Contents PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS. 1 Ideas that Shape American Politics 2. 2 The Constitution 46. About the Authors xvi Preface xvii

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1 Contents About the Authors xvi Preface xvii Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? 26 The American Dream 27 Spreading the Dream 27 PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS What Do You Think? Individualism Versus Solidarity 28 Challenging the Dream 29 1 Ideas that Shape American Politics 2 The Spirit of American Politics 3 Who Governs? 4 How Does American Politics Work? 5 What Does Government Do? 7 Who Are We? 8 A Nation of Ideas 9 Liberty 10 The Land of the Free 11 The Two Sides of Liberty 11 The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 12 Self-Rule 13 Equality 31 Three Kinds of Equality 31 How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much? 32 Opportunity or Outcome? 33 Religion 35 Remaining Religious 36 So Many Religions 36 The Politics of Religion 37 How Do Ideas Affect Politics? 40 Ideas in American Culture 40 The Ideas in Political Institutions 41 Culture or Institutions? 42 Chapter Summary 43 Study Questions 44 What Do You Think? Negative Versus Positive Liberty 14 One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 14 Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 15 A Mixed System 16 Limited Government 17 The Origins of Limited Government 17 And Yet... the United States Has a Big Government 18 Limits on Government Action 19 When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government 20 What Do You Think? Self-Rule Versus Limited Government 21 Individualism 22 Community Versus Individualism 23 The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord 24 2 The Constitution 46 The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 48 Why the Colonists Revolted 51 The Colonial Complaint: Representation 52 The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier 52 The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence 53 The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict 54 The Boston Tea Party 55 Revolution! 55 The Declaration of Independence 56 The Principle: We Hold These Truths Grievances 57 ix

2 The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation 57 The National Government 58 Some Success And Some Problems 59 Winner and Losers 60 The First Step: Annapolis Convention 61 Secrecy 61 What Do You Think? Your Advice Is Needed 62 The Constitutional Convention 63 What Do You Think? Was Delegate Secrecy Warranted? How Much Power to the People? National Government Versus State Government Big States Versus Small States The President Separation of Powers A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed 71 An Overview of the Constitution 74 Preamble 75 Article 1: Congress 75 What Do You Think? Have We Achieved the Constitution s Goals Today? 76 Article 2: The President 76 3 Federalism and Nationalism 92 Why Federalism? 96 Choosing Federalism 96 Federalism s Advantages 97 The Disadvantages 99 What Do You Think? Preserving Local Values or Continuing a Terrible Injustice? 100 The Stakes 101 How Federalism Works 102 The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 102 Dual Federalism 104 Cooperative Federalism 105 New Federalism 106 Battles over Federalism Today 107 Federalism and the Parties 110 What Do You Think? Intergovernmental Lobbying, American Style 111 Federalism in the Courts 112 Nationalism, American Style 114 The Imagined Community 114 America s Weak National Government 115 The Hidden Government 117 Chapter Summary 120 Study Questions 120 What Do You Think? Detention of Terrorism Suspects 77 Article 3: The Courts 77 Article 4: Relations Between the States 78 Article 5: Amendments 78 Article 6: The Law of the Land 79 Article 7: Ratification 79 The Missing Articles 79 Ratification 79 The Anti-Federalists 79 The Federalists 81 Two Strong Arguments 82 A Very Close Vote 82 A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics 84 Changing the Constitution 85 The Bill of Rights 85 The Seventeen Amendments 86 The Constitution Today 88 What Do You Think? How Strictly Should We Interpret the Constitution? 88 Chapter Summary 90 Study Questions 90 x 4 Civil Liberties 122 The Rise of Civil Liberties 124 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 124 The Slow Rise of Rights 126 Privacy 128 Penumbras and Emanations 129 What Do You Think? Is There a Right to Privacy? 129 Roe v. Wade 130 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 130 Sexuality Between Consenting Adults 131 Freedom of Religion 132 The Establishment Clause 132 What Do You Think? May the Christian Youth Club Meet in School? 134 Free Exercise of Religion 134 What Do You Think? David s Law Freedom of Speech 136 A Preferred Position

