Unlocking Private Sector Investments within the Cassava Value Chain
|
|
- Claud Cole
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Unlocking Private Sector Investments within the Cassava Value Chain Summary Briefing 27 th June 2014 Introduction This study has been prepared by the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) of the University of Greenwich, in response to WEF Grow Africa and IDH s request to undertake a cassava value chain study to highlight issues and provide answers to key questions on constraints to investments by private sector companies in the value chain. The report provides an overview of issues related to industrial use of cassava. It gives details on current initiatives in Nigeria, Ghana, Mozambique and Zambia. This is followed by an examination of critical gaps for using cassava as an industrial raw material, a summary of conclusions and ideas for going forward. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an edible root crop, produced on an annual/biannual basis in tropical and subtropical areas (see figure 1). In sub-saharan Africa (SSA), cassava is mainly a food crop grown by smallholders and semi-subsistence producers, often women, who sell the surplus. It grows well in poor soils with limited labour requirements and the crop is usually intercropped. Compared to other staple crops, cassava requires less labour during production, however, it requires considerable postharvest effort due to its bulkiness and because the roots are highly perishable. A key factor in considering its use as an industrial raw ingredient is its very short shelf life, of around 48 hours, its bulkiness (partly due to its 70% water content) and the decline in starch content from the time of harvesting. About 262 million tonnes of cassava were produced globally in 2012, with Africa contributing 149 million tonnes. Production of the crop depends on the supply of quality stem cuttings, 1
2 which are bulky and highly perishable as they dry up within a few days. Pest and diseases present a significant constraint which is estimated, along with poor cultivation practices, to cause yield losses as high as 50% in sub-saharan Africa. Disease-resistant varieties give yields of about 50% more than local varieties. Post-harvest strategies include the development of technologies that improve processing efficiency, leading to higher output while reducing input requirements (e.g. labour, fuel). Quality of cassava based products (e.g. High quality cassava flour or HQCF) and food safety aspects play a key role too. Figure 1: Cassava production map, Africa Source: DADTCO Industrial uses of cassava 1 Apart from the range of traditional food products, cassava and cassava based ingredients are used in different industrially manufactured products, including foods, confectionery, sweeteners, glues, plywood, textiles, paper, biodegradable products, monosodium glutamate, and drugs. Cassava chips and pellets are used in animal feed and alcohol production. Cassava peel, an important by-product in many traditional and modern cassava processing industries, is used as animal feed in many parts of Africa. In industrial processing, cassava is a source of starch which can be used in various applications (see Figure 2). Starch can be further processed into modified starch products which are used as ingredients in a range of industries (e.g. sorbitol in toothpaste manufacturing). 1 This section draws heavily on studies undertaken by NRI and the Cassava: Adding Value for Africa (C:AVA) project in Nigeria. The project is also operational in Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi. For more information see 2
3 Figure 2: Cassava Value Chain Producers Processors End-markets Traditional food processing Gari, lafun, fufu, etc. Fresh cassava roots (FCR) Animal feed Ethanol Ruminants, poultry, aquaculture Fuel, industrial use, drinks On-farm / rural processing of chips or grits HQCF/Milling industry Starch Bread, biscuits, snacks, etc. Paperboard, beer, etc. Glucose, sorbitol, etc. Beverages, toothpaste, etc. NB. In addition to dried chips and grits, animal feed may also contain by-products from HQCF processing and flour milling. Source: FAO (2013) HQCF High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) is prepared from peeled and grated cassava, that has been de-watered, dried to 10-12% moisture content, milled and screened to give a fine flour capable of passing through a 0.25mm sieve. The C:AVA project uses an average conversion ratio of 4 to 1 (i.e. one tonne of fresh cassava roots gives 250 kg of HQCF). It has been stated that due to the fact that HQCF does not contain gluten HQCF-inclusion rates higher than 10% would make it difficult to bake bread of the same volume as bread baked with 100% wheat flour. An option may be the use of flour improvers which would allow the incorporation of HQCF at 20% or higher in flour for bread baking. Although it is often stated that HQCF can be included at relatively high levels in biscuits (e.g. 30 to 40%), depending on the type of biscuit produced (e.g. requiring soft or hard wheat flour) work by NRI and C:AVA Nigeria has shown that HQCF can be used at 10% in hard and soft-dough biscuits but at 20% problems were encountered with machinability and 3
4 reductions in product volume. Satisfactory trials have been conducted by companies in countries such as Uganda, including storage of packaged biscuits over several months. Another market for HQCF is the packaged sausage roll market. Companies that normally use wheat flour or maize starch as a binder for the meat filling may become interested in HQCF due to rising costs of raw material. Tests carried out in sausage roll factories in Nigeria showed that HQCF did prove to be highly effective as a binder for the meat filling and is believed to have virtually completely replaced wheat flour and maize starch for this purpose. Other bakery and food products for which HQCF can be used include cakes, chapattis, donuts, etc. In particular, where gluten content and raising power of the flour are not an issue, the use of HQCF could be attractive provided the price and continuity of supply are competitive. Starch Starch has a wide range of food and industrial applications (e.g. native starch and modified starches such as dextrin, liquid glucose, dextrose monohydrate, dextrose anhydrous, sorbitol, calcium gluconate, citric acid). Although maize is the dominant raw material used for starch, cassava is also used, particularly in Asia (55% of cassava used for starch production compared to 4% in Africa). As an example of modified starch, starch can be hydrolysed using enzymes to form glucose syrup, which is used in the food and beverage industries as a thickener to give products body. Glucose syrup can be further refined to produce pure glucose for use as a sweetener. Alternatively, the syrup can be treated with glucosisomerase to form high fructose syrup (HFS), which has the advantage of intense sweetness at low concentrations and is favoured for carbonated drinks. Animal feed Substantial research into cassava utilisation in feed