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1 ! "#!$% &'!%%( )* +,)%%%,-.,%%/0,"!

2 * 1#!"#$ %&'( )* +#&&, -. -/ $01 %& +#&&, /)/ -/ $ #%& 2#&&, /) -))- -/ $ -/

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4 -;/ )/> / > // /0// - > / / ) /> / = -/ -? / -) % $- -. -/ - % / ) -4($0 /0-7 )--- -) 0 - /-%A ) / - - % - / - - // 0 / /0 % ; ;) - / % -/ - ) /8 % // )-;.- $/ - ;.- ).- ) - #&&"% - = - ).- ) - - / - / / ) %-) /-- / 0 ) 0-- / %A// ) - /-- ' - )* / 0 /-)-7 % #% ( - $. --). / % -

5 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* 0-./ ;/ =0 )- - ) #&&"% / ) - / -/ -) 0- -/-. -/ )% /0 / )--) / %$ ) 0 / - ) / -- - /- - 0 / // 0- - / / / - /% - -/-/- - ) - / ) -. - / - ) %5. -? /%@ )0 / -?. )- -/ 0-- / / / -) /) ' - / *)/ - ) % 5 // 0 )- ) -% -- / - / / % -. 0) / %4 // / ;/- - % A- / ) /7%$ - / - /%-

6 / ) )- - ;/ 0 / ;--/ / %-) / //- - ) / -) % - -/- - ' *0)--- / - ) %@ )0- - ) - 7 >) - / 0)/ % 0 / % 50- /- /--; / ) - / ) - ) % 2 ;0 ) / / ; ) -4($0 / /%@ )0 - - ) / / ) % 0 ) ). -/-/--/ % $ -) /)-)/ ) ; - )0 /) /% -) / -/0 - / 7 )-- )% 0 - / /. 0 /-.;- / -' *0-- / %

7 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* # %./ %# $2). ; # %!! %B B! " # #% A C #%# ;/ D #%! -4($, $ %& '!% 2/-$ /!%# -1/! ( )" %& # # * + C% 1(, C%# 2 / #, " -.- $ D% / - #! D%# / ; - #D / -." ) + "% - /)/ #, "%# - // #E "%! / )/!! +.- $/ 0 1.! -- ( E% B E%# BB ' (/ &% - B" &%# - // BE &%! BE. #

8 2 &%&" %& # 23 &&)" %& #( &31) 1! 2 ##

9 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* 2 $ ). )0)/ --/ / / %( - ---/ -<1/ %- =. )-- / / ;>- )0- ) -@ /-; ;22 % $ //0 )-/ ; 0-- ) / - / % 7 -- )- / / / %- ) - / )- / / / /- - %@ )0 / /0 / 0- / --?- - % % $ - / 0 -A ;'A*%-A #&& / / - /. - / C&& %-A - 0)- '%/% *0/ )--<1/ / ) ' ) - 4 ( / $- 6 A / ( '4($ A(**%@ )0 - / - -A% 0- - //- - ) 0 / / /0)-- )- - - ) / <14; % /;)--A//--/ ;/. /- / 7 /)--/ -%

10 '455*#&&&0)--8 9!!!" #: -7 0 ) ) 0)-- / / - /% $! -5 #####& ). 6 - // '* %- 0 /0) -/ >- )0 - ; ) / -. ) // ; - ) F G%- ) / =- ; 0)-- //7 --. )- - - ) '$$*% H - $/F G-.- - / - / - ; ) / %6/ -- /)-.- 0/ % )0/ ).- - /)-<1 -). - 0)--)- ' E,,* 89%%% " $ #%&'(!!)!! %: #

11 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* /- - ).% - - 5/ A / - 0)--00= -5// % - ; ) 0 - / - 0 % - -) / /. - / - ) - /0 ) - ) 0 / -.- %-/ --- ) 8 % // )- ;.- )- - /. / -)/ - /%-. - / %- - -).).- ).- 0- #&&"% #% $ I-6 ).- 4 #&&"0 / )/ - 0)--. / %-) )// )0 / - /0 / /% $ %$- / )-- $/#&&&0- / / - 0./ -;/ =/-%- - - /-- - -)-) 0 / / % / -- / // -/ 6-7 // %!

