2. PC. Star Wars IML PC PC CPU. Linux. Linux OS. TOP500 Supercomputer Sites Top 500 Sub List[1] Linpack

Transcription

1 / / Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 1 8, PC * * 1. PC PC PC PC CPU PC PC PC PC Linux OS PC TOP500 Supercomputer Sites Top 500 Sub List[1] Linpack the University of Heidelberg Helics Cluster[2] 47 Prest III PC [3] 50 Sandia National Lab CPlant Cluste[4] PC CPU PC HPC High Performance Computing web HA High Availability PC Google PC [5] Key Words: PC Cluster, Parallel Processing, Linux Star Wars IML 600 Pentium 4 [6] 1 128CPU PC PC PC PC 8 16 PC Linux PC PC PC PC Linux 1 Gregor 2. PC (Cluster) Pfister [7] : 1

2 2 / / 47 2 (2003) PC PC) (Hardware) PC 8 PC (1) (2) PC (3) OS (4) PC (5) 2 3. Switching Hub MB CPU Memory Hard Disk Network Card PC PC CPU PC 3.1 CPU CPU Intel Pentuimu AMD Athron x86 CPU DEC CPU DEC HP Pentium 4 Top500 Pentium4 Xeon AMD CPU Hammer CPU 3.2 PC CPU 100MHz 133MHz 3.3 PC PC FastEthernet 2 1 NFS NIS 2 MPI Myricom [11] Myrinet HPC PC SCI Dolphin [12] 2

3 PC Mbps 3.4 PC PC1 PC IDE tmp 3.5 PC HPC PC web CPU 1 CPU Pentium4 CPU Myrinet CPU Apple [14] 3.6 PC 1 PC CPU PC 4. PC 3 Sequential Applications OS SW Tools Comm. SW Net. Interface HW 3 Parallel Applications Parallel Programming Environment Cluster Middle Ware OS SW Tools Comm. SW Net. Interface HW Network / Switch HW: Hardware SW: Software OS SW Tools Comm. SW Net. Interface HW 4.1 OS PC OS Linux PC OS Windows 3

4 4 / / 47 2 (2003) PC [13] OS OS PC / Free BSD[16] NetBSD[17] Linux Linux kernel Red Hat[18] Debian GNU/Linux[19] [20 23] MPICH 4.2 GNU [24] CPU Pentium 4 SSE2[25] Athlon 3DNow[26] PGI [27] NAG [28] Absoft [29]. [30] OpenMP HPC Linux Intel [31] GUI GNU [32] strace[33] TotalView[34] GUI MPICH MPE Paradyn[35] Vampier[36] 4.3 PC Myrinet TCP/IP Myrinet+GM Myrinet, Ethernet+SCore SCore[37,38] RWC Cluster. Score PC PC [39] 4.4 PC Network File System (NFS) Linux NFS / Network Information System (NIS) NIS PC LDAP[40] RedHat ext3 4

5 PC 5 Makefile Network Time Protocol (NTP) Resource Management and Scheduling (RMS) RMS CONDOR[41][35] PBS[42] LSF[43] GRID Cluster Command and Control[44] dsh [45] Ganglia Cluster Toolkit[46] Processes 50 Cluster Load last hour 0 12:00 12:20 12:40 1-Minite Load Nodes Total CPUs Running Processes 4 Ganglia 4.5 PC PC1 Linux OS PC PC Oscar[47] Rocks[48] Scyld[49] Lucie[50] Lucie Debian GNU/Linux Score[37] PC Lucie PROTOOL / TOBI OETHER [51] 5. PC PC PC CPU CPU CPU CPU PC 1 MPI[52] MPI(Message Passing Interface) API MPI Supercomputing 92 MPI Supercomputing 93 MPI 1994 MPI MPI API MPICH[53] (Argonne National Laboratory) MPI Message Passing Interface) 5

6 6 / / 47 2 (2003) SMP Myrinet DQS Globus,.,, MPICH MPI-1.2 MPI-2 MPI MPICH [54,55] MPI API MPI Lam[56] University of Notre Dame MPI. WMPI[57] Universidade de Coimbra Windows MPI. MPI MPI PVM MPI [58] MPI SMP MPI/PRO[59] MPI Software Technology SMP thread Open MP[60] PC Cluster PC Pentium 4 SSE2 PC PC F1 PC 6.2 [7 10,37]. / Debian GNU/Linux Beowulf PC [15] IEEE Cluster Computing Task Force (TFCC)[61] [62] SofTek [63] Super Computing[64] Cluster[65], CCGrid[66] 6

7 PC 7 SACSIS JSPP)[67] [62] NEC HPC IBM HPC Compaq HPTC Forum 6.3 PC PC PC (Power Grid) 5 Experiment 5 User Agent Database Visualization Calculation Grid HPC RPC NetSolve[68] Ninf[69] Grid RPC Globus Tool Kit(GTK)[70] GTK Ver.2 Open Grid Services Architecture(OGSA)[71] OGSA Globus IBM web web web PC 7. PC PC PC Linux MPI PC SCore PC 1 [1] TOP500 Supercomputer Sites. [2] Helics Cluster, University of Heidelberg. [3] / Prest III PC. [4] C Plant Cluster, Sandia National Lab. [5] Google Bets The Farm On Linux. [6] Star Wars effects studio shifts to Intel. 7

8 8 / / 47 2 (2003) [7] G. F. Pfisher: In search of CLuster. Prentice Hall [8] T. Sterling: How to Bbuild a Beowulf. MIP Press,1999(. [9] R. Buyya: High performance Cluster Computing. Prentice Hall,1999. [10] D. Spetor: Building LINUX CLUSTERS. O Reilly, [11] Myricom: [12] Myricom: [13] Windows Clusters Resource Centre : [14] Apple, Xserve. [15] Debina GNU/Linux, Beowulf Project. [16] FreeBSD Project. [17] NetBSD Project. [18] Red Hat. [19] Debina GNU/Linux. [20] B. Ball: [21] :.,2001. [22] :.,2000. [23] :.,2000. [24] GNU Compiler. [25] C Net Japan, SSE2. [26] AMD. 3DNow!TM. k623d/inside3d.html. [27] The Portland Group. [28] The Numerical Algorithm Group. [29] absoft. [30] [31] Intel Compilers. products/compilers/. [32] GDB: The GNU Project Debugger. [33] strace homepage. wichert/strace/. [34] ETNUS, TotalView. [35] Paradyn Parallel Performance Tools. paradyn/. [36] Vampire. vampire.html. [37] RWC SCore. [38] : Linux.,2002. [39] PC Cluster Consortium. [40] Open LDAP. [41] The Condor Project. [42] PBS. [43] Platform, LSF. [44] Cluster Command and Control. [45] DSH, distributed shell. dancer/software/dsh.html. [46] Ganglia Cluster Toolkit. [47] OSCAR. [48] NPACI, Rocks. papers/rocks-documentation/book1.html. [49] Scyld Beowulf Cluster Operating System. [50] LUCIE. takamiya/lucie/. [51] MakeCluster. research/person/kenzo/makecluster/index.html. [52] The Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard. [53] MPICH. [54] : MPI [55] :. Whatsnew/tora3.htm [56] LAM/ MPI. [57] WMPI. [58] Parallel Virtual Machine. home.html. [59] MPI/PRO. [60] Open MP. [61] IEEE, TFCC. [62]. [63] HPC. [64] Super Computing [65] IEEE, Cluster [66] IEEE, CCGRID. [67]. [68] NetSolve. [69] Ninf. [70] The Globus Project. [71] Open Grid Services Architecture. 8