rations has been carried out in Africa during the last three decades. Cassava chips offer a readily digestible source of carbohydrate energy (85-93% that of maize grain) as an alternative to maize in animal feed formulations. However, unlike maize cassava contains very little protein so any formulation containing cassava must contain a suitable protein supplement. For cassava to compete with maize, the cost of the cassava plus the protein supplement (such as soy or fish meal) must be significantly cheaper than the existing maize- based formulation. There can also be technical problems; cassava chips are best suited for use in cattle and pig rations. For use in poultry and aquaculture feeds the cassava must be pelletised. In the case of poultry feeds, pelletisation increases palatability and avoids increased water intake and problems with dust that may lead to chronic respiratory syndrome. In addition, cassava can be used in aquaculture feed, in particular in that it increases the floating capacities of pellets, which are advantageous for fish species preferring floating feed. Ethanol Ethanol, including cassava-based ethanol, has a range of end-uses, including: o o Potable ethanol, used in alcoholic beverages; Industrial alcohol used by: Chemical and pharmaceutical industries; 4
5 Substitute for petrol in motor car fuel; Replacement for kerosene in cooking. The classic feedstock for ethanol production is a source of fermentable sugar, such as molasses. Cassava roots contain starch which can be used but the starch must first be hydrolysed into fermentable sugars. This extra step makes cassava the number 2 choice in terms of feedstock. Nonetheless, in some African countries there are very limited supplies of fermentable sugars and even if more sugar-cane is planted it is more likely to be refined and used for other purposes. Beer Government policies in many African countries encourage the sourcing of more ingredients locally. Whilst in some countries brewers focus on using locally-sourced maize and sorghum, cassava has potential as a replacement for 70% of imported barley in beer. SABMiller have launched cassava-based beers in Mozambique (Impala Beer) and Ghana (Eagle beer) and are looking at launching a similar product in South Sudan. Guinness Ghana have also launched a cassava-based beer (Ruut Extra) but SAB-Miller has the most experience of cassava-based brewing starting with their operation in Mozambique. Instant fufu and packaged garri Fufu is a wet-fermented cassava dough. Over the past two decades a dried odourless product has been developed as a convenience food known as instant fufu. Instant fufu is essentially a fermented and dried flour (more coarsely milled than HQCF) that can be mixed with hot water and steamed to form a stiff dough that resembles, but is not identical to, the traditional fufu product. It has the advantage of being shelf-stable and quick and easy to prepare when compared to the traditional product. Currently instant fufu is a niche market with about four Nigerian SMEs involved in production; one SME dominating the market with about 50% of the share of annual sales. Garri (or gari) is a shelf-stable (10-12% moisture content) granular product made by roasting and drying small particles of fermented partially dewatered cassava mash. The West African market for traditional garri is very large. Many attempts have been made to industrialise garri (current sales in Nigeria are tons p.a.) but these have been unsuccessful partly because of the high cost of the end product. Cassava Country Information Nigeria is the largest global cassava producer with a production of 54 million tonnes of roots harvested on an area of 3,850,000 hectares (ha) in 2012 ( The average yield is about 14 tonnes per hectare, which represents an increase of 35% over 10 years. More than 90% of the production takes place on smallholder farms (estimated to be above 5 million). The crop is intercropped with crops such as maize, legumes, etc. The Nigerian cassava production is concentrated in the South and South Central parts of the country. Production in the North takes place but only on a small scale. According to the Nigerian Cassava Master Plan (2006), the Nigerian cassava system is dominated by smallholder farmers cultivating less than 2 hectares of cassava (average of 0.5 ha). Although it is considered subsistence in nature, substantial quantities of cassava and processed products are sold into the traditional food market (e.g. fufu, gari, lafun). 5
6 Figure 3 highlights issues encountered in the Nigerian cassava value chain with an emphasis on industrial processing. The other three countries analysed (i.e. Ghana, Mozambique, and Zambia) demonstrate very similar issues in their cassava value chains as far as bottlenecks and constraints related to input supply, production, aggregation, and industrial processing are concerned. Also, additional cassava industry related issues have been highlighted below in Table 1 on current/planned industrial cassava based products in the four countries analysed. Figure 3: Issues in the Nigerian Cassava Value Chain Regarding an enabling environment for cassava related investments, Governments in all four countries have embarked on initiatives on cassava (e.g. Presidential initiatives on Cassava; Nigeria s Cassava Transformation Agenda Project (CTAP); earmarking of Staple Crop Processing Zones; Root and Tuber Improvement and Marketing Programme in Ghana; Cassava Development Strategy for Mozambique; and Zambia Cassava Sector Development Strategy; National Task Force on Acceleration of Cassava Utilisation in Zambia). At the same time, some initiatives have struggled to meet expectations on the ground (e.g. in farming communities) in that they were slow to take off, underresourced, or met resistance from established groups (e.g. importers and processors of agricultural commodities). 6
7 Table 1: Current/planned industrial cassava based products in countries analysed Product/industry Companies FCR Required (t) (2-5 years) # of smallholders Nigeria (cassava production in 2012: 54 million tonnes of fresh roots) High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) Starch Brewing Thai Farms, DADTCO, SMEs using flash-driers Matna Ltd SMEs Multinational beer brewers (all plan to use starch or glucose) 276,000 t (bakery) 24,000 (paperboard) 23,000 2, ,000 10,500 62,000 5,200 Issues Unreliable supply of roots close to plants increases CoP Project support needed (NGOs, donors, Govt.) Govt. policy (re imports, support for production and use of cassava; enabling environment - infrastructure) Ethanol (fuel, pharmaceutical) Allied Atlantic Distillers (just started) 53,000 4,500 Location of factories (e.g. problems with water supply) Industrial alcohol Allied Atlantic Distillers 141,000 12,000 Aquaculture feed Feed millers 74,000 6,200 Affordable working capital for aggregators and processors Starch, glucose, sorbitol Total 755,000 63,400 Cargill (plans) Unilever (plans) Unilever (plans) 300,000 18,000 20,000 Ghana (cassava production in 2012: 14.5 million tonnes of fresh roots) High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) Starch SMEs (i.e. village processing units) with project support; Caltec Venture Ayensu Starch Company (ASCO); Recently reopened with Diageo support Cassava cake DADTCO; for beer >10,000 2,000 Plywood Paperboard Animal feed Plywood producers (mainly in Kumasi) Paperboard companies in Accra Feed millers, pig, and poultry industry??? 88,000 20,000 14,375 3,000 HQCF required by bakeries, institutions (e.g. schools), composite flour and biscuit producers; paperboard industry (although trials required by the latter). 16,000 5,833 8,000 1,500 30,000 16,898 Total 172,000 43,606 Both Accra Breweries (SAB Miller) and Guinness (Diageo) already produce cassava beer Plywood industry uses industrial grade cassava flour Feed producers and users interested but require more demos and pilots 7