3 Political Speech 137 Symbolic Speech 139 Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 139 Limited Protection: Student Speech 140 Freedom of the Press 141 Prior Restraint 141 Obscenity 143 Libel 144 Suffrage 181 The Civil Rights Act of The Courts 183 Progress But How Much? 184 Reproductive Politics 184 Hispanics 186 Challenging Discrimination 186 The Politics of Immigration 187 The Controversy over Language 188 Political Mobilization 189 The Right to Bear Arms 144 A Relic of the Revolution? 144 Rights of the Accused 146 Americans Behind Bars 146 The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 148 The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 149 The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel 150 The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty 151 What Do You Think? End the Death Penalty? Gender Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Liberty 153 Chapter Summary 155 Study Questions 156 Asian Americans 191 The Asian Stereotypes 191 What Do You Think? Simple Decency? Or Political Correctness Run Amuck? 192 Native Americans 193 The Lost Way of Life 193 Indians and the Federal Government 194 Social Problems and Politics 195 Groups Without Special Protection 196 People with Disabilities 196 Sexual Orientation 197 Chapter Summary 200 Study Questions The Struggle for Civil Rights 158 Winning Rights: The Political Process 161 Seven Steps to Political Equality 161 How the Courts Review Cases Public Opinion and Political Participation 202 Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery 163 The Clash over Slavery 164 Dred Scott v. Sandford 165 The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? 166 Freedom Fails 167 Two Kinds of Discrimination 170 The Civil Rights Campaign Begins 171 The Courts 171 The Civil Rights Movement 173 Congress and the Civil Rights Act 174 The End of the Civil Rights Era 176 Affirmative Action in the Workplace 176 Affirmative Action in Education 177 What Do You Think? Higher Education and Affirmative Action 178 Where Are We Now? 179 Measuring Public Opinion 204 Polling Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 209 Sources of Public Opinion 211 Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 211 What Do You Think? Calling the Election Early? The Fight for Racial Equality 170 What Do You Think? Would You Have Protested? PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR Demographic Effects: From Region to Religion 212 Partisan Effects 213 Elite Influence 213 Wars and Other Focusing Events 214 Public Opinion in a Democracy 215 Is the Public Rational? 215 Do the People Know What They Want? 217 What Do You Think? How Do You Participate? 218 How Do the People Communicate Their Desires? 218 Do Leaders Respond to the Public? 219 xi

4 Getting Involved: Electoral, Voluntary, and Political Voice 221 How the Media Shapes Politics 264 Electoral Activities 221 Civic Voluntarism 223 What Do You Think? Volunteer Globally? 224 Political Voice 224 What Inspires Political Participation? 226 Political Socialization 227 Friends, Family, and Social Capital 228 Political Mobilization 229 Government Beneficiaries 229 Context 230 The Media s Electoral Connection 267 What Do You Think? Does the Media Enhance Democracy? 270 Chapter Summary 272 Study Questions 273 Age, Wealth, and Education 230 Alienation 232 Institutional Barriers 232 Complacency 234 Shifting Mobilization Patterns 234 Generation Y and Political Participation 234 The Internet, Social Media, and Participation 237 Chapter Summary 240 Study Questions Campaigns and Elections 274 How Democratic are American Elections? 276 Frequent and Fixed Elections 277 Number of Elected Officials 277 What Do You Think? Too Many Elected Positions? 279 Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality? 279 Presidential Campaigns and Elections 283 Who Runs for President? 283 Presidential Campaigns Have Three Phases 285 Winning the Nomination The Media 242 American Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining 245 Where People Go for News 245 Newspaper Decline 245 Radio Holds Steady 249 Television: From News to Infotainment 250 Movies: Mirroring America 252 What Do You Think? Movies That Take a Stand News Stories Reinforce Existing Beliefs 264 The Political Agenda 265 Priming the Public 266 Framing the Issue 266 The Campaign as Drama 268 Candidate Profiles 268 What Discourages Political Participation? The Rise of the New Media 253 Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy 254 Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger than Democratic Renaissance 255 Is the Media Biased? 258 Reporters Are Democrats 259 Profits Drive the News Industry 259 Drama Delivers Audiences 259 Sex and Scandal 260 The Skeptical Media 261 The Fairness Bias 261 How Governments Shape the Media 262 The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Government Regulation 262 xii Regulating Broadcasters 262 Protecting Competition 264 What Do You Think? Why Iowa and New Hampshire? 286 Organizing the Convention 287 The General Election 287 Winning Presidential Elections 288 Predicting Presidential Elections 291 Congressional Campaigns and Elections 292 Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 292 The Power of Incumbency 294 Congressional Election Results 295 Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander 296 Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation 299 How to Run for Congress 301 Chapter Summary 306 Study Questions 307

