USING MEDICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL B ANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRON

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1 UCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDICAL GOVERNM SYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT E VIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH HAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITIC USING Data MEDICAL Set GOVERNMENTAL Directory PUBLIC of HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL B ANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRON DICAL Social GOVERNMENTAL Determinants PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL of Health BEHAVIORAL ONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOU VERNMENTAL at the PUBLIC Local HEALTH Level PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPO PLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDI BLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY E UCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDICAL GOVERNM SYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT E VIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH HAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITIC USING MEDICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL B ANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRON DICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL ONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOU VERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPO PLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDI BLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY E UCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDICAL GOVERNM SYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT E VIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH HAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITIC USING MEDICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL B ANSPORT ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRON DICAL GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL ONOMY EMPLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOU VERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPO PLOYMENT EDUCATION POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSING MEDI BLIC HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL TRANSPORT ECONOMY E UCATION POLITICAL U.S. Department ENVIRONMENTAL Of Health and HOUSING Human Services MEDICAL GOVERNM Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

2 Suggested Citation Hillemeier M, Lynch J, Harper S, Casper M. Data Set Directory of Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; For More Information Write: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Adult and Community Health Cardiovascular Health Branch 4770 Buford Highway NE MS K-47 Atlanta, GA Online This publication is available at Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following people for their valuable contributions to the publication of this directory: the workshop participants (listed on page iii) for providing their expert opinions on the dimensions and components of the social environment; Kurt Greenlund and Ishmael Williams for their involvement in the early stages of this project; Mark Harrison for the beautiful cover design, his expertise in formatting information-rich tables, and his great editorial skills; and Amanda Crowell for serving as an excellent copy editor. This work was funded by ASPH/CDC/ATSDR Cooperative Agreement S /19. Web site addresses of nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our readers. Provision of an address does not constitute an endorsement of this organization by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of other organization s Web pages.

3 Data Set Directory of Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level Marianne Hillemeier, PhD Pennsylvania State University John Lynch, PhD University of Michigan Sam Harper, MSPH Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Michele Casper, PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The contents of this directory are adapted from the following article: Hillemeier M.M., J. Lynch, S. Harper, and M. Casper Measuring contextual characteristics for community health. Health Services Research 38(6 part 2): This document is published in partnership with the Social Determinants of Health Work Group at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

4 Workshop Participants * Donna Armstrong University at Albany, SUNY Department of Epidemiology Elizabeth Barnett West Virginia University Department of Community Medicine Stuart Batterman University of Michigan Environmental Health Sciences Matt Boulton Michigan Department of Community Health Bureau of Epidemiology Michele Casper Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cardiovascular Health Branch George Davey Smith University of Bristol Department of Social Medicine Allen Dearry National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Ana Diez Roux Columbia University Division of General Medicine Jim Dunn University of British Columbia Department of Health Care and Epidemiology Bonnie Duran University of New Mexico School of Medicine Department of Family and Community Medicine Anne Ellaway University of Glasgow Social and Public Health Sciences Unit

5 Arline Geronimus University of Michigan Department of Health Behavior and Health Education Kurt Greenlund Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cardiovascular Health Branch Sam Harper National Center for Health Statistics, CDC Office of Analysis, Epidemiology and Health Promotion Marianne Hillemeier Pennsylvania State University Department of Health Policy and Administration James House University of Michigan Survey Research Center George Kaplan University of Michigan Department of Epidemiology James Krieger Epidemiology Planning and Evaluation Public Health Seattle and King County Nancy Krieger Harvard School of Public Health Department of Health and Social Behavior Verna Lamar-Welch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cardiovascular Health Branch Tama Leventhal Teachers College, Columbia University Center for Children and Families Cynthia Lopez University of New Mexico School of Medicine Department of Family and Community Medicine John Lynch University of Michigan Department of Epidemiology iii

6 Jeffrey Morenoff University of Michigan Department of Sociology Patricia O'Campo Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health Elsie Pamuk National Center for Health Statistics, CDC Office of Analysis, Epidemiology, and Health Promotion Harold Pollack University of Michigan, Department of Health Management and Policy Amy Schulz University of Michigan Department of Health Behavior and Health Education Mary Shaw University of Bristol School of Geographical Sciences Sharon Simonton University of Michigan Department of Epidemiology Mah-jabeen Soobader Rochester General Hospital Division of General Pediatrics Gavin Turrell Queensland University of Technology School of Public Health Norman Waitzman University of Utah Department of Economics Pamela Waterman Harvard School of Public Health David Williams University of Michigan Survey Research Center iv