8 Product/industry Companies FCR Required (t) (2-5 years) # of smallholders Issues Mozambique (cassava production in 2012: 10 million tonnes of fresh roots) Beer brewing CDM/SAB Miller >10,000 ~2,000 Organisation of Ethanol (domestic fuel) HQCF/starch CleanStar? 2,000 Export Trading Group 5,000 10,000 1,500? smallholder cassava producers to ensure continued supply of roots Long-term commitment by investors required if projects are to succeed Other issues similar to other countries Total 45,000 50,000 ~5,500 Zambia (cassava production in 2012: 1.3 million tonnes of fresh roots) Beer brewing Animal feed ZB/SABMiller (plans to use wet cake) Tiger Feeds (past usage) >10,000 ~2,000 Scattered supply of roots close to plants. Project support needed (NGOs, donors, Govt.) ~500 ~100 Govt. policy (positive but limited resources) Lack of commercial service providers ( missing middle ) Total ~10,000 ~2,000 Conclusions and lessons learnt Despite considerable effort and investment, cassava production is still essentially at semisubsistence level using low input systems and productivity in all the countries investigated compared to countries in Asia. Though opportunities for industrial processing of cassava exist in all the countries, industrial production is less than 1% of production in all the countries investigated. Involvement in using cassava/cassava-based raw material requires long-term commitment and is a high risk activity with the potential of making good money but not a quick profit. Children need to grow up on cassava (as many have on tea, coffee and green beans) and governments need to recognise the benefits of a successful sector and to provide actual support. Unreliable supply of roots close to processing plants increases costs of production and requires local sourcing models, which are sustainable and reliable. Factories need to be close to cassava production areas to minimise transport costs and maximise root starch 8
9 content retention. The importance of smallholders particularly women farmers, the main producers of cassava - in supply models is recognised and considered vital. Setting up a cassava-based initiative requires long-term commitment and investment together with company acceptance that it is a separate initiative that should be placed outside normal quarterly accounting requirements. Calculating a fair price for farmers is paramount but problematic; all stages in the value chain need to be profitable to make it sustainable. At the same time, total costs need to be contained in order to be competitive both for import substitutes and for exports and also to provide a low risk and reasonable return for investors. Service provider involvement is needed, which could include SMEs, NGOs, farmer organisations, to get smallholder fresh and processed cassava supply organised, ensuring that female farmers and processors are not excluded. There needs to be coherent government policy on provision of an enabling environment to provide the necessary infrastructure and to minimise investment risk, along with proactive promotion of the sector and active engagement with commercial users. Affordable working capital needed for aggregators and processors, in particular for local SMEs and farmers. Local and international companies need more awareness raising and demonstration trials regarding technical matters and financial benefits of using cassava-based raw materials e.g. in animal feed; the baking industry. These are the vital missing middle i.e. companies which transform cassava into the form required to supply and sustain the cassava-using industry. Partnership and innovation platforms are needed (involving private and public sectors - policy makers, research extension, standards setting bodies; NGOs, CBOs, donor organisations) in each country. International forums are also useful avoiding a multiplicity of platform in order to increase effectiveness. Grow Africa could become such a focal point and coordinate work on best practices, case studies, cost estimates, supply models and be a data repository. Industrial processing of cassava can play a key role to further enhance the potential of cassava production and transformation through smallholder involvement. Going forward: actionable activities and interventions Activity/Issue Action/Intervention Responsibility Time horizon Unreliable supply of roots; reducing risk of sourcing cassava Long-term commitment (min 5-10 years) required Designing appropriate, equitable sourcing models (see appendix 3); Improving inputs, services, skills of SHF; Improvement of logistics; establish strong engagement with SHF/aggregators to build Companies (boards, management) Investors, farmer organisations, agricultural research, extension service (including NGOs) 9
10 Location of factories close to cassava production areas Rural roads, water, security - strong PPP with staple processing zones Finance for farmers, off takers & processors to cut cost of borrowing Importance of smallholders particularly women, in supply models is recognised Fair price for farmers which enable all stages in the value chain to be profitable Addressing the missing middle Coherent government policy on provision of an enabling environment Negative image of cassava sector International forums working together to increase effectiveness. Processing facilities for different products as most African countries do not have a very big starch market Promotion, campaign, substitution, linkages knowledge and trust Planning location of processing sites and supply schemes, including consideration of necessary infrastructure Timely commitment to ensure all addressed on ongoing basis Private credit agencies; use of moveable assets as collateral Buying policy to ensure min % of women get supply contracts Analysis of price data; starch measurement methods Favourable policies; publicity;demonstration trials on technical matters and financial benefits of producing/using cassavabased raw materials e.g. in animal feed; baking industry Innovation platform to involve all stakeholders (private and public sectors - policy makers) in each country Proactive promotion of the sector and active engagement with commercial users Find ways to link cassava initiatives and avoid duplication Need diversified product range beyond starch and ethanol Countries part of Grow Africa - could undertake to review/explore full potential of cassava economics, substitution (research study/focal point) Consideration of incentives along the value chain to encourage wider uptake (including exports) country by country along the whole value chain. PPP involving central & local governments and companies State government, MNCs Central Bank; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Industry Service provider/ NGOs Ministry of Agriculture and cassava buyers. Ministry of Industry, Companies, SMEs, Chamber of Commerce Ministries; companies; NGOs; farmer organisations; research institutes; extension service; standards setting bodies; CBOs; donor organisations Ministries of Agriculture, Industry, Media Grow Africa, AGRA Companies Grow Africa could become such a focal point and coordinate work on best practices, case studies, cost estimates, supply models and be a data repository. 10