12 A ;) -<1 0)-- - -<1/ $ /$- '<1$$*% / ( 0 - / ) / /%2 0-7 )-- - -) 0 - /- % $ /-.- ( - /- - % - )/)-- - /) -/- ) -/ -% $7 5 # )% # -)-- = - / / %-0!0- / % 7 - )--- / 0 -- ).- ' B*%- 8 /- / / 0- -/- ' C*> $ - -/ - ' D*> / ) 0/- - ' "*> ( / /0 -)/ ',*> / / /. ' E*% ) - / /0 &% B

13 !"#$ 3 #%&'(*! 8##!$ 8## - / / 0 / /0 0 ; ; 0 % 2 - = 0 / )- - /- ) ) ' * /% ) / / 0 / -- )----./ /% - = ;/ ) - - / - ; -;/% - #&& ) ' ) * - ) /- EC&) - )A (//A /%$ / // -) - - % - //- - )- - ).//% 5 0 )/ - )---) 0 - ) - 07/-./ 94 : % 5 -/ - ;';/*0. C&& -;/) % - / ) ) ) -I ;)6 #&&%- /; -/ / % ( / ) -/- 7 0). /-- )- %- )-0// 0 )-) % / ) / - - ) C

14 % - / - / ) ; - -7 )/ %! -.! ". ''5 -/ ; )0 / 83/ 0 0IA6 0-0/00 ) % ' /)*.//% 0/ / 0./ %-) // - 3 /0 #&& % - - = ;/)% (''5 -/ /?B&&0-= )--) / / - - E,&%@ )0 -. #&&-) ' *% - - ) / ;-0 /. - EC&%-- - )-- )- / / =% H ; 70-0/0%-./-) 0 / I6' 3* % 6 - )- % - 7@/-$'@$* %< / #&&%-/' ) * ) - 3 -/% / I6- - / /%$- )@$0/ #&& ' *%!$! 6# - / A ;'A*) / - E,& // - )0 ) D

15 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* -) 0 %- / ) E,! - =/ % 5- EE&0) 'A $*) %- A) #&&')- /* / -/.. )-C&& %- -- ) - )- / /) %$I 60)- 0) <14; EED -/ C&& - A $ % - A $ - ; /- EE, -% $ -A '/ - * /- %- --.%< #&&D0/ - #&& / -C&/ '; 7 #!E*% ) ; C&/%$ / 0 / )- / #!&/ )- #D&/7 #!E% A./- 8./-) - )- ).0 )/ -?-> #&& /)- > #&& / -#!&/7 #!E> / /0 )/ // - - % $ - 0)---/ /0- = /-; /- -A $%$ - - / 70. ) I7?60)-- 7? - /- % ; ?- %$- - /--. "

16 .-) ;% - //- - 7/ / ) / / % / )-- - A $ )- 8 *! 0)--- / /- C&& >!!+ 0)-- -- )/ 0/ -.>, 0)-- ) -)-- I7?6) -/ /- 7 >! "! )- -)0 )--- - / -- /- -.% $; -A'A *) /- EE&)--./ ).// #&& 0)-- - ) / )0A / )/ - / 7% ;/ - A ; - / - /) /- -70 // ) %!$ 9*## 6 -/ K -- -K-;//% 2 0- ) / )-- ) //@)( % -) / ) 0.)- -4($%2 0 - )0 - )- - 4($ '/ = /* & CL - /0)-/- ( -@)%,

17 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* -/ <1$$/- - )% I -6 ) '@5A* - - )- - - %- -) 0 - )'%/% - )-/ */ -% )-) 8 A)- / 0)-- ; / /0 / / -0/0 7 -% /) -/ ; -@)0 / ; I 6 ')0 / 0 0 %* I ?/ ;*%-)-#&& )- - ) - - % $( - %5.-/- -' * 0)--.#&&/ %;/.) / ; 0 / 0 / %)/)'0)0/ / *%-= ( - ) % E

18 4 # $ / - 0 / D#&&"%- = - ).- ) / / )%-) /-- / 0 ) 0-- / % - $;$%-)- / 8 / )- )) / /-- = > '/ *)- ) -.- > 0)- ). - -).- 07% 5 / - ;; / / ) F#G% - / %5 -. // // - ).- % $ - ).- ) / / )/- -) # % $ - ) - ' )* / 0 /- )-7 %- -) - ).- -) ) % $ F!G -. -) 0) ).- % # -8JJ)))%% J.- J J &

