Saline Infusion Sonohysterography

Transcription

1 Review rticle Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Technique, Indications, and Imaging Findings Debra L. erridge, MD, Thomas C. Winter, MD Objective. To review the technique, indications, and common imaging findings regarding saline infusion sonohysterography. Methods. The literature on saline infusion sonohysterography was reviewed. Pertinent images from our institution are presented to illustrate common imaging findings. Results. From the literature review, we summarize the various clinical scenarios in which saline infusion sonohysterography is useful and give examples from our clinical practice. Conclusions. Saline infusion sonohysterography is a useful procedure for evaluation of endometrial and subendometrial abnormalities. Key words: endometrium; saline infusion sonohysterography; sonography. bbreviations HSG, hysterosalpingography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PM, postmenopausal bleeding; SIS, saline infusion sonohysterography; 3D, 3-dimensional; TVS, transvaginal sonography Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) is a technique in which a catheter is placed into the endometrial cavity and sterile saline is instilled to separate the walls of the endometrium. In 1993, a study by Parson and Lense 1 in the Journal of Clinical Ultrasound termed the technique sonohysterography. This technique has been known by many names, including sonohysterography, hysterosonography, transvaginal sonography (TVS) with fluid contrast augmentation, 2 and, finally, SIS. 3 This article is a review of the literature on SIS since its introduction and a guide for sonographers and sonologists who are not yet familiar with this technique. We outline the various settings in which SIS is useful and give a detailed description of the technique itself. In addition, we outline the most common imaging findings on SIS. Technique Received July 1, 2003, from the Department of Radiology, bdominal Imaging, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin US. Revision requested July 22, Revised manuscript accepted for publication ugust 20, ddress correspondence and reprint requests to Thomas C. Winter, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, E3/311 CSC ox 3252, 600 Highland ve, Madison, WI US. Saline infusion sonohysterography is a technique that involves placing a catheter into the uterine cavity through the cervical os to inject sterile saline into the endometrial canal. The saline distends the cavity, pushing the opposed walls of the endometrium apart. The anechoic fluid is then juxtaposed against the echogenic endometrium, giving exquisite detail of the uterine lining. ecause there is considerable variation in the thickness of the endometrium in menstruating woman, SIS is best performed as soon as possible after the cessation of menses, during the proliferative phase of the menstrual 2004 by the merican Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, /04/$3.50

2 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Figure 1. Typical tray set for SIS. Equipment needed includes a speculum, various clamps, a tenaculum, cervical dilators, the sonohysterography catheter, a syringe for the occlusive balloon, and a 20-mL syringe for injection of the saline. cycle, no later than day This is before ovulation because pregnancy is a contraindication to SIS. During days 4 to 6 of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is at its thinnest. When the endometrium is thinnest, focal lesions such as polyps are best seen. In general, the secretory phase is avoided because of false-positive findings from folds and wrinkles in the lining. 1 In the postmenopausal woman with abnormal bleeding, the examination can be performed at any time. If she is receiving hormone replacement therapy, then the study should be coordinated with withdrawal bleeding or the progesterone phase of the hormone replacement therapy. leeding is not a contraindication to SIS; however, the presence of blood clots within the endometrial canal can make interpretation more difficult. 4 Patient preparation for the examination is minimal. We instruct our patients to take ibuprofen orally 1 hour before the examination time. We do not routinely give prophylactic antibiotics. However, patients with active pelvic inflammatory disease are not studied with SIS because of concerns about potentially exacerbating the infection. Similarly, although it is rarely an issue, and although there are no hard scientific data to support this stance, we do not perform SIS on patients with an intrauterine device in place. Initially, the patient undergoes routine TVS with full evaluation of the uterus, endometrial stripe, and adnexa. The procedure is explained to the patient, including the small risk of increased bleeding as well as the even smaller risk of infection. Complications are fairly uncommon with SIS. In an article by onnamy et al, 5 the rate was 1% for serious complications (a single case of endometritis). Pelvic pain was also cited as a complication, with a rate of 1%. Consent is obtained after the patient s questions have been answered. The equipment needed for the examination includes a sterile speculum with an open side, cervical sounds in the event that the catheter does not pass easily through the cervix, a 20-mL syringe, a tenaculum, clamps, and the hysterosonography catheter with a 3-mL syringe for the balloon (Figure 1). tenaculum is included on the SIS tray but is rarely used in our practice. If the tenaculum is used, it is traditionally placed on the anterior lip of the cervix, although it can also be used on the posterior lip. There are several different catheters available for SIS. 6 We prefer to use a balloon occlusive catheter to ensure that the endometrial canal is well distended. We currently use an H/S hysterosalpingography (HSG) catheter (Medi-Tech, Gainesville, FL). The catheter has an outer stiffener to facilitate introduction of the flexible catheter into the cervix. The catheter and the balloon must be flushed with sterile saline before insertion to remove as much air as possible. ny air within the catheter will be introduced into the endometrial canal and may obscure abnormalities during scanning (Figure 2). The patient is placed in the lithotomy position. brief bimanual examination can aid in locating the cervix. sterile speculum is placed into the vagina, and the cervix is brought into view. The cervix is then cleansed with povidone-iodine solution. The catheter and stiffener are placed at Figure 2. Inadvertent injection of a small amount of air. The air appears as a bright echogenic focus in the fundal region of the endometrial cavity (arrow). 98 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