BUSINESS PLAN ON URBAN LEVEL HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA FLOUR PRODUCING ENTERPRISE
BUSINESS PLAN ON URBAN LEVEL HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA FLOUR PRODUCING ENTERPRISE TABLE OF CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGE.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 BUSINESS BACKGROUND 3.0 FINANCING PLAN 4.0 MARKET ANALYSIS 5.0 WORK
More informationGuide to Cereals in the UK
Guide to Cereals in the UK WHEAT Wheat is the most widely grown arable crop in the UK. On average, it covers around 2 million hectares of land and produces about 15 million tonnes of wheat each year with
More informationGuide to Cereals. in the UK
Guide to Cereals in the UK 1 WHEAT Wheat is the most widely grown arable crop in the UK. On average, it covers around 2 million hectares of land and produces about 15 million tonnes of wheat each year
More informationAnalysis of the determinants of prices and costs in product value chains
SUGAR PRODUCTS Analysis of the determinants of prices and costs in product value chains SUGAR OVERVIEW Background Sugar commodity returns from the world market are based on global demand and supply. The
More informationCORN BY-PRODUCTS IN DAIRY COW RATIONS
CORN BY-PRODUCTS IN DAIRY COW RATIONS Dennis Lunn, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur-Gain, Nutreco Canada Inc. CORN BY-PRODUCTS IN DAIRY COW RATIONS Dennis Lunn, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur-Gain, Nutreco Canada
More informationWILMAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED Investor Day Presentation
WILMAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED Investor Day Presentation April 25, 2014 BY THOMAS LIM GENERAL MANAGER - TRADING IMPORTANT NOTICE Information in this presentation may contain projections and forward looking
More informationGrowth promotion through industrial strategies in Zambia
Growth promotion through industrial strategies in Zambia 1. Introduction and summary This brief provides a summary of the findings of a study investigating the current and potential opportunities for growth
More informationThe impacts of post-harvest crop research on poverty alleviation: Two case studies from Northern Ghana. Helen J. Altshul
The impacts of post-harvest crop research on poverty alleviation: Two case studies from Northern Ghana Helen J. Altshul University of Greenwich Research Fellow Natural Resources International Limited Central
More informationCassava: International market profile
Background paper for the Competitive Commercial Agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa (CCAA) Study Cassava: International market profile Adam Prakash Trade and Markets Division Food and Agriculture Organisation
More informationNon-exhaustive list of issues and questions to facilitate preparations for bilateral meetings
Non-exhaustive list of issues and questions to facilitate preparations for bilateral meetings TURKEY 1) WTO (GATT) COMMITMENTS - on subsidized exports : - quantity - financial volume Sugar is not subject
More informationTRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Synopsis of Non-Tariff Measures for the Protection of Agriculture or in support of IncomeB of Agricultural Producers
Draft paper for Committee II 26 January 1959 TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Synopsis of Non-Tariff Measures for the Protection of Agriculture or in support of IncomeB of Agricultural Producers SWEDEN X
More informationCLIMATE RISK SENSITIVITY IN THE FOOD VALUE CHAIN: WHEAT
CLIMATE RISK SENSITIVITY IN THE FOOD VALUE CHAIN: WHEAT Peter Johnston Climate System Analysis Group (Univ of Cape Town) Food, NutriAon and Health Security Research AAUN 27/28 August 2015 Canberra Our
More information(SPECIFIC PROCUREMENT NOTICE - SPN)
Apply for PhD and MSc Graduate Scholarships in the Cassava value chain, under the project Support to Agricultural Research for Development of Strategic Crops in Africa (SARD-SC), funded by the African
More informationProcess of producing sweetpotato flour
Process of producing sweetpotato flour Vital Hagenimana and Constance Owori 1. Raw material Sweetpotato roots can be a raw material for processing flour. The main characteristics of the fresh roots are
More informationRwanda Agricultural Sector and its Impact on Food Security and Economy
Rwanda Agricultural Sector and its Impact on Food Security and Economy Workshop on Asian Lessons and Agriculture Transformation in Rwanda J.J. Mbonigaba Muhinda Rwanda Agriculture Board jj.mbonigaba@rab.gov.rw
More informationEastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique
THE COUNTRY IN BRIEF COUNTRY: LOCATION: HUMAN POPULATION: Tanzania Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique 50 Million PER CAPITA INCOME: USD 912 LIVESTOCK CONTRIBUTION TO
More informationForage Crises? Extending Forages and Use of Non-forage Fiber Sources. Introduction
Forage Crises? Extending Forages and Use of Non-forage Fiber Sources Mike Allen and Jennifer Voelker Michigan State University Dept. of Animal Science Introduction Forage availability is sometimes limited
More informationTHE PREPARATION. SUPPLY/UTILIZATION ACCOUNTS (SUAs)
THE PREPARATION OF SUPPLY/UTILIZATION ACCOUNTS (SUAs) I. INTRODUCTION The statistical framework of SUAs has been developed with the aim of providing a useful statistical tool for the preparation, conduct
More informationCBOT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
CBOT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Business Development 141 W. Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604-2994 312-341-7955 fax: 312-341-3027 New York Office One Exchange Plaza 55 Broadway, Suite 2602 New York, NY 10006
More informationEmmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: The challenge of modernising smallholder agriculture in East Africa
Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: The challenge of modernising smallholder agriculture in East Africa Keynote address by Mr Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, Governor of the Bank of Uganda, at the International
More informationFHT Flour Heat Treatment.