19 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* - ).- - ))) /- - -).- % ) / 0 )8'* - - / -/ )'!% *>'* -. /- - )-) '!%#*%-. - )-. 7/ - % $ &#### -5 # % -) //- 7 &2.7..%%5) /- 6 )-- / - 4($ / 0 / )- - - / % - ' / /) / * 4($-/ )- ) -/ - % #% $- 0&.-..! 0 - )-- - /- / ) )--; / 0-0- %@ )0/)'/* -4($ -/ - -4($6 / ).>%%-/-% -00 ;/ //- / - - /- /%!% - - ) -.. & 8.&9 ''' 5 %- - = -/ 0-/ - %$..-2&&&-:..; -) -#&#&-.7 -/) 0 / 7 0 )--

20 - -/ -? )- - /- %5-0 / - -/ /% B% $/ -./ 0 ) / - &! - - K = / / )) ) % - -- / ) -.-.&< = ;/) %$- - /' EEE*/ )0 - ) - ' - *// - 0 / -? )-./ % - $/ ). 0 - )./. % / / 0 ) -/- 7 0 =.- >? &7 -&<%% C% ) /% --7- = 6) ) 0-).- 0) / - )0- - / -% 5) // - & &... - & & -. &- % ) / - /0- ; /0 - - / 0- -/ ) % D% 5 / / /0 - ) )--- /- A9 '- - -)*%5-) / /% 5 0- /;/ / - - ))/% - / / / 7) #

21 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* 0- -/ -))0--- -) % $! -:### )- / 0 )0 - - /0/ - - /- 0-/ ? % // )) )-/ &&6 /' )- A6 H *% - )- / - / / ) 0 )- - 4($6// #&B&% 5 / / K K -. - %-) / - / )- % /- ' - / *8 o - > > o > o / > o 4 ')* - > o > o 2; )> o //> - > o ; )-- - / - )) ) %!

22 5 0 - /// ) ). -- %5-0 / - ///)- - % 5) - - ; - /- - ).- / / )-.- % B

23 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* 7-5 #55# ##8 4# 5 2 )/- )-.- /0-; = -). / - - = - %$ - -- ) =).- -+#&&"% / ) - ).-).- 0./.- --/- % -- / - - ' "*% /0 /- )- -./ ; =0 - - ).- 0)--)-- / #"#,4 #&&"%- = -).- ) - / - / 0./ / % - ).- $;%5 0/-A = 0- ) <1$$-4($0) A 0 ) )./ %$ ( 4 50 % - $/ - $/ % - / ) % $) -'5/-* - /4-5'1M4* ;-).- %$- /- 0(5/- - /0 / - % -4554($A() 0) % 5/- -).- 0) -- / ;./ / - / %5 - ;8 -;/ )/> / )> C

24 // /0// - > / / ) /> / = -/ -? / -) % $/-./ 0 ) )-- /) - )- /% / / / =/% - - /- / -/) /-. -/ )% 5 - ).- -. =- 8 - ) 0/- > - - /> - / /. /-- /> --/ ; /0 / -./- % - -).- )/ - - =% - ) -./ 0 ) / -. - ) - - / /% 5 0 ) / - / --/- /%$ -)/ / / J) 0 / /% -= - -).- ) )-/ // - / / 0 - )/./ - - D

25 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* / /% ) / - )-//- )-- -) % )%5 -- -) /-)-// -.- // % "

26 0 :*;# ##5 # 0$ :*;# - - / /) % 20- I / / - ) / ; 0 / / I. 60I 6 I -) 6% - ) ) /)-- %@0/ - - = -/ '* - ' /)-- -/*// -. =% 5 / - = I6 - ) - / / 0 ).- - )/ % 5.-/7 --) / / - % $ //-- 0-#&#&0 9 : - )-- #&&&% $ ) %50 -) -/$$ 7 / /- / % / /-- -; 0 // %@0&-.%&&7,

27 !"#$ 3 #%&'(*.. / /0 -.- % 5 )--/)- -/-- - )-- #&#& %2 ; 0 / ).- /0 )-- - ) -/. % --) / = ) -0 /)-455- $/% 5 -/. - /-- ) 0) -) / - /% / ) -? -). ) ' - -/ / 7* - -? )./ % &&-& ) )./ / /0.0) /% 2 / / 0./ / 0. -&.. / 7 /0 / / % - ) 0 7 ).0 -. // / % 5 0 ) -. )- - ) / -- - % 0 - )0 - )/-- ; - ) - / - -. / /)/-%- - C%#% $- / -- / /- -&.7 E