3 erridge and Winter the external cervical os, and the catheter is advanced through the stiffener into the endometrial canal. Cervical stenosis can make passage of the catheter difficult. In a study by Goldstein et al, 7 2 of 153 SIS examinations were technically inadequate. Once into the endometrial canal, the balloon is inflated so that the catheter does not become dislodged. The speculum is carefully removed, and the endovaginal probe is reinserted beside the catheter. Under direct sonographic visualization, the balloon is gently retracted to occlude the internal cervical os. gain, under sonographic guidance, approximately 5 to 30 ml of warm sterile saline is injected. The saline is warmed in a microwave oven for the patient s comfort and to decrease cramping. We use a 1200-W microwave oven, heating a 500 ml bottle of sterile saline for 55 seconds, but each sonologist should always verify this technique to ensure an optimal and safe fluid temperature. Complete sonographic evaluation of the endometrial cavity is performed in both the coronal and sagittal planes. In addition, 3- dimensional (3D) imaging has been advocated to get a better global view of the uterine cavity. 8 The balloon is then deflated, and evaluation of the lower uterine segment and endocervical region is performed. Doppler evaluation can be quite helpful for distinguishing blood clots from polypoid lesions. 9 If color flow can be documented within the lesion, then a blood clot is excluded. In addition, the catheter itself can be manipulated to dislodge the blood clot during the course of the examination (Figure 3). The catheter is then removed. In general, patients tolerate the procedure quite well. Figure 3. lood clot mimicking a mass. The patient had postmenopausal bleeding. Initial images ( and ) show an echogenic mass in the endometrial cavity (arrow). Color Doppler imaging (C) shows no color flow within the mass. During the examination, the mass was dislodged with the catheter, and the final image (D) shows a normal thin endometrium (arrowheads). C D J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112,