FHT Flour Heat Treatment. Flour Heat Treatment. Modification of grain product properties. Definition of FHT Flour Heat Treatment is a process designed to modify the properties of flour, germ, and bran.
More informationAflatoxins, Agriculture and Technology Solutions Available for Abating the Aflatoxin Challenge
Regional Conference on Aflatoxin Challenges in West African States, Accra, 18-20 Nov 2013 Aflatoxins, Agriculture and Technology Solutions Available for Abating the Aflatoxin Challenge Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
More information3.2 Extent of food losses and waste
4 3. Extent of food losses and waste 3.1 Food volumes produced Figure 1 illustrates the 2007 production volumes of all commodity groups in their primary form, including animal feed products (which are
More informationTHE ASSOCIATION OF ANIMAL FEED PRODUCERS IN THE UK INDUSTRY REPORT FOR 2014 AND BEYOND
THE ASSOCIATION OF ANIMAL FEED PRODUCERS IN THE UK INDUSTRY REPORT FOR 2014 AND BEYOND Introductory Message from the Chief Executive: Welcome to this, the 20 th annual report from The Association of Animal
More informationThe Ultimate Guide to Pigeon Feed
The Ultimate Guide to Pigeon Feed Learn the champions secret winning formula, click the link below to learn more www.pigeonracingformula.com Table of Contents Ingredients... 3 Peas... 3 Corn... 3 Pop Corn...
More informationFarmer field school networks in Western Kenya
Chain empowerment Farmer field school networks in Western Kenya Small-scale farmers in Western Kenya produce mainly for their own use, and tend to sell any surplus quite close to home often less than 30
More informationThe challenge of financing Africa s food trade. Dr Edward George Head of Soft Commodities Research, Ecobank 4 June 2014, Geneva
The challenge of financing Africa s food trade Dr Edward George Head of Soft Commodities Research, Ecobank 4 June 2014, Geneva Section 1 Drivers of Africa s food demand Sub-Saharan Africa is heavily dependent
More informationAgricultural Productivity in Zambia: Has there been any Progress?
Agricultural Productivity in Zambia: Has there been any Progress? Presented by Antony Chapoto ACF/FSRP Research Presented to the Zambia National Farmers Union Congress Mulungushi Conference Centre, Lusaka
More informationAgribusiness Management, its meaning, nature and scope, types Of management tasks and responsibilities
Agribusiness Management, its meaning, nature and scope, types Of management tasks and responsibilities Dr. B. K. Baruah Professor Department of Agril. Economics Farm Management Assam Agricultural University
More informationLiquid Biofuels for Transport
page 1/11 Scientific Facts on Liquid Biofuels for Transport Prospects, risks and opportunities Source document: FAO (2008) Summary & Details: GreenFacts Context - Serious questions are being raised about
More informationHIGH FIBER DIET. (Article - Web Site) August 20, 2003
HIGH FIBER DIET (Article - Web Site) August 20, 2003 Dietary fiber, found mainly in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes, is probably best known for its ability to prevent or relieve constipation.
More informationINSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING AND IFFO, THE MARINE INGREDIENTS ORGANISATION JULY 2016
PROJECT TO MODEL THE USE OF FISHERIES BY-PRODUCTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MARINE INGREDIENTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS EPA AND DHA INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING
More informationDietary Sources of Iron in Uganda
Dietary Sources of Iron in Uganda Data from the 2009/2010 Uganda National Panel Survey Jack Fiedler, Leanne Dougherty, Celeste Sununtnasuk Uganda National Panel Survey 2009/10 UNPS A national survey representative
More informationKey success factors and best practices in working with smallholder outgrowers Lessons learnt from across the continent MARCH 2013
Key success factors and best practices in working with smallholder outgrowers Lessons learnt from across the continent MARCH 2013 Agenda Overview of the Technical Assistance Facility (TAF) of the African
More informationChief Operations Officer, CFC, World Bamboo Congress, April 2012
Common Fund for Commodities and bamboo value chains Short brief by Guy Sneyers Short brief by Guy Sneyers Chief Operations Officer, CFC, World Bamboo Congress, April 2012 Young autonomous intergovernmental
More informationNutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats. Chapter 5 Lesson 2
Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Carbohydrates Definition- the starches and sugars found in foods. Carbohydrates are the body s preferred source of energy providing four
More informationProduction and profitability of flour confectionary products in different sizes of Bakery Industry in Marathwada region (M. S.
Science Research Reporter 2(2):146-151, April 2012 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print) Production and profitability of flour confectionary products in different sizes of Bakery Industry in Marathwada region (M. S.)