28 &--8% H--4($6 7- ) / -<1;0 &%2 4($60- ) 8 % $ ---4($ / 0 )- /0 )-- - = = / -/- / %A---. /-) ) 0 /0 -; )--/ '- /* / - ) - -4($ %. - / / ) 0 - ) / 0 0 0)- /-%@ --- )7/ /. - % / - / )- / - % 50 / )7 0 0 ; %- &.%-- / - /- / 0)-- ) ) % $ - /-/-/ ;-. /- ) / - /0--)/ % - ).- / - /- /- / #&

29 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* % -- /)-; 0 )-- - / / % 4 = )-.- / -/ %@ )0 -/ /)-) - - / - ) ) //0-/ - - /0 ).- - ). )% 0) -.- ).- - -) / -- &. -.-&&-%@ )- 0 -// % 0$! &# # ( - )- / - /-/ ) / % $ -.- ).- '!*0 -/ / / )) ) %50 - ) / $$ / 0 -) / --0- /-- I 6 % $/0. 0- / /% % $ /- I 6 -).- ) / - )%@ )0 '%/% #

30 /*)- )- )/ /0. % -- / )-- - /- - )./ / / /// /%$ /0 /// -)0 )0 ; = ; > - ) ).- % &.! ) 0 / / / /%- )/ - // / /8 o - /0 0 % / 0 ) > o )-) - / / > o ')-7* ) /7'%/% *> o - ) -7 - % 5 0).- - / -);- /%-8 ( / -/ %A-/ " /7% -.& ?J.. % -.&- )- -) % ##

31 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* / 8# # *; 5 5 -// 0- ; ; / 0 I6 )- - % - / ;/ ) #%@ )0 / / / 0) ) - - -% /$ ### ( -- ).- - )/. ) / / / / %!! -/ #&&0) : ' - /- /?*%- / 0 /. - EC&%- =; )0 /; -- )% - -3/ 0 0IA6 0-0/00 ) % '/)*.//%0- ) // - 3 /0 - /- //)- /% - K -#!&/ '- A $*% 5 /0 ) 7 -/0- /-/ )- $#B )- 0 -/- / ; % #&& / 0 )-- -./ % ; - / )- -/ % #!

32 - )- -/ % - ) -% - 7@/-$'@$*%< / #&& %-/' ) * /0 ))--3-/%- ; B0&&&- /)- / B0&&&% 5 /0@$-./ I6- - / /%$ - )@$0/ #&&%@ )0 - - /-/)/ % 2- K )--/- / % - / )- ) )-- ;. / /%. -% / ) )- 7 ' #*0 / - / 0 / B&& ' )-- -. #&& * I?6#&& '%% / -A $ *%0-/ - -? ) /% - C"&I6 0- )--- / ; -0 /. - EC&%-= - )- / #&& %-- /? # ; ;&%C -//-/ B;!;D% - )/- &&&&./% #B

33 !"#$ 3 #%&'(*. - - )- - )- / / =%H ; 7 0-0/0 %-./-) 0 / I6 ' 3* % 7 0 % -./?0)- / % -)-- )-> 0-7). )0 - - % " - ) ) ) %@ )0 -- // J % " -/ =/ ;/) 0 / -/-.).0 / %5-- = -) // A0--%$/0-0; --) / --0 / - 0) I 60)-- / 0)-- /- % -/ / J0 - -) / --%5. - ) 0 / - %4-0)- - )0- /-) / -- /% #C

34 # -/ )/ )--#&& - -) %$/0- )0- /0 / // /-)% -) ; 0./ $$ / - - ) -/% /$! #6 ## / ; - ) /%--)---)) 7 '-)- -A $ * -- ) ) % $!! -/ )- -A $ % -) ' *..C&&0/ ;% ) / 0 / / 0 )- 7/)./%-; - -/ )./0 0. )- - / - //%4-0 )-- / - / I)6 ) /-% - / )./ / % - 8 #D