7 Ishmael Williams Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cardiovascular Health Branch Doug Willms University of New Brunswick Faculty of Education John Wooding University of Massachusetts, Lowell Regional Economic and Social Development Michael Woolcock World Bank v

8 Contents Introduction to the Data Set Directory... 1 Dimensions of the Social Environment... 3 Economy... 4 Overview... 4 Data Sets... 5 Employment Overview Data Sets Education Overview Data Sets Political Overview Data Sets Environmental Overview Data Sets Housing Overview Data Sets Medical Overview Data Sets Governmental Overview Data Sets Public Health Overview Data Sets Psychosocial Overview Data Sets vi

9 Contents, Continued Behavioral Overview Data Sets Transport Overview Data Sets References vii

10 Introduction to the Data Set Directory There is widespread interest in the role of local social determinants of health at the local level. Federal, state, and local government agencies, academic institutions, and community organizations are increasingly recognizing the need to understand and address the socioeconomic contexts within which people work and play in order to improve their health and welfare. There is renewed emphasis on implementing interventions aimed at improving socioenvironmental conditions. Such interventions have the potential to produce wide-ranging health benefits (see the April 2003 supplement of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine) and could reduce marked health disparities that remain a high-priority concern for public health (USDHHS 2000). It is critical that decisions regarding how to improve health and eliminate health disparities are integrated into the larger picture of community characteristics that promote or endanger health. A recent theme in the literature and in meetings of interested parties around the country is the need for improved conceptualization and availability of data on how the social environment impacts the health of populations (Pickett and Pearl 2001; Macintyre and Ellaway and Cummins 2002; Yen and Syme 1999; Kaplan and Lynch 1997, 2001; Diez Roux 2004; Berkman 2004; Krieger and Davey Smith 2004; Institute of Medicine 1997; M. Miringoff and M.L. Miringoff 1999; Howell et al. 2003). This Data Set Directory of Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level is a response to those needs. The directory contains an extensive list of existing data sets that can be used to address these determinants. The data sets are organized according to 12 dimensions, or broad categories, of the social environment. Each dimension is subdivided into various components. This directory grew out of a project based at the University of Michigan School of Public Health and funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Investigators from the United States and Europe were invited to a workshop to review an initial list of dimensions important for understanding social determinants of health. Participants represented a wide range of disciplines including epidemiology, sociology, geography, medicine, demography, economics, developmental psychology, education, and toxicology. Others with interests and expertise in the effects of community contextual characteristics on health were also invited, including government experts on data sources and geographic information systems, public health practitioners, and experts on community consultation and processes. 1

11 Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level Structured discussions among the workshop participants led to consensus on a core set of 12 dimensions. Participants then generated detailed lists of components within each dimension, along with suggestions for possible data sources and specific variables that might be used to measure the components of each dimension. Based on the results of the workshop, the lists of components and data indicators were refined by the University of Michigan staff, taking into consideration both conceptual relevance and availability of appropriate data at the local level. An extensive search for data sets that address each of the dimensions and components was conducted including both traditional and non-traditional sources. The results of this search are presented in this directory. We focused primarily, but not exclusively, on data sets that contain information for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). We chose to focus on MSAs primarily because there is a broad range of data for MSAs that is routinely collected and geocoded. We recognize, however, that there is no single ideal level for measuring social determinants of health in relationship to health-damaging and health-promoting factors. In fact, different characteristics may operate at different levels. An argument can be made that using more localized units, such as county, zip code, census tract, and census block, increases the likelihood of measuring certain aspects of the social and physical environment actually experienced by individuals. Conversely, considerably more richly detailed contextual data sources are available for larger units such as states. Given the inevitable trade-offs between data availability and proximity to lived experience, we chose to focus on MSAs. 2

12 Dimensions of the Social Environment This table lists the 12 dimensions of the social environment. Each section begins with a brief overview of the literature for each dimension. These reviews are not exhaustive, but rather provide some of the background that led to them being included in this directory. Each dimension is divided into several components. Each component has one or more indicators, and for each indicator at least one data set is listed. Dimension See Page Economy 5 Employment 13 Education 19 Political 25 Environmental 29 Housing 33 Medical 39 Governmental 43 Public Health 47 Psychosocial 51 Behavioral 55 Transport 59 3