More informationRole of Media in Agricultural and Rural Development
Role of Media in Agricultural and Rural Development (Presented at IFA workshop on Last Mile Delivery) 10 th Feb, 2010, New Dehli 1. WRENmedia we are a multi media communication company based in the UK
More informationAG R I C U LT U R E GREEN ECONOMY
THIS IS THE STORY OF AG R I C U LT U R E GREEN ECONOMY We need to make the global economy green. provides significant opportunities for growth, investment and jobs to help make this happen. $ Everyone
More informationDomestic Wheat and Feed Grain
Domestic Wheat and Feed Grain Dr Ken Quail General Manager- Technical Services GrainGrowers Dr Siem Siah Research Scientist GrainGrowers Outline Report- What the World Wants from Australian Wheat Domestic
More informationCBOT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS GRAIN AND SOYBEAN FUTURES AND OPTIONS
CBOT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS GRAIN AND SOYBEAN FUTURES AND OPTIONS Futures Markets provide the mechanism to ensure fairly consistent prices for grains, soybeans, and processed foods. Managing Uncertainty
More informationAgricultural Production and Research in Heilongjiang Province, China. Jiang Enchen. Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Northeast
1 Agricultural Production and Research in Heilongjiang Province, China Jiang Enchen Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. Post code: 150030
More informationU.S. AND UGANDAN FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS: A CHALLENGE TO CREATE DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS. Patricia Bageine Ejalu FOOD REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES
U.S. AND UGANDAN FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS: A CHALLENGE TO CREATE DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS By Patricia Bageine Ejalu FOOD REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES Professor Neal Fortin January 2008 1 U.S. AND UGANDAN FOOD
More informationUnilever Sustainable Palm Oil Sourcing Policy 2016
Unilever Sustainable Palm Oil Sourcing Policy 2016 Unilever uses palm oil in food products as well as in a range of home and personal care products. Palm oil is a nutritious, versatile raw material, and
More informationProducers of wheat are estimated to be between approximately 3 800 to 4 000.
1. Description of the industry.......................... 23 2. Market value chain............................... 25 3. Market structure................................. 27 4. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
More informationPapapostolou 1, E. Kondili 1, J.K. Kaldellis 2
Technological and Environmental Impacts Evaluation of Biomass and Biofuels Supply Chain Papapostolou 1, E. Kondili 1, J.K. Kaldellis 2 1 Optimisation of Production Systems Lab 2 Soft Energy Applications
More informationPresentation Outline. Introduction. Declining trend is largely due to: 11/15/08
State of the Cotton Industry and Prospects for the Future in Ghana Presented By Mr. Kwaku Amoo-Baffoe November, 2008 Presentation Outline Introduction Institutional Arrangement for Cotton Production in
More informationThe BAKER S DREAM brand
COMPANY BACKGROUND IL MOLINO is situated in Johannesburg South, within close proximity to the Johannesburg CBD. IL MOLINO is the ONLY non-white small scale wheat miller in the country. It was founded in
More informationEVOLUTION OF THE MARKET A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY
EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY 1 AGENDA 1)USAID/PROFIT: The History of Market Based Interventions in Zambia 2)ZAMACE: Progress made so far and Glimpses of the Future 3)World Food Programme:
More informationCash Crops, Food Crops and Agricultural Sustainability
GATEKEEPER SERIES No. 2 International Institute for Environment and Development Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme Cash Crops, Food Crops and Agricultural Sustainability EDWARD B.
More informationPRESENTATION ON GHANA S NATIONAL COCOA PLAN
PRESENTATION ON GHANA S NATIONAL COCOA PLAN 23 RD SEPTEMBER 2013 GHANA COCOA BOARD Outline of Presentation Background Processes and procedures used in the formulation Objectives of Ghana s National Cocoa
More informationClosing Yield Gaps. Or Why are there yield gaps anyway?
Closing Yield Gaps Or Why are there yield gaps anyway? Closing Yield Gaps: Large potential to increasing food production Major cereals: attainable yield achieved (%) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
More informationDRYLAND SYSTEMS Science for better food security and livelihoods in the dry areas
DRYLAND SYSTEMS Science for better food security and livelihoods in the dry areas CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Agricultural Production Systems The global research partnership to improve agricultural
More informationSyllabus M.Tech. Food Technology DSC- FT- 1 A: FUNDAMENTALS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART I
Syllabus M.Tech. Food Technology DSC- FT- 1 A: FUNDAMENTALS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART I Unit 1 Introduction to Food Science and Technology Definition, scope and current trends in food science
More informationifood 2016 FACTSHEET THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITON FOR FOOD, FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKAGING 25-28 August Organizers Partner www.ifw-expo.
www.ifw-expo.com ifood 2016 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITON FOR FOOD, FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKAGING 25-28 August FACTSHEET Organizers Partner Landfriedstraße 1a D-69117 Heidelberg Tel.: +49-(0)6221-13 57 0
More informationDevelopment Dialogue Forum Towards a Food Secure Nation within the context of the National Development Plan NDP 4
Development Dialogue Forum Towards a Food Secure Nation within the context of the National Development Plan NDP 4 T H E R O L E O F C R O S S - B O R D E R T R A D E I N A C H I E V I N G F O O D S E C
More informationInclusive Model for Agribusiness Development. October 2011
Inclusive Model for Agribusiness Development October 2011 Prevailing Agribusiness Environment Weak economic governance Absence of a coherent agricultural development strategy Lack of investment in agriculture
More informationFlour Mills of Nigeria Plc H1 2013/14 Results Presentation
Flour Mills of Nigeria Plc H1 2013/14 Results Presentation www.fmnplc.com FMN at a glance Food Branded consumer goods: Flour Pasta Noodles Semovita Goldenvita Sugar Rice Edible oils Snacks Breakfast cereals
More informationChina s experiences in domestic agricultural support. Tian Weiming China Agricultural University
China s experiences in domestic agricultural support Tian Weiming China Agricultural University Contents Background The policy system Major measures and their implementation Empirical assessment of the
More informationContract Farming. One Option For Creating A Role For The Private Sector In Agriculture Development? By N. Ajjan. What Is Contract Farming?