5 9 Interest Groups and Political Parties 308 Competition Intensifies 348 Partisanship and Its Discontents 349 What Do You Think? Winner Take All 351 What Interest Groups Do 312 What Do You Think? Th ird Parties 352 Public Advocacy Groups 312 Private Interest Groups 314 What Do You Think? Partisanship 353 Interest Groups, Representation, and Power 316 Interest Groups and Representation 316 Interest Groups and Power 318 Lobbyist Spending 318 What Do You Think? Assessing the Influence of Lobbyists 320 PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 10 Congress 356 Introducing Congress 360 Regulating Interest Groups 321 Two Houses, Different Styles 361 Lobbying the Federal Branches of Government 322 What Do You Think? Senate Filibusters Rise of the Issue Network 323 Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying 324 Lobbying the Courts 325 Political Parties and US Government 327 What the Parties Do 327 Two-Party America 329 Third Parties in American Politics 331 How Parties Are Organized The House and the Senate Have Some Unique Roles 363 Congressional Representation 364 Trustees and Delegates 364 What Do You Think? Who Really Represents You? 365 What Do You Think? Two Views of Representation 366 Elections: Getting to Congress and Staying There 366 Congressional Elections 367 A Government of Strangerss 368 Party-in-Government 334 Party Organization 335 Party in the Electorate 335 The Big Party Tents 336 Congress at Work 369 America s Party Systems: Origins and Change 337 Beginnings: First Party System ( ) 338 Rise: Second Party System (ca ) 338 War and Reconstruction: Third Party System ( ) 340 Business and Reform: Fourth Party System ( ) 341 Depression and New Deal: Fifth Party System ( ) 342 What Do You Think? Does the 2012 Election Suggest a New Party Period? 342 The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1972 Present) 343 Party Identification... and Ideas 343 Building Party Identification 344 The Power of Party Attachment 345 What Do You Think? Personality and Party Chapter Summary 354 Study Questions 355 The City on the Hill 369 Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership 370 Committees: Workhorses of Congress 374 Leadership and Assignments 376 Legislative Policymaking 377 The Importance of the Legislative Process 378 Drafting a Bill 378 Submitting the Bill 379 Committee Action 380 Floor Action 381 Conference Committee 386 Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Once More 386 Why Is Congress So Unpopular? 387 Partisan Polarization in Congress 388 What Do You Think? Is a Partisan Congress a Good Thing? 389 Divided Government Chapter Summary 392 Study Questions 393 Party Competition... and Partisanship 348 Parties Rise Again 348 xiii