13 Economy Overview The association between higher levels of economic resources and more optimal health is one of the most well-documented relationships in public health research (Susser and Watson and Hopper 1985; Krieger et al. 1993; Lynch and Kaplan 2000), and economic aspects of local areas have been among the most frequently analyzed contextual factors with regard to mortality and other outcomes. Significant associations have been shown between health status and community economic characteristics including income (Anderson et al. 1997; Diez Roux et al. 1997) and inequality in income distribution (Lynch et al. 1998; Kennedy et al. 1998), wealth (Diez Roux et al. 1997; O Campo et al. 1997), poverty (Yen and Kaplan 1999; Shaw et al. 2000), and the geographic concentration of poverty (Waitzman and Smith 1998a,b). The fact that data for most of these economic indicators are readily available for small areas in census data is undoubtedly an important factor accounting for their widespread use (Mitchell et al. 2000). Our consultants encouraged a broadened perspective to more fully assess the economic status of communities. On one hand, this involved identifying a more diversified set of indicators for commonly studied components, such as considering various types of income (earnings, investments, and transfers) in addition to the overall mean or median income in an area. On the other hand, a number of additional components of economic well-being were also suggested for inclusion. For example, the opportunities for community residents to obtain financial resources would be influenced by characteristics of economic development in an area, including productivity, industrial mix, and amount of area business lending, as well as by the exchanges of goods and services through the informal economy. The availability of financial services such as banks and other sources of credit were considered important, as were local costs of living, patterns of redistribution through taxes and transfers, and the fiscal capacity of the area. One other seldom-considered aspect of the economic milieu concerns the degree to which segments of the community are differentially exploited, and thereby constrained in their access to monetary resources. Indicators of exploitation include the ratio of wages to corporate profits, as well as issues related to location of jobs such as length of commute and commuter taxation. 4

14 Economy Data Sets This table presents the components and indicators of the economic dimension. Nine economic components are identified: 1. Income 2. Wealth 3. Poverty 4. Economic Development 5. Financial Services 6. Cost of Living 7. Redistribution 8. Fiscal Capacity 9. Exploitation Within each component, several indicators are identified, and for each indicator at least one data set is listed. 1. Income A. Earned income 1. Median and per capita annual income... Census Bureau ( 2. Mean hourly and annual wage... Bureau of Labor Statistics (stat.bls.gov/oes/home.htm). Data by occupation available in downloadable Excel files. 3. Hourly wage, union, and nonunion workers... Union Membership and Earnings Data Book ( Separate tables for public and private sector workers and for manufacturing and nonmanufacturing workers. Customized reports available for any or all years since Per capita personal income... Bureau of Economic Analysis ( Downloadable compressed comma-separated-value files. B. Disposable income 1. Median and per capita Effective Buying Index Demographics U.S.A ( Effective Buying Index represents money income minus taxes. Data available on CD-ROM. C. Income distribution 1. Gini coefficient of income inequality; 90%ile/10%ile ratio... Census Bureau ( 5

15 Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level Economy Data Sets, Continued 1. Income (continued) D. Geographic concentration of income 1. Concentration of poverty... Jargowsky, P. A Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The Dramatic Decline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990s ( es/urban/publications/jargowskypoverty.pdf). Percentage of the poor residing in high poverty neighborhoods; total and race-specific rates. E. Economic segregation 1. Dissimilarity index (d), poor/nonpoor segregation; Contact index (xpy*), poor/nonpoor segregation Wealth Sociometrics Contextual Data Archive ( Downloadable compressed data files for PC and UNIX, including raw data and SPSS and SAS files. A. Geographic concentration of wealth 1. Mean and median net worth... ESRI Business Information Solution ( Data can be integrated into ArcGIS. B. Debt levels 1. Bankruptcy filings... Economy.com ( Personal and business bankruptcy filings and rates per thousand households, by type. C. Savings rates 1. Dollar amount of deposits in savings institutions and banks... Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (www3.fdic.gov/sod/index.asp). From Web site page, choose Summary Tables, then MSA or county tables. D. Real estate ownership/values 1. Median value owner-occupied housing units... Census Bureau ( 3. Poverty A. Geographic concentration of poverty 1. Poverty rate... Census Bureau ( 2. Concentration of poverty... See Jargowsky B. Deprivation associated with poverty-level income 1. Percent of families with incomes less than half of the poverty line... Census Bureau ( 6

