Predator-prey relationships in California Current. Jim Harvey MLML
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1 Predator-prey relationships in California Current Jim Harvey MLML
2 Heerman s Gull Wilson s Storm-Petrel Brandt s cormorant SEABIRDS Horned Puffin Brown Pelican Black-footed albatross
3 Blue Whale CETACEANS Gray Whale Fin Whale Minke Whale Killer Whale Sperm Whale
4 Steller sea lion PINNIPEDS California sea lion Elephant seal Sea otter Fur seal Harbor seal
5 Whales from: J. Harvey
6 Biomass Consumption Model B xa xa = (B xs (N s * A s * W s * E i * D s ) * P xs / V x ) S=1 t=1 Ns = mean number of animals during season s As = proportion in each age class during season s Ws = proportion of animals at sea during season s Ei = age-specific daily energetic requirements in size class i Size classes: adult, sub-adult/female, and juvenile Ds = number of days in season s Pxsxs = proportion of prey species x in sea lion diet during season s Two models, Mean M % Mass and Biomass Reconstruction Vx = energetic value of prey species x
7 Biomass Reconstruction Model (Harvey 1987) EBC i = Pop* Mass* Energy needed * Energy eaten i EBC i = Expected Biomass Consumed per prey item i Pop = Population of predator ( surveys) ( Mass = proportional mass of predator ( captures) ( Count Mass ( Number season length / ) Energy needs = Energetic needs / mass ( laboratory) ( kcal required / Mass) Energy eaten = proportion of total energy consumed of prey i Mass * kcal i total / ) Number prey i * kcal i ) prey i
8 EBC i = Pop * Mass * Energy needed * Energy eateni Population Assessment: counts and correction factors Actual Number = Count * Example: # total marked # marked ashore (Correction factor) 100 indiv. marked and 50 marked animals ashore during survey therefore, 50/100 = 50% of marked ashore during survey and the correction factor is 100/50 = 2.0 or number of animals is 2 times that counted.
9 PROPORTIONALLY STRATIFIED SAMPLE 120 flipper-mounted radio tags placed on a representative sample based on: Sex (50:50 males/females) Age class (10% first year, 30% subadult, 60% adult) Location (50% in northern CA, 50% in central CA, numbers/haul-out proportional to past counts)
10 Correction Factor Aerial Survey Periods 6/22-7/22 7/3 7/16 8/29 survival probability (Phi): # tagged seals ashore (N a ): # known functioning tags (N f ): unk # estimated functioning tags: Correction factor (N f /N a ): unk Modelled Correction factor: Mean correction factor = 1.54 ± 0.38 (95% CI)
11 Number of seals in California Count of seals (22 June 22 July) = 26,333 M. Lowry et al. (NMFS) Correction factor at time of survey = 1.65 Estimated number of seals in CA = 43,449 Future correction factor = 1.54 ± 0.38 (95% CI) Compared with OR/WA correction factor of 1.53
12 Frequency Frequency Mass (kg) Captured before 2004 (n = 797) Captured (n = 158) Mass (kg) EBC Proportion per Bar Proportion per Bar i = Pop* Mass * Energy needed * Energy eateni = i Comparison of mass of seals captured in 2005 with those captured previously in CA.
13 EBC i = Pop * Mass * Energy needed * Energy eateni Biomass of food consumed per kg of predator mass (Innes et al. 1987) Ingested Biomass = 0.068Mass 0.78 ( juveniles) Ingested Biomass = 0.054Mass 0.84 ( growing adults) Ingested Biomass = 0.068Mass 0.78 ( non growing adults)
14 Food Habits Food habits data provide information on: Seasonal prey utilization Prey availability Feeding locations Radials Teeth Angular Vertebrae
15 METHODS HS1 - Seymour Seal # Name Sex Age Class Weight (kg) SL (cm) HS1 Seymour Male SA HS2 Quincy Male A HS3 Rowdy Male SA HS4 Theo Male A HS5 Ulysses Male A HS6 Vinnie Male A HS8 Willis Male A Citharichthys sordidus Sebastes jordani Loligo opalescens Merluccius productus 177 Trials 2,700+ prey fed 256 days Sardinops sagax Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
16 Harbor seal consumption during 1980 in OR (Harvey 1987) Species Biomass (x10 3 kg) Number (x10 3 kg) Staghorn sculpin ,730 Herring 459 5,909 Shiner surfperch ,481 English sole 434 9,463 (5%) Sandlance ,771 Salmon Total: 5, ,811
17 Foraging ecology of large whales by S. Cerchio
18 Predator-prey relationships of large whales o o o o o 50m 100m 200m 500m 1000m 2000m Santa Cruz Monterey Moss Landing o o o o o Krill patch D. Croll (UCSC) Collaborators: UCSC, CRC, SAIC, AAD
19 Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus
20 Tagging blue whales off central California
21
22 Order Procellariformes Family Procellariidae (shearwaters, fulmars, gadfly petrels, and prions, 55 species) Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) Nostril united in single tube atop bill Occur in all oceans of the world. Many species capable of underwater flight; prions hydroplane Pink-footed Shearwater
23 Sooty Shearwaters: most abundant seabird off CA in summer
24 Shearwater food anchovy rockfish squid sardine krill
25 Sooty Shearwaters migrating back to New Zealand to nest
26 Species Common Murre consumption during 2004 (Roth et al. 2008) Biomass (x10 3 kg) Market squid 57,776 Pacific hake 55,452 Anchovy 23,033 Shiner surfperch 22,570 Rockfish 21,446 Plainfin midshipman 12,546 Pacific herring 8,030 Total: 225,025
27 CA sea lion diet in Monterey Bay (Weise and Harvey) Percentage Frequency Occurrence Northern Anchovy Dover Sole Rockfish English Sole Octopus Spotted Cusk-eel Plainfin Midshipman White Croaker Speckled Sanddab Pacific Sanddab Pacific Hake Other Flatfish Salmonid
28 SFO (%) SFO (%) San Clemente Island Year 100 San Nicolas Island Year Hake Anchovy Jk mack P mack Shtbly rkfsh Sardine Mk squid Hake Anchovy Jk mack P mack Shtbly rkfsh Sardine Mk squid M. Lowry (2008)
29 Market squid SCI SNI SFO (%) SFO (%) Year Year Red = El Niño Blue = La Niña M. Lowry (2008)
30 Modelling indicates that intermediatesized predators have greatest effect on prey population (Brose et al. 2008)
31 Whales from: J. Harvey
32 Leatherback with suction-cup tag on back in Monterey Bay
33 Leatherback turtles eat mostly jellyfish Purple stripe jellyfish Sea nettle jellyfish Moon jelly
34 Egg-yolk jelly
35 Leatherback habitat N38 o Aerial Survey Results m 100m Farallon Grid Half Moon Bay Pescadero Grid N37 o Leatherbacks Monterey Bay Grid Santa Cruz W123 o W122 o Benson et al. 2006
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