few examples. The exhibited objects are Mayan and Mochican pottery and a mask dating back to the 1 st millennium AD. 139

140 Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Ehismask Peruu, Moche, u sajand pkr. Vasesulam/kuld, k 18,7 cm, l 18,7 cm. See poolkuu kujulise peakattega mask on leitud Peruust, võimalik et muistselt Loma Negra kalmistult, mis asub Piura orus Cerro Vicúse lähedal. Päritolu: erakogu, Upminster, Inglismaa. 140

141 Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (43) Ornamental mask Peru, Moche, ca 1 st 3 rd century AD. Copper alloy/gilded gold, height 18.7 cm, width 18.7 cm. A mask with a crescent-shaped headdress, probably the principal identifying ornament of a high-rank investiture. This mask was reportedly found at Loma Negra, an ancient cemetery near Cerro Vicús in the Piura Valley of Peru. Provenance: private collection, Upminster, England. 141

142 Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Tseremoniaaltaldrik Peruu, Moche, u pkr. Keraamika, maaling, d 32,5 cm, k 17,5 cm. Maalingul on kujutatud chasqui d (jooksjad), kes kannavad väikeseid kotte kaubaga. Päritolu: erakogu, Upminster, Inglismaa. 142

143 Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (44) Ceremonial plate Peru, Moche, ca AD. Pottery, painting, diameter 32.5 cm, height 17.5 cm. Inside of the plate there are Chasquis (runners) which are all shown running and transporting a small bag with goods. Provenance: private collection, Upminster, England. 143

144 Kolumbuse-eelsete kultuuride muistised Pekka Erelti kogust Kolmjalgtaldrik hirvega Maia, klassikaline periood, pkr. Keraamika, maaling, d 24,1 cm. Oma kiiruse ja väleduse tõttu oli just hirv metafoor maia jahimeestele ja sõdalastele. Päritolu: erakogu, New Jersey, USA. 144

145 Pre-Columbian antiquities from the collection of Pekka Erelt (45) Tripod plate showing a deer Maya, Classic Period, AD. Pottery, painting, diameter 24.1 cm. Deer were complicated symbols that served as an animal metaphor for the hunter and warrior due to their speed and agility. Provenance: private collection, New York, USA. 145

146 146 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust

147 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection 147

148 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Pegasosel ratsutav Bellerophontes tapab Athena ja Apolloni toetusel Chimaira. Kd 1, ill

149 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (1) Bellerophon riding on Pegasus, supported by Athena and Apollo, slays Chimaira. Vol 1, ill

150 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Philanoe ettevalmistamine pulmadeks Bellerophontesega. Kd 1, ill

151 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (2) Philanoe is prepared for her wedding with Bellerophon. Vol 1, ill

152 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Amatsoon takistab oma kaaslast, kes tahab kreeka sõdalast odaga läbi torgata. Kd 2, ill

153 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (3) Amazon holds back her companion, who is about to slay a Greek warrior. Vol 2, ill

154 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Kassandra saab Thymbra templis Apollonilt tuleviku ennustamise võime. Kd 2, ill

155 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (4) Cassandra receives from Apollo the ability to prophesy the future in the temple of Thymbra. Vol 2, ill

156 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Athena valab Heraklesele jumalate hulka vastuvõtmise puhul jooki. Kd 2, ill

157 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (5) Athena pours a drink for Hercules, as he has been accepted among the gods. Vol 2, ill

158 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Zeus röövib neitsiliku Hera ja viib Boiootiasse. Kd 3, ill

159 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (6) Zeus abducts the virgin Hera and carries her to Boeotia. Vol 3, ill

160 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Jumalatele laulev ja lüürat mängiv Apollon. Kd 3, ill

161 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (7) Apollo singing and playing a lyre to please the gods. Vol 3, ill

162 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Kreeklased pärast lõppenud pidusööki. Kd 3, ill

163 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (8) Greeks after the Symposium. Vol 3, ill

164 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Olümpiavõitjate Opouse Ephaimostose ja Lampomaktose kohtumine. Kd 3, ill

165 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (9) The meeting of Olympic champions Ephaimostos from Opous and Lampomaktos. Vol 3, ill

166 Joonistusi raamatule Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Napoli, ) ühest Eesti erakogust Kreeka kangelaste kahevõitlus. Kd 4, ill

167 Drawings for the book Collection of engravings from Ancient Vases... (Naples, ) from an Estonian private collection (10) Duel of Greek heroes. Vol 4, ill

168 Kirjandus/Bibliography 200 aastat Tartu Ülikooli Kunstimuuseumi (Tartu), Dorpat-Yuryev-Tartu and Voronezh: the Fate of the University Collection I (Tartu), Johannes Mikkeli kunstikogu (Tallinn), Mon Faible ist ajaloomuuseumiks. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum. Töid ajaloo alalt. Nr 4 (Tallinn), Stadnikov, S., Vana-Egiptuse kultuurilugu (Tallinn), Jahre Glaskunst (Luzern), Alp, S., Zylinder- und Stempelsiegel aus Karahöyük bei Konya (Ankara), Andrews, C., Amulets of ancient Egypt (London), Von Beckerath, J., Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten (Mainz), Collon, D., First Impressions (London), Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &C., in the British Museum. Part XXI (London), D Auria, S., Lacovara, P., Roehrig, C. H., Mummies & Magic (Boston), Erkanal, A., Die in Anatolien vorkommenden altsyrischen Siegel und Siegelabdrucke (Ankara), Gluck, J., A Survey of Persian Handicraft (Teheran), Hogarth, D. G., Hittite Seals (Oxford), Jakob-Rost, L., Die Stempelsiegel im Vorderasiatischen Museum (Mainz), Keel, O., Uehlinger, Ch., Altorientalische Miniaturkunst (Mainz am Rhein), Keel-Leu, H., Teissier, B., Die vorderasiatischen Rollsiegel der Sammlungen Bibel+Orient der Universität Freiburg Schweiz (Freiburg), Newberry, P. E., Scarabs (London), Petrie, W. M. F., Naqada and Ballas (London), Petrie, W. M. F., Scarabs and Cylinders with Names (London), Petrie, W. M. F., Prehistoric Egypt (London), Ranke, H., Die Ägyptischen Personennamen I (Glückstadt), Rasmussen, T., Spivey, N., Looking at Greek Vases (Cambridge), Trendall, A. D., Red Figure Vases of South Italy and Sicily (London), Ward, W. H., The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia (Washington), Willockx, S., The cartouche names of the New Kingdom (2008: 168

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