4 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Indications Fertility Workup Uterine anomalies are common in women with infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss. Therefore, it is essential that fertility workups include an evaluation for structural uterine abnormalities. Saline infusion sonohysterography as an adjunct to TVS can give additional information regarding structural uterine abnormalities. Congenital nomalies ecause of the high incidence of congenital uterine anomalies among patients with recurrent pregnancy loss, lborzi et al 10 performed a study to evaluate the effectiveness of SIS in differentiating a septate uterus from a bicornuate uterus. In their study, SIS was able to differentiate a septate uterus from a bicornuate uterus in all cases. These authors found that this technique could obviate the need for laparoscopy for diagnosis of these conditions. The importance of the diagnosis is that patients with a bicornuate uterus must undergo abdominal metroplasty, whereas this procedure has been replaced by hysteroscopic metroplasty in patients with a septate uterus. Soares et al 11 evaluated SIS, TVS, and HSG with regard to uterine malformations. These modalities were compared with hysteroscopy. Saline infusion sonohysterography had the highest sensitivity and specificity, 77.8% and 100%, respectively. Transvaginal sonography and HSG both had a sensitivity of 44%. Hysterosalpingography also had false-positive results, which were not observed with SIS. However, SIS and TVS did not detect 2 of 3 cases of unicornuate uterus. Masses and dhesions Soares et al 11 compared the diagnostic accuracies of SIS, TVS, and HSG with hysteroscopy in infertile patients. For polypoid lesions and endometrial hyperplasia, SIS had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. For polypoid lesions, the sensitivity of HSG was 50%, and the specificity was 82.5%. ecause endometrial hyperplasia causes diffuse uniform endometrial thickening, HSG did not detect any of these cases. Saline infusion sonohysterography and HSG had similar results in detecting intrauterine adhesions (Figure 4). oth methods had a sensitivity of 75%, and the specificity was 93% and 95%, respectively. In contrast, TVS did not detect any of the cases of intrauterine adhesions. These authors concluded that SIS is superior to TVS and HSG for polypoid lesions and endometrial hyperplasia and outperformed both TVS and HSG in the detection of uterine anomalies. Screening efore In Vitro Fertilization Patients undergoing in vitro fertilization are generally screened with office hysteroscopy for evaluation of intrauterine abnormalities. Screening with SIS yields similar diagnostic results but is less invasive, better tolerated, and less costly. In addition, SIS yields more information regarding the size and locations of myomas. t the same setting, the adnexa can be evaluated. Saline infusion sonohysterography can also differentiate a septate uterus from a bicornuate uterus. For these reasons, some authors are recommending screening with SIS before in vitro fertilization. 12 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss In patients with recurrent pregnancy loss, there is a high incidence of uterine abnormalities. In a study by Keltz et al, of 34 patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (defined as 3 consecutive losses) had an intrauterine abnormality identified on SIS. In their study, SIS had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for demonstration of these intrauterine abnormalities. In contrast, HSG had a sensitivity of 90% but a specificity of 20%. In addition, HSG had a false-positive rate of 31%. The authors concluded that, because of the excellent sensitivity and specificity afforded by SIS, it could replace HSG as the test of choice for evaluation of intrauterine abnormalities in this setting. Saline infusion sonohysterography can be a valuable test in the evaluation of female infertility. It gives excellent anatomic detail of the uterus and has been shown to be highly accurate in the diagnosis of polypoid lesions, endometrial hyperplasia, and various uterine anomalies. It offers several advantages over the traditional HSG. It uses no ionizing radiation and no iodinated contrast agent. The entire uterus is visualized rather than the outline of the endometrial canal. It is well tolerated by the patient and has few complications. In the studies by Keltz et al 13 and Soares et al 11 (in fertility evaluation populations), there was 1 complication of infection in each study, for a total of 2 infections per 99 patients. The infection in 1 patient resolved with oral antibiotics, whereas that in the other required hospitalization. 100 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

5 erridge and Winter Figure 4. Intrauterine adhesions in a 33-year-old woman undergoing a fertility workup with a history of 2 dilation and curettage procedures. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows a poorly distensible endometrial cavity with adhesions (arrows)., Longitudinal image;, transverse image. Saline infusion sonohysterography can be very helpful in directing subsequent intervention. If a focal lesion is identified on SIS, that lesion can be treated with hysteroscopy. Those patients who do not have a focal lesion can be spared hysteroscopy in many cases. In addition, those patients found to have a septate uterus rather than a bicornuate uterus can undergo hysteroscopic metroplasty, whereas those patients with a bicornuate uterus must undergo abdominal metroplasty. Postmenopausal leeding Postmenopausal bleeding (PM) was defined in a Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus statement as any vaginal bleeding in the postmenopausal woman other than expected cyclic bleeding that occurs with sequential hormone replacement therapy. 3 Postmenopausal bleeding is a common clinical problem. s many as 1 per 10 women older than 55 years have abnormal vaginal bleeding. Postmenopausal bleeding can occur secondary to many conditions, including atrophy, endometrial polyps, and endometrial hyperplasia; however, the clinical workup is generally performed to exclude endometrial cancer. Transvaginal sonography is a very sensitive means of evaluating the endometrium. Several studies have evaluated the role of TVS in the evaluation of the endometrium. 14,15 Smith-indman et al 15 reviewed the literature on endovaginal sonography and the measurement of endometrial thickness. The study included 35 previous studies in which prospective endometrial measurements were collected before histologic evaluation. The meta-analysis included 5892 women. Using a double-wall thickness of 5 mm, the sensitivity for detecting endometrial cancer was 96% regardless of whether the woman was receiving hormone replacement therapy. thin endometrium of 5 mm or less had a high negative predictive value, and this finding would support the diagnosis of atrophy (Figure 5). If fluid is seen within the endometrial cavity on the initial transvaginal scan, the individual wall thicknesses of the 2 sides of the endometrium are summed, excluding the intervening fluid. The clinical workup of PM usually begins with either TVS or endometrial biopsy in the office. Endometrial biopsy in the office is performed as a blind technique and as such has inherent limitations, particularly in the evaluation of focal lesions. In a study by Guido et al, of 65 cancers were missed with blind sampling. In all 11 cases, the abnormalities involved less than 50% of the endometrium. These authors stated that the Pipelle curette is excellent for detecting endometrial processes when the pathology is global in nature. 16 When a focal lesion is detected, a visually directed biopsy is indicated. When the endometrium is found to be thickened, inhomogeneous, or indistinct (poorly visualized) on TVS, further evaluation with SIS can provide additional information. Saline infusion sonohysterography can determine whether the abnormality is focal or diffuse and thus can direct the next appropriate step in the patient s workup. The patient can then proceed to hysteroscopy or blind endometrial biopsy on the J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112,

