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1 Running head:, : i! " #,! : #!! $ % GR : kkafetsios@psysocuocgr 1

2 & (adult attachment styles) (, ) ** &+ * * $ 7 52! (Rochester Interaction Record) * (!, $ #- ) / ) * *, 0,, * + * + : /,,, 2

3 Attachment, emotion and wellbeing in everyday interactions: The influence of relational context Summary In the last two decades, multidisciplinary research in the social sciences has highlighted the key role of emotional and social facets of relating for psychological wellbeing In that respect, attachment theory has been a central framework that connects emotions in relationships with wellbeing outcomes The present study extended this research by examining emotions in social interactions as a possible mediating variable in the attachment-wellbeing relation For seven days 52 student participants evaluated the positive and negative emotions, affect and support in interpersonal interactions in their relationships using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record Participants also completed measures of well-being (State anxiety, and General Health Questionnaire), adult attachment orientations in the beginning and the end of the week Emotion in everyday interactions with acquaintances and good friends was found to be related to both attachment dimensions and wellbeing However, the role of relational context was prominent, since attachment dimensions were found to be related to emotions in interactions with close friends and also positive emotions with close friends only were found to have a beneficial effect for participants well-being The results are discussed from the emotions-in-relationships perspective Keywords: Attachment, Wellbeing, Emotions, Personal relationships 3

4 : $, * (Bloom, Asher, & White, 1978), (Burman & Margolin, 1992), (eg Kiecolt-Glaser, 1986),! (adult attachment styles ii, Cassidy & Shaver, 1999) ( Hammen, Burge, Daley, Davila, Paley, & Rudolph, 1995) (, -*, - ) (,, )!, & -, 1! & +, $, (event sampling) * -* * (Pietromonaco & Feldman-Barrett, 1997) (Kafetsios & Nezlek, 2002) ( Bartholomew Horowitz (1991) ) + &: ) *, *), * (* Berscheid & Ammazzarolso, 2001) $, Kafetsios Nezlek & * 4

5 , + 1 : * & (* Cassidy & Shaver, 1999, 2003, 2005) 2 +! (Bartholomew, 1993; Collins & Read, 1994; Shaver, Collins & Clark, 1996), & - ( Attachment Working Models) * + 13, Bartholomew (1990) - + : (avoidant-dismissing) * (avoidant-fearful) & ( ) - (preoccupied) + ( (- (- ) $, Brennan, Clark Shaver (1998) & + + ( ** - ( + (Feeney, 1995 Kobak, Shaver, & Gamble, 1992) 1 5

6 (Feeney, 1995), + (Kotler et al, 1994)! 3 1 & (Kafetsios, 2000 & 4, 2004) ) (emotion regulation) (Fuendeling, 1998) 5, * (Cassidy Kobak, 1988 Kobak et al, 1992 Kobak & Sceery, 1988), (, - *, - ) +, (Dozier & Kobak, 1992) + (Kafetsios, 1996 Simpson, 1990) 1, *,, * (Ryff & Singer, 2001) ) ( &,, + / Margaret Clark ) Clark + + (Clark, Pataki, & Carver, 1996) - * / * * Hinde (1995) - * (Berscheid, & Ammazzarolso, 2001) 6

7 ! " # & 3 * ( * 4, 2004), ) + " & &+ 3 * : ) 6 + *) 6 / 3, + $%&""! ) * % 2 ( 30! 22 (!! 3, )" 50 & 22, %, 40% 1, 36,7% 63,3% ( 43,3%), 36,7% 20% * * ) : «! * / /», 7

8 & ) ) * 2 (, RIR (Rochester Interaction Record, Wheeler & Nezlek, 1977) / + * 7 10,, 10 / $ #-! / RIR *, *, 1, (,, ) 5,, 10 (,,,,,,,,, ) * * (1 =, 7 = ) * ( 39 (, Kafetsios, 2004) : ) * ( ( )! (Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998, Kafetsios, 2002) To 36 * ) : / (,, *, ) * (, = 88, = 89) 8

