Mainframe Computers. Thomas J. Bergin Computer History Museum American University
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1 Mainframe Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computer History Museum American University
2 Industry beginnings... March 1946 Eckert and Mauchly leave Moore School and establish the Electronic Control Company (ECC) December 1947 ECC re-founded as the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) 1948 contract with U.S. Census Bureau for UNIVAC, the UNIVersal Automatic Computer February 1950 EMCC sold to Remington-Rand March 31, st UNIVAC delivered to Census
3 Electronic Control Company (ECC)
4 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company 1948 Contract drawn up between EMCC and the US Census Bureau for the production of UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) September 1949 BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) delivered to Northrop Aviation March 31, 1951 First UNIversal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) delivered to US Census Bureau
5 EMCC Sales Brochure
6
7
8 John Mauchly leaning on UNIVAC
9 Eckert-Mauchly Computers ENIAC EDVAC BINAC UNIVAC Decimal Binary Binary Decimal Wire StorPrgm StorPrgm StorPrgm 10 digits 44 bits 14 bits 6 chars 125KHz 1 MHz 4 MHz 2.25MHz FunctTbl MagDrum MagTape MagTape 18,000 3,600 1,400 5,400 18,000sqft 490 sqft n/a 352 sqft
10 Remington Rand UNIVAC 43 UNIVACs were delivered to government and industry Memory: mercury delay lines: 1000 words of 12 alphanumeric characters Secondary storage: metal oxide tape Access time: 222 microseconds (average) Instruction set: 45 operation codes Accumulators: 4 Clock: 2.25 Mhz
11 J. Lyons and Company Lyons tea-shops were a feature of British urban life in the mid-twentieth-century, a popular place to meet friends and eat snacks. Supplying the right number of cakes to the right shops on the right day was a difficult logistical problem. Partly for this reason - and partly because the management of Lyons & Co. were avid modernizers - the company took a strong interest in the first experimental computers. Source:
12 After witnessing the Cambridge EDSAC, a sophisticated machine completed in 1949, Lyons decided to build their own computer based on the same mercury delay-line techniques. Lyons - the tea-shop company - built the first electronic stored-program computer for the office in They called it LEO: Lyons Electronic Office Source:
13 EDSAC (Cambridge University)
14 W.D. and H.O. Willis at Bristol source: LEO Computers Society
15 LEO console source: LEO Computers Society
16 J. Lyons May 1947 T.R. Thompson and O. Standingford visit America (Goldstine at Princeton) Nov 1947 Lyons Board authorizes aid to Cambridge University May 1949 EDSAC completes 1st live job Feb 1951 LEO demonstrated to Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth LEO: Lyons Electronic Office (Fall 1951)
17 LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) November 1951, Cadby Hall Bakery Valuations July 1953, Pilot payroll for bakeries July 1954 Decision to build LEO II November 1954 LEO Computers Ltd. December 1955, Pilot Ford payroll August 1959 Army and Air Force Officers payroll for 9000 on Hartree House Bureau (service bureau)
18 LEO II Installations 1 J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. London May W.D & H.O. Wills Bristol Sep Stewarts & Lloyds Corby Jun Ford Motor Co (parts) Aveley Dec Leo Computers Ltd London Jul Ministry of Pensions Newcastle Nov British Oxygen Co. Edmonton Feb Standard Motor Co. Coventry Jul Ilford Limited (films) Ilford Nov W.D. & H.O. Wills Bristol Apr Ford Motor Co (payroll) Dagenham Jan 1961
19 May 1961 LEO III available for trials January 1962 LEO III timesharing trials #1 Leo Computers Ltd Machine Bureau 94 LEO III s installed ( ) 1981 Post Office takes LEO 326s out of service after years of operation.
20 British Computer Industry February 1963 LEO Computers Ltd. merges with English Electric October 1964 English Electric purchases Lyons holdings; becomes English Electric LEO Marconi March 1967 Merger with ICT to form International Computing Limited (ICL)
21 Ferranti Electric, Inc. Mark I February 1951 (U of Manchester) 4000 vacuum tubes resistors 2500 capacitors Memory: 256 words in electrostatic storage The Ferranti Mark 1 was the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. The first machine off the production line was delivered to the University in February It was replaced in 1958.