Contract Farming One Option For Creating A Role For The Private Sector In Agriculture Development? By N. Ajjan What Is Contract Farming? ESSENTIALLY The Farmer Is Contracted to Plant the Contractor s Crop
More informationLessons from the 1992 Drought in Zimbabwe: The Quest for Alternative Food Policies * B. MAPHOSA Grain Marketing Board, Zimbabwe
Nordic Journal of African Studies 3(1): 53 58 (1994) Lessons from the 1992 Drought in Zimbabwe: The Quest for Alternative Food Policies * B. MAPHOSA Grain Marketing Board, Zimbabwe INTRODUCTION The 1992
More informationMoringa Oleifera a Multipurpose Tree:
Moringa Oleifera a Multipurpose Tree: 1.0 Introduction: Amandla Resources 1.1 Moringa Oleifera belongs to the onogeneric family of shrubs and trees and originated south of the Himalayas in Northern India.
More informationMatrix of Strategic Plan of Action on Food Security in the ASEAN Region (SPA-FS) 2009-2013
Appendix 2 Matrix of Strategic Plan of Action on Food Security in the ASEAN Region (SPA-FS) Strategic Thrust 1: Strengthen food security arrangements. 1.1 Strengthen national food security programmes/
More informationSUGAR SMARTS. Introduction. Preparation. Suggested Recipes. Key Concepts
SUGAR SMARTS Introduction This lesson uses health concerns around diabetes to introduce a discussion of sugar in our diets. Depending on your audience, you may want to talk about diabetes more generally
More informationFINAL REPORT. Identification of termites causing damage in maize in small-scale farming systems M131/80
FINAL REPORT Identification of termites causing damage in maize in small-scale farming systems M131/80 Project Manager: Dr MS Mphosi Co-workers: SH Nthangeni, UM du Plessis, AL Rossouw DETAILS PROJECT
More informationWATER HARVESTING AND AQUACULTURE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE
WATER HARVESTING AND AQUACULTURE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE 2 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AUBURN UNIVERSITY 3 INTRODUCTION More than one-fourth
More information- 1 - The Canadian flax industry has a strong visual grading system designed to ensure uniform quality.
- 1 - OVERVIEW OF THE FLAXSEED SECTOR IN MANITOBA Manitoba has been growing flax since the late 18s but it was not until World War II that it emerged as an alternative cash crop to wheat and other cereals.
More informationAgricultural Policies and Food Security Challenges in Zambia
Agricultural Policies and Food Security Challenges in Zambia Auckland Kuteya Presentation at the Africa Lead Champions for Change Leadership Training, Protea Hotel, Chisamba, Zambia 16-20 th April, 2012
More informationA Palm Oil Mill in Oyo State A Draft Proposal for a Private Venture
A Palm Oil Mill in Oyo State A Draft Proposal for a Private Venture Prepared by: Jeffrey H. Vogel, Ph.D. Prepared for: The Executive Governor of Oyo State Alhaji (Dr.) Lam Adesina Through the Commissioner
More informationResults and Challenges
Soy Value Chain in Mozambique Results and Challenges Feed the Future Scaling Agricultural Technology/GLEE 3-5 Dec 2013, Addis Ababa Luis Pereira, Agricultural Program Director / TechnoServe Mozambique
More informationUSE BLUE OR BLACK INK ONLY. 1c. ARE YOU THE NEW OWNER OF A PREVIOUSLY REGISTERED FACILITY? Yes O No O
FDA USE ONLY USE BLUE OR BLACK INK ONLY Date: (MM/DD/YYYY) Section 1 - TYPE OF REGISTRATION 1a. O DOMESTIC REGISTRATION O FOREIGN REGISTRATION 1b. O INITIAL REGISTRATION O UPDATE OF REGISTRATION INFORMATION
More informationBusiness production 22 Methods of production 24 Efficiency and new technology 26 Quality management 28
Contents Exam board specification map Introduction Topic checker Topic checker answers iv vi x xiv Business types and objectives Business types 2 Enterprise and business planning 4 Business objectives
More informationEgypt. Sugar Annual 2014
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: GAIN Report
More informationFebruary 24 2010 Biogas as a grid stabilising power source
Biogas as a grid stabilising power source By Bruno Sander Nielsen Joint biogas plants Farm scale biogas plants Consultants Energy sector Sub-suppliers Secretariat: Chairman: N.J. Pedersen Secr.: Bruno
More informationCOMMON FUND FOR COMMODITIES THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
COMMON FUND FOR COMMODITIES THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES INTERACTIVE THEMATIC SESSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE, COMMODITIES AND SERVICES/TOURISM Presentation by Dr. Rolf
More informationBiomass Supply Chains in South Hampshire
Biomass Supply Chains in South Hampshire 1 Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of how biomass supply chains could be developed within the area covered by the Partnership for Urban South
More informationStrategy. Change. Development. Business in Rwanda. Authors: Anna Masłoń-Oracz, Michael Mazurewicz.