9 * *(+, (General Health Questionnaire Goldberg, 1978) ) * 20 * *, *! & ) ( = 83) - * ( (State Anxiety Inventory Spielberger, Gorush & Lushene, 1970) ) 20 (* * ) + ) ( = 93) -"%%!$-- "! & & Pearson $ ( ) (Ordinary Least Squares) Tidwell, Reis Shaver (1996) Pietromomaco Feldman Barrett (1997) ( * (Kafetsios & Nezlek, 2002),, &,, * * * - *, * & --- 1! ) (*! 2) ) ( ) $ &, * & 9

10 --- 1! / & +! 3 ) + * + ( r = -58, p < 01 r = -36 p < 05 )/, ( r = 51, p < 05) (r = 39 p < 05) $,, ** --- 1! & & (, $ * --- 1! 4 ---!, & & *, * ) $ * (* = 51 p 10

11 < 01) ( & * = 61) ( * = 41) ( & /, # ( ) + (* = 32) (* = 40) ! ! 6 ---!,/00!0 ), & ** 5 ** (West et al, 1986) * & * (Priel & Shamai, 1995) ) **, * * 1 & +, ( ) ** / Bowlby,,, * 1 ** Warren et al (1997) * ( & ) *, ( )!, &! $ (Kafetsios & Sideridis, ) ) & 11

12 ** (,, ) 1 *,, 1 1, + ) () &, *!, + ( (Kafetsios & Nezlek, 2002) 6,, - (1 3 ) Clark Berscheid (Clark, Pataki & Carver, 1995 Berscheid, & Ammazzarolso, 2001) * + * ( ) Fredrickson (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998), + 1 *, & /, # ( ) 12

13 + +, & 2 *, ( ) * /, + + * /, 13

14 %, (2003) 1 : 1 1, 40, 30-45, (2005), ( :, & 4, 3 (2004) 3 * ; 1 38, Bartholomew, K (1990) Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, Bartholomew, K (1993) From childhood to adult relationships: Attachment theory and research In S Duck (Ed), Understanding Relationship Processes: Learning About Relationships (vol2, pp 30-62) Newbury Park: Sage Bartholomew, K and Horowitz, L (1991) Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 2, Berscheid, E & Ammazzarolso, H (2001) Emotional experiences in close relationships In GJO Fletcher & MSClark (Eds) Interpersonal processes (pp ) Malden: Blackwel Bloom, B, Asher, S & White, S (1978) Marital disruption as a stressor: A review an analysis Psychological Bulletin, 85, Brennan, K A, Clark, C L, & Shaver, P R (1998) Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview In J A Simpson & W S Rholes (Eds), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships New York: Guilford Press Burman, B & Margolin, G (1992) Analysis of the association between marital relationships and health problems: An interactional perspective Psychological Bulletin, 112, Cassidy, J, and Kobak, R R (1988) Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes In Belsky, J and T Nezworski (Eds), Clinical Implications of Attachment (pp 14