35 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* / ' ;!&& *> B&& // 0 / - /' ; #&& *> =#&& -A $ 0 -/ --- // > # // 7? -A $ 0 % =/ -) / /%5/ 0 ; -)./0 --).% %&# - '/ ) 7? - A $ * ' ; #& *%5=/-I )6-0- -) - - = -6% #"

36 5 8# -5 # $ ;# $ - ) - )--A = FBG%- /) - )0 )- ) - - % -C! - / -) - FBG- )// 8 $7 - ; - /? - / ( - / - - / /( - /' ($7 * - / 5 ;- / 5 - / -- / / / 0 )- / %$ ) / ')- * ;/- )-- / 0 /% - /0 ) ) % -).0 )/-.- ).- 0 = ).- +#&&"FCG%$ / ) )0)-- #,

37 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* - /) -).- /-/- / 0 - -% - ) - - /-- ). - - ; / %1 -. J - )-% - /) -- - / - - ) /-0 )- - - /% = ) % $ - ) 0#B- /) - / / >#E)-. ) - 0 )%-#B-) 0-) - J -.- / / ) -) / /- - % $! # # $ ) -.- ) /% - -7 / - )0 / -%-- - /- )- / -/ )/ % $ - -/;)- - ).- FDG% )/ -) )-- /- 02/"% % - )- - )/ I6 ) I6/) /- )-- 0)- ;)-- )- / / '%/% 9- :* / ) %-- / ; / )--// %$ / ) - / - ; /% #E

38 PCM BPEO ENVISAGED OVERALL PROCESS Waste generation Future PCM waste Current PCM Waste Consignors Sort / segregation / decontamination A Y Sort / Segregate / Size reduce / decontaminate? N Or Sort / Segregate / Size reduce / decontaminate A Or De-classified waste / LLW Thermal Process B Or Or Y Immobilisation or Stabilisation? Stabilisation D Immobilisation waste E N Supercompaction C Or Storage Repository A B C D E 5. Disassembly 6.Manual disassembly 7. Static disassembly 8. Cryogenic crushing 9. Shredding 12. Blasting 13. CO2 blasting 15. Mechanical scabbling 19. Liquid jetting 20. Ultrasonic cleaning 25. Incineration 26. Microwave 27. Oxidation 28. Plasma 30. Vitrification 31. I.C.Vitrification 32. Plastic melting 33. Pyrolysis 10. Supercompaction 11. Supercompaction with plastic melting 48. HIPing 49. Fogging / Dipping 36. Blended Portland cement 37. Calcium Aluminate cement 38. Calcium Sulfoaluminate cement 39. Alkali activated slag cement 42. Bitumen 43. Organic polymers 44. Polymer modified cement 6-/B6&.&.! )!&

39 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* -- ).- 0)/- -/0 - K - /. FCG K) % )/ ) /8 $? -7 /. - /%2 / % - ;)- '%/% / / - /*//-. % H-- / /0 ) / - - &8 ))-7% - / ) 7 / // -)%.) %5 0 0)--. %- // -<$% -- -'-H * -.0)-- 7 -/-. - ) /) )%-@A % --<4 ) 0 %. 2 - ). / -% $/0 - ) 7 /// -)% - / & - % / -/ %$-0-/-!

40 )/-% 5)/- - )- / / % ) - - / /- % -/ %5)/-) // 0 )--- / % - / - %</-/ - 2/"% 0- )8 < '-/0-/* ) 3 & - 1!#

41 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* $ 55 # # # - / - )/ I6 - / ' D% * / -%-)- /- - )/ % / - /2/"% 0 / -)/ % - / )- ; ))-- '%%/ (2/ *) ) -7%5) - - 4;6-0 A./ /0 ) 0--- ) / -% $ -/ -)/ )- )%!! #&& %5))--- 2/"%#% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form 200l Drums Feed to Process Incineration Pyrolysis Plasma Vitrification Supercompaction Cement/ Polymer Immobilisation Output 6-/B.. ''!!