22 Manchester Mark I
23
24
25
26
27 Replica: Computer Conservation Society
28 Milestones February 1951 First Ferranti Mark I delivered to Manchester University March 31, 1951 First UNIVAC delivered to US Census Bureau Spring 1952, MANIAC and ORDVAC copies of the IAS machine are operational June 1952 IAS machine operational 1952 EDVAC finally finished Core memory installed on Whirlwind and ENIAC
29 Early IBM Machines Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) the most powerful and effective calculator which the state of the art would permit. Memory: 264 Williams Tubes Addition: 15 microseconds Multiplication: 31 microseconds Parts: 9000 vacuum tubes, diodes Finished: 1954 Active until 1968
30 IBM 650 (drum based)
31 IBM 650 Console
32 IBM 701(Defense Calculator) Addition time: 60 microseconds Multiplication: 456 microseconds Memory: 2048 (36 bit) words using Williams tubes Secondary memory: Magnetic drum: 8192 words Magnetic tape: plastic Delivered: December 1952: IBM World Headquarters (total of 19 installed)
33 IBM 701(Defense Calculator)
34
35 IBM 701 (Defense Calculator) T.J. Watson at console; IEEE-CS timeline
36 Only nineteen 701s were manufactured (the machine could be rented for $15,000 per month). The first 701 went to IBM's world headquarters in New York. Three went to atomic research laboratories. Eight went to aircraft companies. Three went to other research facilities. Two went to government agencies, including the first use of a computer by the U.S. Department of Defense. Two went to the Navy and the last machine went to the U.S. Weather Bureau in early 1955.
37 The 701 had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixedpoint, single address hardware. The speed of the 701 computers was limited by the speed of its memory; the processing units in the machines were about 10 times faster than the core memory. The 701 also led to the development of the programming language FORTRAN.
38 Expansion to market IBM 702 Commercial calculation first delivered in 1955 IBM 704 Magnetic core memory replacement for the IBM 701 IBM 705 first delivered in 1956 IBM 709 first delivered in 1958
39 UNIVAC Family Tree 1946 ENIAC 1950 BINAC 1951 UNIVAC 1952 UNIVAC UNIVAC UNIVAC UNIVAC 1106
40 UNIVAC I
41 UNIVAC 1107 at Case Institute of Technology
42 First Generation ( ) 1952 to 1957 stored program: vacuum tubes large electronic storage introduction of core storage buffering random access FORTRAN
43 Transistor William Shockley starts research on semiconductors at Bell Labs in 1939 with the idea that it should be possible to replace vacuum tubes with semiconductors William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen announce the transistor in 1948 ( they win the Nobel prize in 1956)
44 Second Generation ( ) 1958 Philco introduces the TRANSAC S-2000 first transistorized commercial machine IBM 7070, 7074 (1960), 7072(1961) 1959 IBM 7090, 7040 (1961), 7094 (1962) 1959 IBM 1401, 1410 (1960), 1440 (1962) ALGOL, COBOL
45 IBM 1401 Data Processing System
46
47 Euphemisms IBM and the BUNCH: Burroughs Univac National Cash Register (NCR) Control Data (CDC) Honeywell Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: RCA (Radio Corporation of America) General Electric (GE)
48 Third Generation ( ) April 1964 IBM announces the System/360 solid logic technology (integrated circuits) family of compatible computers 1964 Control Data delivers the CDC 6600 nanoseconds telecommunications BASIC
49 IBM System/360
50
51 IBM s Billion Dollar Gamble Model nanoseconds cycle time Model ns mil core Model ns Model ns mil core Model ns Model ns magnetic film memory
52 CDC 6600
53 Source:
54 Fourth Generation (1971- ) Large scale integrated circuits (MSI, LSI) Nanoseconds and picoseconds Databases (large) Structured languages (Pascal) Structured techniques Business packages
55
56 References Maurice V. Wilkes, Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer, MIT Press, 1985 David E. Lundstrom, A Few Good Men from Univac, MIT Press, 1987 Charles J. Bashe, et.al, IBM s Early Computers, MIT Press, 1986 Emerson Pugh, et.al., IBM s 360 and Early 370 Systems, MIT Press, 1991
57 References Caminer, et al, LEO, The Incredible Story of the World s First Business Computer, McGraw-Hill, 1998 Lavington, Early British Computers, Digital Press, 1980 Hendry, Innovating for Failure: Government Policy and the Early British Computer Industry, MIT Press, 1989.
58 Show and Tell Martin Weik, BRL Report No 971. UNIVAC metal tape UNIVAC wooden models and brochures UNIVAC module Punched Card Data Processing Annual, 1952 IBM 1401 Models IBM System/360 Models
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