16 Economy Data Sets, Continued 4. Economic Development A. Productivity 1. Gross metropolitan product (GMP) and GMP growth rate... B. Industrial mix 1. Wholesale, retail, service, and manufacturing establishments... C. Business lending indicators U.S. Metro Economies (usmayors.org/uscm/home.asp). Downloadable tables in PDF. Census Bureau, Economic Census ( 1. City governments bond ratings... Statistical Abstract of the United States ( From this Web site page, select desired year; select State and Local Government Finances and Employment. 5. Financial Services A. Availability of credit 1. Home loan denial rates by race, applicants with incomes <50%, 50-79%, 80-99%, %, and 120% of MSA median... Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data ( From this Web site page, choose Aggregates Reports under Home Mortgage Disclosure Act; select state and MSA of interest; Aggregate Table 5-2 Disposition of applications for conventional home purchase loans, by income and race of applicant, is downloadable as PDF or spreadsheet. B. Availability of banking and checkcashing services 1. Number of bank and savings institution offices Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (www3.fdic.gov/sod/index.asp). From this Web site page, choose Summary Tables, then MSA or county tables. 6. Cost of Living A. Local cost of living indices 1. Cost of living index: composite/grocery items/housing/utilities/transportation/health care; average local prices for a wide range of specific food items, products, and services... American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association ( Quarterly and annual average data may be purchased as downloadable spreadsheet or hardcopy. 7

17 Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level Economy Data Sets, Continued 6. Cost of Living (continued) A. Local cost of living indices (continued) 2. Basic family budget: total/housing/food/child care/health care/transportation/taxes... B. Spending/consumption patterns 1. Consumer expenditures: total/food/alcoholic beverages/housing/apparel/transportation/ health care/entertainment/personal care products and services/reading/education/ tobacco products/personal insurance and pensions... Economic Policy Institute: Hardships in America (epinet.org). From this Web site page, choose Basic Family Budget Calculator; select a metropolitan area of interest or download budget tables for all areas in Excel. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) ( From this Web site page, select Consumer Expenditures; select Tables Created by BLS; select current MSA tables grouped by region in text format or PDF. C. Income to spending ratios 1. Ratio annual income/expenditures... Can be calculated from BLS expenditures data. 7. Redistribution A. Taxes 1. Local tax rates Statistical Abstract of the United States ( From this Web site page, select desired year; select State and Local Government Finances and Employment. 2. Tax Foundation ( From this Web site page, select State Finance; select Combined State and Local Tax Burdens as a Percentage of Income, by State. 2. Cigarette tax... Tax Foundation ( From this Web site page, select State Finance; select Various Tax Rates. 3. Taxpayers filing for Earned Income Tax Credit Brookings Institution ( B. Transfers 1. Transfer payments... Bureau of Economic Analysis ( Downloadable compressed comma-separated-value files. 8

18 Economy Data Sets, Continued 8. Fiscal Capacity A. Property values 1. Median value, owner-occupied housing units... Census Bureau ( B. Sales levels 1. Dollar amount of retail sales per household Demographics USA (tradedimensions.com/p_demographics.html). Data available on CD-ROM. 2. State and Metropolitan Area Data Book ( C. Income capacity 1. Buying power index... Demographics USA ( A weighted index incorporating population, economic, and distributional information to measure the market s ability to buy, expressed as a percentage of the national total (100%). Data available on CD-ROM. 2. Standardized fiscal health... State of the Nations Cities Database (policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/sonc/sonc.htm). Defined by Ladd and Yinger (America s Ailing Cities: Fiscal Health and the Design of Urban Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1991) as the difference between a city s revenue-raising capacity and its expenditure need expressed as a percentage of capacity. Used to reveal the net effect of a city s economic, social, and demographic characteristics on a city s ability to deliver a standard level of public services at a standard tax burden on its residents. Database available in four PC formats (tab-delimited ASCII, SPSS portable, Excel, and SAS) and one Macintosh format. 9

19 Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level Economy Data Sets, Continued 9. Exploitation A. Ratio of wages to corporate profits 1. Ratio of average production worker wage: average value added per manufacturing employee Ratio of average nonunion worker wage: average union worker wage... Can be calculated from data in State and Metropolitan Area Data Book 1991 ( Can be calculated from data in the Union Membership and Earnings Data Book ( B. Commuter taxes 1. Transit and vanpool tax exemption benefits... Federal Transit Administration ( Data on which states allow federally exempted, qualified transportation fringe benefits to be exempted from state tax. C. Commuting patterns 1. Means of travel to work; median travel time to work; median income by means of transport to work; median income and number of workers in household by vehicles available... Census Bureau, Transportation Planning Package ( 2. Travel time index... Texas Transportation Institute (mobility.tamu.edu/). Annual Urban Mobility Report includes a Travel Time Index, reflecting the average amount of extra time it takes to travel in the peak period relative to free-flow travel. 10