42 /-/ %5))--- 2/"%!% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form Filters Plasma Vitrification Disassembly Feed to Process Supercompaction Cement/ Polymer Immobilisation Output 6-/B$..!. $ ' D% *0 )-/ - ' )*% - - ) )-/ ) % -2/"%B% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form Crates Disassembly Following Disassembly, Contents Treated as for Future Waste Streams 6-/B(..!!B

43 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* " 5 2/"%C% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form Feed to Process Vitrification Plasma Supercompaction Future Plant and Process Equipment Cement/ Polymer Immobilisation Output 6-/B#... " 5 2/"%D% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form Future Spoil and Rubble Plasma Vitrification Cement/ Polymer Immobilisation Output 6-/B,...C!C

44 5 2/"%"% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form Disassembly Wet Decontam. Dry Decontam. Plasma Future Structural Steel Cement/ Polymer Immobilisation Output 6-/B/... # 5 2/"%,% Initial Waste Form Pre-treatment Processes Thermal Processes Supercompaction Immobilisation Final Waste Form Future Soft Wastes Feed to Process Incineration Pyrolysis Plasma Vitrification Supercompaction Cement/ Polymer Immobilisation Output 6-/B+...!D

45 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* ( *; 5 # - / / - - )/ 0 - / 0 /-% ) / - - )-- 9/ -: ) / % - // -)- I6 // ' C% *%- - / / /0 )-- - )/-/ ; -A 2 ) - // ; ) 0)/ - 2 -) -. ). 2 -/ ; ) /- / =0 ) -) / )0 )/ - I 6 ' "%!*% ) ; - - % )/ ) - - ).- 0) - / )%!"

46 ) K4. -.) -.=/ - -) 0)- /' J? * - -% #&& 2 )- 0 2J 2 J 2?0 2 ) ) K; - - -/-/-/ =/ -/-/-' * - -) 0/)- /7 - -% #&&? J 2 J ' * 2 2 ) ) $K ) - / -/ -./; - / / 0 / A $0 / ; ;/ % #&& 0 2 #&& 0 0 )-0 2J 0 )- 2 J 2?0 2 ) 0!,

47 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* ) (K ) 0/ - - -!0)-- - ) -; /0)--% #&& 0 2 #&& 0 0 )-0 2J 0 )- 2 J 2 )- 2 ) 0 ) #K -) 5- ) - - )0--) )- - / -)0-- / -;/A $ % - )- % #&& J 2 J 2 )- 2 ) 0 0 ),K ; - C0)- / % #&& J 2 J 2?0 2 ) 0 0!E

48 ) /K ) 0 - -/ )-% #&& )-0 2J 2 J 2?0 2 ) / = - / - / ;-.%A--); 0- )0) % -0 ; 0-/ / ; - / - /0 )/ ) % $ / #%.)0/ - /. / %$0 - / )- - / - B'%% )- -/ *0 #'// *0/ -; )-- / % - )-. ) - -K /-. ' E*% B&

49 !"#$ 3 #%&'(* < ; # $ - $( $'$($* ).0)-- / % / % ; / -- )- ) I /6 /0 )- / / % ; )-- ) % )--; ) % (, $($ -) - - ) ) - / / %5)/-- ).- -- ) 70 / - /- ). )- / % <$ 3-####'# ) / ' C% *% / / - = /.- 0 )% - - -/ / ) % % % / - ) ;/)) % B

50 .&<% -; )-- - / -- -? )- - %50 / ) -? -). )' --//7* - -? )./ % % / - '/ *./ - /-- % $--/ / )--. - $/4($A(% ! -..7 % / / - = /- = 0./ /0 )-/0 % % -; )--- -/ - )-- ) ')- 7 / *%.% - - -/ ) 0 / / /0 / / % / )- -. = - 0)--) -- /% % / / - = /- )- / -% ) % -; )-- - %$ ) -0) )- 7// - % B#