6 11 The Presidency 394 Defining the Presidency 396 The President s Powers 398 An Imperial Presidency? 399 A Weak Office? 400 What Presidents Do 402 Commander in Chief 402 Top Diplomat 404 The First Legislator 405 Chief Bureaucrat 410 Economist in Chief 411 The Head of State 411 Party Leader 412 The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas 413 The Impossible Job 414 Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval Office 415 Managing the Public 415 Approval Ratings 416 Presidential Greatness and Failure 418 Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders 418 The President s Team: A Tour of the White House 420 The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments 420 The Vice President 421 The Cabinet 422 The Executive Office of the President 423 The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO) 425 The First Spouse 427 Chapter Summary 429 Study Questions Bureaucracy 432 Bureaucracies in an American Democracy 435 How the Bureaucracy Grew 435 The Bureaucratic Model 438 Bureaucratic Pathologies 440 The Democratic Dilemma 442 What Bureaucracies Do 443 Rule Making 443 Implementation 445 How the Bureaucracy Is Organized 446 The Cabinet Departments 446 Other Agencies 450 xiv Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? 454 The People 454 The President 455 Congress 455 Interest Groups 456 Bureaucratic Autonomy 456 Democracy Revisited 457 Reforming the Bureaucracy 458 Open Up the System 458 Reinventing Government 458 Privatization 459 Chapter Summary 460 Study Questions The Judicial Branch 462 Who Are We? A Nation of Laws... and Lawyers 466 Embracing the Law and Lawsuits 466 Declining Trust 466 Courts in American Culture 467 Organizing the Judicial Branch 468 Divided We Rule 468 State and Local Courts 469 Judicial Selection 470 What Do You Think? How Should States Select Their Judges? 470 Federal Courts 471 Specialized Courts 472 What Do You Think? Identity on the Bench 474 Diversity in the Federal Judiciary 474 The Courts Role 475 Judicial Review 475 Activism Versus Restraint 476 The Judicial Process 477 Too Much Power?... or Still the Least Dangerous Branch? 478 The Supreme Court and How It Operates 479 Hearing Cases 479 Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements 480 Conference Sessions and Written Decisions 481 Confirmation Battles 482 Judicial Decision-Making and Reform 483 The Role of Law 483 Ideology and Partisanship 484 Collegiality and Peer Pressure 485 Institutional Concerns 485

7 Nineteen Cases You Should Know Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCullough v. Maryland (1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Lochner v. New York (1905) Muller v. Oregon (1908) Schenck v. United States (1919) National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) Korematsu v. US (1944) Everson v. Board of Education (1947) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Roe v. Wade (1973) US v. Nixon (1974) 491 What Do You Think? Name Another Landmark The Federal Budget Process 517 The President s Budget Proposal 518 Congressional Budget Resolution 519 Appropriations Committee Action 520 American Foreign Policy Goals 521 Goal No. 1: Security 522 Goal No. 2: Prosperity 522 Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals 525 What Do You Think? Is America Exceptional? 526 Foreign Policy Strategies Over Time 527 Strategy 1: Standing Alone ( ) 527 Strategy 2: The Cold War ( ) 528 Strategy 3: The New World Order ( ) 530 Strategy 4: The War on Terror (began 2001) 531 What Do You Think? Terrorists and the Rule of Law 532 Chapter Summary 535 Study Questions 536 Case Bush v. Gore (2000) National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) 492 Reforming the Judiciary 494 Ideas for Reform: More Resources 494 Term Limits 495 Chapter Summary 496 Study Questions 497 APPENDIX I The Declaration of Independence A-1 APPENDIX II The Constitution of the United States of America A-4 PART IV POLICYMAKING 14 Domestic and Foreign Policy 498 Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages Agenda Setting Framing Policy Formation Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation and Feedback 508 Ex Post Policy Evaluations 509 US Social Policy 510 Wars and Social Policy 511 Old-Age Insurance: Social Security 513 Unemployment Benefits 513 Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid 514 APPENDIX III The Federalist Papers 1, 10, and 51 A-25 APPENDIX IV Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, A-36 Glossary G-1 Notes N-1 Credits C-1 Index I-1 What Do You Think? Should We Reform Social Security and Medicare? 516 xv