Business in Rwanda Maroney Investment Consulting Leading consulting partner to enable your business expand in Africa We carry out comprehensive projects, designed to restore and maintain the stable growth
More informationSoya Micro-Enterprise
Africa Do Business Ltd (Uganda) Email: africadobusiness.com Website: www.africa-do-business.com Soya Micro-Enterprise Business Model with Soya Milk Making Machines Electric Blender Soya Bean Grinder and
More informationHow To Help The World Coffee Sector
ICC 105 19 Rev. 1 16 October 2012 Original: English E International Coffee Council 109 th Session 24 28 September 2012 London, United Kingdom Strategic action plan for the International Coffee Organization
More informationMy Diabetic Meal Plan during Pregnancy
My Diabetic Meal Plan during Pregnancy When you have diabetes and are pregnant, you need to eat small meals and snacks throughout the day to help control your blood sugar. This also helps you get in enough
More informationMaize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries of Kenya, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda
Maize Production in Uganda Farmers have improved maize yields from 1,000Kg/ha to 3,000-5,000 Kg/ha using the recommended technologies Maize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries
More informationThe functional properties of sugar
The functional properties of sugar These days, sugar comes in many varieties and can therefore be used in many different food products. Sugar has a range of unique properties that, either individually
More information10 Preconditions for a Successful Commodity Exchange a Comparison between ACE and ZAMACE
East Africa Trade Hub 10 Preconditions for a Successful Commodity Exchange a Comparison between ACE and ZAMACE Preconditions for a Successful Commodity Exchange outlines the necessary prerequisites for
More informationAlternative Feeds for Beef Cattle
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION University of Arkansas System Agriculture and Natural Resources Alternative Feeds for Beef Cattle FSA3047 Shane Gadberry Associate Professor - Animal Science
More informationInvestment in agricultural mechanization in Africa
Investment in agricultural mechanization in Africa Executive summary Conclusions and recommendations of a Round Table Meeting of Experts Co-organized by: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
More informationFSSC 22000. Certification scheme for food safety systems in compliance with ISO 22000: 2005 and technical specifications for sector PRPs PART I
FSSC 22000 Certification scheme for food safety systems in compliance with ISO 22000: 2005 and technical specifications for sector PRPs PART I REQUIREMENTS FOR ORGANIZATIONS THAT REQUIRE CERTIFICATION
More informationAction Plan. Securing crop supply through whole crop purchasing
Waste Action Plan Author: Alan Spray Securing crop supply through whole crop purchasing This Action Plan is intended to be used by a Director or Senior individual within a Procurement function in a Retail
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF PALATABILITY ON FEED CONSUMPTION IN GROWING SWINE
THE EFFECTS OF PALATABILITY ON FEED CONSUMPTION IN GROWING SWINE THE EFFECTS OF PALATABILITY ON FEED CONSUMPTION IN GROWING SWINE Introduction When purchasing show pigs, one of the most important things
More informationA diversified approach to fighting food insecurity and rural poverty in Malawi
case study A diversified approach to fighting food insecurity and rural poverty in Malawi Map of Malawi Malawi: Facts and Figures Ø Population: 13.1 million Ø Human development index ranking: 164 out of
More informationSUSTAINABLE CONTRACT FARMING FOR INCREASED COMPETITIVENESS: CASE STUDY ON POULTRY SECTOR IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA
SUSTAINABLE CONTRACT FARMING FOR INCREASED COMPETITIVENESS: CASE STUDY ON POULTRY SECTOR IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA BY Sugumar Saminathan National Productivity Corporation The agriculture sector contributed
More informationBusiness Cases for Aquaculture Investment in Ghana
Business Cases for Aquaculture Investment in Ghana Client: Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Mr. Thierry van Helden, First Secretary) P.O.Box CT 1647 Accra, Ghana Excerpt from: Eugene Rurangwa
More informationTea Industry in Nepal and its Impact on Poverty
Tea Industry in Nepal and its Impact on Poverty Submitted by South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics & Environment (SAWTEE) Kathmandu, Nepal 2006 Draft Report not for citation Paper prepared for the project
More informationTANZANIA. The land area of Tanzania is about 1 million square kilometres. This includes the offshore islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia.
TANZANIA 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE COUNTRY Tanzania lies on the East Coast of Africa between 1 O and 11 O S latitude and between 29o and 40 o E Longitude. It is bordered by Kenya in the North and shares
More informationTECHNICAL APPENDIX Investment in the Forestry Sector
TECHNICAL APPENDIX Investment in the Forestry Sector Introduction The appendix relates solely to an application for funding under the Forestry priority within the RDPE Rural Economy Grant (REG). REG is
More informationHarvesting energy with fertilizers
Harvesting energy with fertilizers Sustainable agriculture in Europe 1 Harvesting energy with fertilizers The reason for agriculture s existence is to supply energy to mankind. Agriculture converts solar
More informationNitrogen Fixing Bacteria in Agriculture Now a Real Option Guy Webb B.Sc. REM Agricultural Consultant
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria in Agriculture Now a Real Option Guy Webb B.Sc. REM Agricultural Consultant The Pursuit of Protein and Profit All agricultural enterprises, in essence, are based on the pursuit
More informationFiji Domestic Market Study: Opportunities and challenges for vegetable import substitution
Fiji Domestic Market Study: Opportunities and challenges for vegetable import substitution Tim Martyn September 2011 Fiji Fresh Produce Market Fiji Domestic Market Study: Opportunities and challenges for
More informationIDEAS Energy Innovation Contest 2012 Winners
IDEAS Energy Innovation Contest 2012 Winners Echos Consulting, Jamaica The Family Garden, Jamaica Caribbean ESCO Ltd., Jamaica N.V. VSH Foods, Suriname N.V. Guguplex Technologies, SAC, Suriname B2D, Haiti
More informationFood Security in a Volatile World
Issues in Brief Food Security in a Volatile World Developments in agriculture over the last fifty years have increased yields sufficiently to provide on average more than enough food for every person on
More informationTHE AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT MARKET IN CE, SE AND EASTERN EUROPE
THE AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT MARKET ROMANIA UKRAINE TURKEY RUSSIA IN CE, SE AND EASTERN EUROPE Romania In 211, Romania recorded one of the highest wheat production in the recent years, of some eight million
More information