6 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Figure 5. Normal saline infusion sonohysterogram. The endometrial cavity is well distended, and the endometrial lining is thin, delicate, and uniform in echo texture. Images were obtained before () and after () balloon deflation. The arrow indicates the SIS balloon. basis of the results of the sonohysterogram. 17 In addition, this information can be used to obviate the need for additional biopsy in a patient in whom inadequate tissue was obtained on office endometrial sampling. 18,19 Endometrial Polyps Endometrial polyps are common causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, polyps are found to be the cause of bleeding in approximately 30% of cases. Most of these polyps are benign. The incidence of malignancy in polyps ranges from 0.5% to 1.5%. 20 Polyps are usually resected for both histologic evaluation and symptomatic relief of bleeding. On TVS most endometrial polyps are echogenic with respect to the myometrium and are homogeneous in echo texture (Figure 6). 21 Cystic components can be seen in benign polyps and may indicate hemorrhage, infarction, or inflammation. 22 Other causes for cysts include dilated glands or mucinous metaplasia, particularly in those polyps associated with tamoxifen use. Transvaginal sonography cannot distinguish endometrial hyperplasia from benign polyps because both conditions can cause thickening of the endometrium, are hyperechoic, and can contain cystic spaces. 22 Saline infusion sonohysterography can distinguish focal lesions from diffuse endometrial thickening. Polyps are focal lesions, which project into the lumen of the endometrial cavity (Figure 7). The anechoic saline outlines the echogenic mass. Polyps are generally uniform in echo texture, and often a stalk can be identified. With color Doppler sonography, a feeding vessel can frequently be shown within the stalk. 9,23 There has been interest in identifying characteristics that would predict which polyps are benign and which polyps contain foci of atypia. In a recent study, Goldstein et al 24 used color Doppler sonography to evaluate 61 patients with endometrial polyps. oth the resistive index and the pulsatility index were measured in vessels within polyps, and no statistical difference was found between the benign polyps and those containing malignancy. The sample, however, contained only 3 malignant polyps. Perez-Medina et al 25 examined a total of 806 patients with endometrial polyps. They measured the resistive index of all polyps that showed color flow. They had a total of 38 atypical polyps in their series, 12 of which contained adenocarcinoma. Using a resistive index of less than 0.50, they identified 35 of the 38 polyps. They also classified 16 polyps as atypical, which at pathologic examination were benign, from a total of 768 benign polyps. These results yielded a sensitivity of 92.1% and a specificity of 97.9%. These were promising initial results; however, because most polyps are resected to relieve symptoms, these findings may be of limited clinical importance. gain, once a focal abnormality such as a polyp is identified on SIS, visually directed biopsy is suggested for accurate sampling of the abnormality. Resection of a polyp or polyps generally resolves the abnormal uterine bleeding. 102 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

7 erridge and Winter Figure 6. Postmenopausal bleeding in a 55-year-old woman. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows a polypoid mass. The mass (arrow) was resected and was a benign endometrial polyp., Gray scale image;, color Doppler image. Leiomyoma Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are benign tumors of the smooth muscle. They are extremely common, although only a small number are symptomatic. 26,27 When they are symptomatic, the most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding. 26 Fibroids are classified by their location within the uterus: submucosal, intramural, or subserosal. Submucosal fibroids are the most likely to cause abnormal bleeding. Saline infusion sonohysterography can establish the location of the fibroid with respect to the endometrial lining. Fibroids appear as hypoechoic masses in contrast to endometrial polyps, which are usually hyperechoic with respect to the myometrium. In addition, the echogenic endometrium can be seen draping over the fibroid (Figure 8). However, the endometrium may not be seen if the fibroid has eroded through the endometrial lining. 28 The position of the fibroid within the endometrial canal cannot reliably be used as a distinguishing factor between polyps and fibroids because fibroids can be contained almost entirely within the endometrial cavity and thus may appear polypoid. The most reliable feature is the echogenicity of the mass. s stated earlier, polyps are echogenic, whereas fibroids typically appear hypoechoic (although their echogenicity can be quite variable) and may produce shadowing as well (Figure 9). Recurrent refractive shadowing is reported to be a particularly useful sign for uterine leiomyomas. 29 Figure 7. Multiple polyps in a 52-year-old woman with abnormal bleeding. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows multiple polypoid masses (arrows) outlined by the anechoic saline., Longitudinal image;, transverse image. J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112,