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53 Options 1 Direct encapsulation of all PCM 2 High-energy thermal treatment for all PCM with possible recovery of contaminated steels 3 Extended / enhanced application of WTC principles for all PCM 4 Extended / enhanced application of WTC principles with recovery of steels where possible 5 Incineration & compaction of soft wastes, high-energy thermal treatment or encapsulation for others, steel recovery 6 Incineration & compaction of soft wastes, high-energy thermal treatment or encapsulation for others 7 Incineration & compaction of soft wastes, direct encapsulation for others Acceptable rate of risk reduction Quick route through process Additional planning and R&D required Uncertain time to implementation (7-8yrs) Throughput in operation Potential for implementation within 2020 timescale Potential for implementation within 2020 timescale Risks also reduced by decontamination R&D on acceptability of final wasteform Time to implementation more than one plant required Direct process if highenergy treatment used Good for drummed waste Slow for some other waste forms Disassembly of crates supports risk reduction Faster immobilisation of crate waste than [6] Otherwise same as [6]!"#$ 3 #%&'(* Health and Safety Environment Practicability Socio-economic Costs Avoid implementation hazards Minimal intrusion into raw waste packages Control of pathways Moving machinery Fail-safe designs and controls, with strong conventional safety record Control and containment of both heat and radionuclides Hazards understood from experience Good criticality control Supercompaction -> squeezate Moving machinery Hazards understood from experience Airborne hazard with steel decontamination; hard to engineer out High temperature process Dust from incineration and decontamination Compactor operation Heavy machinery Same risks as [5], but without steels decontamination Minimal intrinsic risk associated with encapsulation High incineration temperatures Dust controls Radionuclide traceability and accountancy Batch process; radionuclides remain with PCM Accountancy & assay for final disposal more difficult due to 23 nuclides etc. Batch process However, not necessarily contained within original envelope - > Pu can move to other elements of the system Batch process; radionuclides remain with PCM Accountancy & assay for final disposal more difficult due to 23 nuclides etc. Batch processes Accountancy & assay for final disposal more difficult due to 23 nuclides etc. No major issues with decontamination Incineration involves movement of particulates, off gas etc. Other disadvantages as for [2] Batch process Disadvantages as for [5] and [2] More encapsulation -> better tracking Otherwise disadvantages as for [5] Minimising offsite impact One facility No secondary waste or off gas Ambient temperature process Large number of waste containers and encapsulant One facility for all waste; small footprint Energy use Secondary waste salt Replacement of filters and refractory components (if used) filters can be fed into plant Greater volume reduction direct encapsulation means lower resource demand No secondary waste or off gas Encapsulant production Squeezate management Volume reduction from decontamination and downclassification Potential for recycling Dust management and potential for liquid effluent (if wet decontamination) Energy use and encapsulation materials More plants land and other resource use Off gas from incineration Replacement of filters & refractory components Volume reduction Significant (at least 2x) increase in volume Significant volume reduction, especially for organics (c. 90%) Volume reduction of compressible waste (c. 50%) Volume increase for wastes requiring direct encapsulation Volume reduction of compressible waste (c.50%) Volume reduction from decontamination Volume increase for wastes requiring direct encapsulation Volume reduction of most wastes Some volume increase due to direct encapsulation, but overall better than [3] As for [5] Volume reduction for most wastes Disadvantages as for [5] No steels decontamination Less encapsulation required, leading to a volume reduction Encapsulation means no secondary waste Incineration and associated factors Slightly worse than [6], owing to encapsulation rather than high temperature thermal treatment of crates, plant components etc. Confidence in product PVC, organics and voids are all sources of uncertainty in the quality of the resulting product Potential to develop better optimised encapsulant (e.g. polymer-based) for PVC? No organics Reasonably homogeneous product Metal/glass product separation Uncertainty in uniformity as untested for ILW case to be made but opportunity to learn from e.g. Swiss experience Have letter of comfort for some PCM wastes Voids diminished compared with direct encapsulation Issue of integrity in storage (e.g. degradation of PVC and organics) Voids remaining for some wastes Have letter of comfort for some PCM wastes Voids diminished compared with direct encapsulation Issue of integrity in storage (e.g. degradation of PVC and organics) Voids remaining for some wastes Eliminates organics and PVC Decontamination of metals Demonstrating encapsulation for ash phase from incineration Eliminates organics and PVC Demonstrating encapsulation for ash phase from incineration No decontamination of steels PVC, organics and voids are all sources of uncertainty in the quality of the resulting product from direct encapsulation Eliminates organics and PVC for soft wastes improvement over WTC waste product Ease of decommissioning Simple plant with no major technical challenges Comparatively easy to keep clean Complex equipment, including the off gas and other systems Potential refractory entrapment of Pu in treatment plant Possible amelioration of entrapment through incontainer vitrification or cold crucible treatment processes Complex machinery operated within a glove box environment, but not as complex as [2] Potential for oil contamination Complex machinery operated within a glove box environment, but not as complex as [2] Potential for oil contaminations Requires additional decommissioning of the decontamination facility More treatment plants required, leading to more problems and more high-temperature process materials More treatment plants required, leading to more problems and more high-temperature process materials No decontamination facility Comparatively simple plant for encapsulation Potential for oil contamination in compaction plant Decommissioning of high temperature and off gas treatment plant Operability / maintainability Simple in principle Experience of this strategy in Sellafield, the UK and the rest of the world Variable feed and waste Operability (lessons from MEP, WEP) Complex feed process requiring specialist knowledge, e.g. to resolve issues with drum loading Maintenance needs a complex design, e.g. to handle outages Refractory bed change may lead to outages Extent of possible concerns dependent on required throughput Can learn from experience to improve on WTC1A (cf. AWE decision), e.g. better squeezate management Variability in feed, but better able to handle this than [1] Two plants Can learn from experience to improve on WTC1A (cf. AERE decision), e.g. better squeezate management Variability in feed, but better able to handle this than [1] Three plants Decontamination an additional consideration, but essentially simple Complex feed process requiring specialist knowledge, e.g. to resolve issues with drum loading Maintenance needs a complex design, e.g. to handle outages Having an incinerator and decontamination means more plant to operate and maintain Complex feed process requiring specialist knowledge, e.g. to resolve issues with drum loading Maintenance needs a complex design, e.g. to handle outages No decontamination facility No plasma process Complex feed process to incinerator requiring specialist knowledge, e.g. to resolve issues with drum loading Maintenance needs a complex design, e.g. to handle outages Confidence in process viability Ways and means to address questions over voidage in encapsulated product Significant experience Has been used in other nuclear industry applications (e.g. Switzerland) The technology (plasma process) is not mature, so that it is unclear whether it is suitable for high fissile material loading R&D investment (and time) required Good knowledge of process strengths and weakness for this category of waste Possibility to learn from experience Good knowledge of process strengths and weakness for this waste Possibility to learn from experience Decontamination not yet demonstrated for PCM, but there has been some (unsuccessful) experience which can be used to inform plant design (R&D) Incineration widely used world-wide in nuclear industry, some sites have incinerated higher-activity wastes High temperature heat treatment not mature, so unclear whether suitable for high fissile material loading R&D investment (and time) required Broadly the same as [5] Encapsulation experience from [1] Incineration issues from [5] Consistency with site strategy Dynamic situation with respect to strategy; no end state has been defined yet IWS is going to be informed by the PCM If the footprint of the PCM is large, the larger the challenge will be Robustness to uncertainty in feed Suitable for the majority of PCM BUT potential for problems with reactive metals and void issues for some wastes Balanced by learning from experience Can handle everything, via campaigns centred on waste type Sensitive but controllable, though would have to be careful with the salts Able to cope with some (c. 10%) liquid in drums, would need to be drip fed to process Suitable for the majority of PCM BUT limited feed for current process and potential for difficulty with reactive metals Potential problems with aerosols and free liquids Potential to learn from experience Broadly the same as [3] Availability of plasma process would provide a secondary route for rejects from main process Segregation required Sensitive to feed Broadly the same as [5] Broadly the same as [3] Planning process Simple More stores required It can be done (cf. SDP) Concerns about thermal treatment processes expressed at the May meeting May require socio-economic package Familiar & uses existing sites Minimises volume, with not too many extra stores needed Familiar & simple-ish Low technology Uses existing sites Minimizes volume, not too many additional stores Couples together concerns associated with incineration in addition to plasma treatment Larger number of plants All the problems of [2] Incinerator as well as plasma treatment Potential acceptability problems associated with incineration Additional plants Jobs Affordability Lifetime costs More plants would lead to more jobs in the short term, with maybe 10s of jobs for the operation of any new plants Longevity of jobs is hard to quantify, but more sophisticated processes potentially provide transferable skills Low technical complexity Comparatively limited up-front investment required High investment cost, though only one plant required (wide range of estimates million, with central estimate in the region of 80m) Midway between Options 1 and 2 around 40m for equipment and civils More plants (including direct grout facility) and stores required Broadly the same as [3] but Also requires decontamination facility for steels More plant higher investment costs More plant higher investment costs Multiple plant potential combination of Options 2 and 3 High volume of product means high cost of storage & final disposal Good volume reduction lowest storage and disposal costs Low rework risk Operating cost Good level of volume reduction helps to minimise storage and disposal costs Broadly the same as [3] More plant higher decommissi oning costs More plant higher decommissi oning costs More decommissi oning BC

54

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