15 ) London: Erlbaum Cassidy, J, & Shaver, PR (Eds) (1999) Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications New York: Guilford Press Clark, MS, Pataki, S P, & Carver, V (1996) Some thoughts and findings on selfpresentation of emotions in relationships In GJO Fletcher & J Fitness (Eds) Knowledge structures in close relationships Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Collins, N and Read, S (1994) Representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models In K Bartholomew and D Perlman (Eds), Advances in Personal Relationships: Attachment process in adulthood (Vol 5 pp 53-90) London: Jessica Kingsley Dozier, M and Kobak, R R (1992) Psychophysiology and adolescent attachment interviews: Converging evidence for repressing strategies Child Development, 63, Feeney, JA (1995) Adult attachment, coping style and health locus of control as predictors of health behaviour Australian Journal of Psychology, 47, 3, Fredrickson, B L & Levenson, R W (1998) Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions Cognition & Emotion Vol 12(2), pp Fuendeling, J M (1998) Affect regulation as a stylistic process within attachment style Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,15, 3, Goldberg, DP (1978) Manual of the General Health Questionnaire Windsor: NFER- NELSON Hammen, CL, Burge, D, Daley, SE, Davila, J, Paley, B, & Rudolph, KD (1995) Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, Kafetsios, K (1996) Attachment Working Models in Dyadic Interaction Abstracts of the Annual Conference of the International Family Therapy (IFTA) Athens, Greece, p112 Kafetsios, K (2000, July) Adult attachment, coping with stress and social support as predictors of mental health: Comparative results from Greece and the UK, Paper presented at 15

16 the 10 th International Conference in Personal Relationships Brisbane, University of Queensland, Australia Kafetsios, K (2002, July) Attachment, social support and well-being across the life span: Independent and combined effects Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Personal Relationships, Halifax, Canada Kafetsios, K & Nezlek, J B (2002) Attachment in everyday social interaction European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 5, Kafetsios, K & Sideridis, G (under review) Attachment, social support, and well being in a Greek community sample Kiecolt-Glaser, JK & Glaser, R (1986) Psychological influences on immunity Psychosomatics, 27, Kobak, R R and Sceery, A (1988) Attachment in late adolescence Child Development, 59, Kobak, R R, Sudler, N and Gamble, W (1992) Attachment and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A developmental pathways analysis Development and Psychopathology, 3, Kotler, T, Buzwell, S, Romeo, Y, & Bowland, J (1994) Avoidant attachment as a risk factor for health British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, Pietromonaco, P R, & Feldman Barrett, L (1997) Working models of attachment and daily social interaction Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, Priel, B, & Shamai, D (1995) Attachment style and perceived social support: effects of affect regulation Personality and Individual Differences, 19, Ryff, C & Singer, BH (Eds) (2001) Emotion, social relationships and health Oxford: University Press Shaver, P R, Collins, N, and Clark, C L (1996) Attachment styles and internal working models of self and relationship partners In G J O Fletcher and J Fitness (Eds) Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach (pp 25-61) Hillsdale, 16

17 NJ: Erlbaum Simpson, J (1990) Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, Spielberger, CD, Gorsuch, RL, & Lushene, RE (1970) The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press Tidwell, M O, Reis, H T, & Shaver, P R (1996) Attachment, attractiveness, and social interaction: a diary study Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, Warren, S L, Huston, L, Egeland, B, & Sroufe, L A (1997) Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, West, M, Livesey, W J, Reiffer, L, & Sheldon, A (1986) The place of attachment in the life events model of stress and illness Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31,

18 1: 3 * ! " #$ :! % &$ " $ ** * p < 05 ** p < 01 3: / (! 2 % ( 2, $, $, $, $ * ** 26-36* * 39* * p < 05 ** p < 01, = 18 $ = 32 4: /! % &$ " #$ * p < 05 ** p < 01! % 2 ( 2 ( / / / / ** * -48** 10 18

19 5: 3 * " R 2 $ * 53*** ** 62*** 2 / - 25 (/ - 32* 595 ** * p< 05 **p< 01 ***p< 001 6: 3 * " R 2 $ * 51*** * 44** 2-40** (/ - 01* 417 ** * p< 05 **p< 01 ***p< 001 i 3 Lidaki, P & Kafetsios, K (2004, Dec) Everyday emotionsl and supportive interactions as mediators of individual differences effects on well being In Kafetsios, K & Sideridis, G Symposium on Multi-level models of wellbeing 1 st International Conference: Quality of life and Psychology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 3-5 December ii (attachment style) & : ) & - / & & (owlby, 1969) ) #, *) & & (dependency)!, ( ) (bonding), 2003,