8 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Figure 8. Saline infusion sonohysterography and MRI of the pelvis show both a submucosal fibroid (arrow) and an endometrial polyp (arrowhead)., Gray scale SIS image;, color Doppler SIS image; C, MRI. C The extent to which the fibroid projects into the lumen of the endometrial cavity is of clinical importance. If the fibroid projects into the lumen by more than 50% of its surface, then it can be resected by hysteroscopy, obviating an abdominal surgical procedure (Figure 10). 30 Endometrial Hyperplasia Endometrial hyperplasia is the cause of PM in approximately 4% to 8% of cases. 9,31 Endometrial hyperplasia is the result of unopposed estrogen stimulation of the endometrium. lthough sonography cannot differentiate among the various types of endometrial hyperplasia, they are histologically categorized as simple, complex, or atypical. Simple hyperplasia consists of architectural distortion of the glands with alteration of the gland size and irregularity in gland shape with cyst formation. 32 Simple hyperplasia (Figure 11) rarely progresses to endometrial carcinoma. Complex hyperplasia (Figure 12) produces an increase in the size and number of glands with crowding and an irregular shape. If there is no atypia, there is a less than 5% chance of progression to carcinoma. Simple and complex hyperplasia refer to alterations in architecture, whereas atypical hyperplasia refers to cellular atypia. With atypical hyperplasia, there is an approximately 23% chance of progression to endometrial carcinoma. 33 Endometrial hyperplasia causes thickening of the endometrial stripe, which can be detected on TVS. Transvaginal sonography usually cannot distinguish whether the thickening is due to a diffuse process or a focal lesion. With SIS, endometrial hyperplasia typically appears as diffuse thickening of the endometrium, although it can occasionally appear as a focal area of endometrial thickening. 30 In a study by Jorizzo et al 34 on endometrial hyperplasia, cysts were seen in 57% of patients, and concomitant endometrial polyps were found in 26% of patients. s stated previously, TVS and SIS cannot distinguish the different types of hyperplasia. In addition, the thickening of the endometrium that occurs in the secretory and late proliferative phases of the menstrual cycle cannot be distinguished from the diffuse thickening of endometrial hyperplasia (Figure 13). In a study by Dubinsky et al 35 of 28 women with diffuse thickening of the endometrium, all 28 had either a secretory or proliferative endometrium at biopsy. 104 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

9 erridge and Winter Figure 9. Submucosal fibroid in a 54-year-old woman with postmenopausal bleeding. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows a hypoechoic mass (arrows) with an echogenic endometrium (arrowhead) draped over it. This is the typical appearance of a submucosal fibroid., Gray scale image;, color Doppler image. Hence, this underscores the importance of the timing of SIS in menstruating women; the procedure should be performed as early as possible after the cessation of menses, ideally on days 4 to 6 of the menstrual cycle. Endometrial Carcinoma Endometrial carcinoma is the fourth most common cancer among women in the United States. Postmenopausal bleeding is the most common presenting symptom in women with endometrial carcinoma, but only 10% to 20% of women with postmenopausal bleeding will have cancer. Similar to endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial carcinoma is caused by unopposed estrogen. Obesity is considered a major risk factor, with a 3-fold increased risk if the woman is overweight by 22.7 kg and a 9-fold increase in risk if she is overweight by greater than 22.7 kg. 36 The risk in overweight women is secondary to increased estrogen production and bioavailability. 37,38 Other risk factors include nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, hypertension, diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome. In the postmenopausal woman, the most important risk factor is age. woman older than 70 years has a 6- to 10-fold increased risk for development of endometrial cancer when compared with younger women. 39 Eighty-five percent of endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas. They are associated with endometrial hyperplasia and are referred to as Figure 10. Two SIS images ( and ) show multiple fibroids projecting into the endometrial cavity (arrows). If more than 50% of the fibroid s surface projects into the endometrial cavity, it can be resected hysteroscopically. J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112,