20 Employment Overview Aspects of employment in residential areas have also been among the more frequently considered factors in research on context and health. Adverse outcomes have generally been found to be positively associated with higher community levels of unemployment (Guest and Almgren and Hussey 1998; LeClere and Rogers and Peters 1998), as well as with larger proportions of employed residents working at lower social class occupations (Armstrong et al. 1998; Cubbin and LeClere and Smith 2000). Unemployment rates and/or occupational status measures are also frequently combined with other indicators of areal deprivation, including median income, car ownership, education level, and overcrowded housing, to form summary measures that are associated with poorer health (e.g., Townsend and Phillimore and Beattie 1988; Carstairs and Morris 1989). In addition to the usual employment indicators, we include a number of other measures. Looking in detail at characteristics of the workforce, for example, along with the area business capacity and the geography of job growth would facilitate assessment of job access, as well as the degree of spatial mismatch, which may adversely affect the employment opportunities of central city residents (Holzer 1991; Mouw 2000). Racial, gender-based, and anti-gay discrimination also limit access to employment and can cause stress-related consequences for health (Williams 1999; Krieger and Sidney 1997; Yen et al. 1999). The degree to which occupational safety regulations and policies are in place and enforced is likely to influence the frequency and severity of work-related injuries (McQuiston and Zakocs and Loomis 1998), while aspects of job quality, including wage equity, family-friendly policies, and demand/control characteristics of jobs, can reduce or exacerbate jobrelated stress and its sequelae (Cheng et al. 2000; de Jonge et al. 2000; A. L. Saltzstein and Ting and G.H. Saltzstein 2001). The presence of labor unions is also associated with more optimal working conditions and employee compensation (Hirsch and Macpherson 2001). 11

21 Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level Employment Data Sets This table describes the components and indicators of the employment dimension. Seven employment components are identified: 1. Employment/Unemployment Rates 2. Workforce Characteristics 3. Area Business Capacity 4. Job Access 5. Occupational Safety 6. Job Quality 7. Job Characteristics Within each component, several indicators are identified, and for each indicator at least one data set is listed. 1. Employment/Unemployment Rates A. Job security 1. Employment volatility... State of the Nation s Cities Database (policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/sonc/sonc.htm). Variables calculated by the Center for Urban Policy Research for this database indicating employment volatility relative to volatility in the United States as a whole. Database available in four PC formats (tab-delimited ASCII, SPSS portable, Excel, and SAS) and one Macintosh format. B. Labor market turnover 1. Unemployment rates: total, by race/ethnicity, sex, occupation, and industry Labor force participation rates: total, by race/ethnicity and sex Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Series (stats.bls.gov/lau/). From this Web site page, select monthly or annual average tables of total unemployment rates for metropolitan areas; tables available in PDF. 2. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Geographic Profile Series (stats.bls.gov/opub/gp/laugp.htm). From this Web site page, select Estimates for Metropolitan Areas and Cities; tables available in PDF. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Geographic Profile Series (stats.bls.gov/opub/gp/laugp.htm). From this Web site page, select Estimates for Metropolitan Areas and Cities. 12

22 Employment Data Sets, Continued 2. Workforce Characteristics A. Racial/ethnic/gender diversity 1. Percent distribution of employed persons by sex, race/ethnicity, and occupation... Bureau of Labor Statistics, Geographic Profile Series (stats.bls.gov/opub/gp/laugp.htm). From this Web site page, select Estimates for Metropolitan Areas and Cities. 2. Percent of workers who are female... Union Membership and Earnings Data Book ( Total, private, public sector, and private manufacturing workers; customized reports available for any or all years since B. Skill level 1. Percent distribution of employed persons by sex, race/ethnicity, and occupation... C. Unionization 1. Percent of workforce unionized; percent of workers covered by union contract Collective bargaining protection laws covering state and local employees; laws protecting public employees right to strike 3. Area Business Capacity Bureau of Labor Statistics, Geographic Profile Series (stats.bls.gov/opub/gp/laugp.htm). Union Membership and Earnings Data Book ( Total, private, public sector, and private manufacturing workers; customized reports available for any or all years since Dilts, D. A., C. R. Deitsch, and A. Rassuli Labor Relations Law in State and Local Government. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. A. Tax breaks offered 1. Corporate income tax rate... Tax Foundation ( From this Web site page, select State Finance; select Corporate Income Tax Rates. B. Number and size of businesses 1. Number of establishments by employment size (1-4, 5-9, 10-19, 20-49, 50-99, , , , 1,000 employees)... C. Business space available 1. Commercial office space (sq ft) in and outside central business district Commercial office space vacancy rate in and outside central business district... County Business Patterns ( cbp/download/cbpdownload.html). Downloadable comma-delimited data files and record layout documentation. Society of Industrial and Office Realtors ( From this Web site page, select Publications; online data from Comparative Statistics of Industrial and Office Real Estate Markets available for purchase. Society of Industrial and Office Realtors ( 13