10 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Figure 11. Endometrial hyperplasia in a 53-year-old woman with abnormal vaginal bleeding. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows diffuse endometrial thickening and multiple cystic areas (arrowheads). Pathologic examination showed simple endometrial hyperplasia., Longitudinal image before saline infusion;, longitudinal image after saline infusion; C, transverse image after saline infusion. C endometrioid. They tend to be well differentiated and have more favorable prognoses. Other types of endometrial carcinomas include papillary serous carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma (Figure 14). These types of carcinoma have less association with the classic risk factors. They tend to behave as poorly differentiated tumors regardless of their grade and have poorer prognoses. 32 Most commonly, endometrial cancer appears as fairly diffuse thickening of the endometrium, which cannot be differentiated from endometrial hyperplasia. 30 Endometrial cancer can also be seen as an inhomogeneous focal mass. recent article reported that the uterine cavities of women with endometrial cancer were poorly distensible, and this was the most consistent finding in this entity. 28 ecause this is a potential sign of malignancy, the use of a catheter with an occlusive balloon is important for assessing the distensibility of the uterine cavity. Tamoxifen Tamoxifen is used as adjunctive therapy for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It has been shown to increase disease-free survival time in estrogen receptor positive tumors, to increase overall survival, and to decrease contralateral breast cancers. In addition, the reast Cancer Prevention Trial showed a 45% reduction in the development of cancer in high-risk patients. 40,41 ecause of its effectiveness, large numbers of women are receiving tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is antiestrogenic in the breast but has a weakly estrogenic effect on the endometrium. Therefore, the incidence of endometrial abnormalities is increased in patients taking tamoxifen. ccording to the National Surgical djuvant reast and owel Project -14 trial, 42 the incidence of endometrial carcinoma was a 1.6 per 1000 annual risk in patients receiving tamoxifen. The relative risk in these women was 2.2 times greater than in control subjects. In addition to an increased incidence of endometrial cancer, other benign endometrial abnormalities are also increased in incidence. The incidence of endometrial polyps is estimated at 8% to 36% in women treated with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen-related polyps (Figure 15) are generally larger and differ from non tamoxifen-related polyps in their histologic characteristics. Endometrial hyperplasia is increased in incidence in tamoxifen-treated women as well; the incidence is 1.3% to 20%. 43 ecause of the 106 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

11 erridge and Winter Figure 12. Endometrial hyperplasia in a 54-year-old woman with menorrhagia. Two SIS images ( and ) show areas of focal thickening of the endometrium (arrowheads). Pathologic examination revealed complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. increased risk of endometrial abnormalities, SIS and TVS have been advocated as tools for evaluating these women. Fong et al 44 evaluated asymptomatic postmenopausal women being treated with tamoxifen and found endometrial abnormalities in 40% of their study group. Transvaginal sonography had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 56% compared with SIS, which had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 79%. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, these authors suggested that a 6-mm endometrial thickness be used as the upper limit of normal in these patients. Tepper et al 45 prospectively evaluated asymptomatic women with a history of breast cancer and tamoxifen therapy who had a thickened endometrium. They defined a thickened endometrium as greater than 8 mm on TVS. The incidence of endometrial abnormalities in the study group was 32%. Saline infusion sonohysterography enabled accurate diagnoses of uterine cavity abnormalities in 95.5% of the patients. The sensitivity for SIS was 100%, with a positive predictive value of 95%. These studies showed a high incidence of endometrial abnormalities in asymptomatic postmenopausal women being treated with tamoxifen. They also showed that SIS is more sensitive and specific than TVS alone. In these studies, there were no cases of endometrial carcinoma or atypical endometrial hyperplasia. The Figure 13. Thickened endometrium in a 43-year-old woman with abnormal bleeding between periods and anemia. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows a thickened endometrium with areas of undulation (arrowheads). Pathologic examination revealed a secretory endometrium., efore saline infusion;, after saline infusion. J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112,

12 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography consensus statement from the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound 3 concluded that there was not enough evidence at that time to recommend routine screening in asymptomatic postmenopausal women treated with tamoxifen. In the postmenopausal woman undergoing tamoxifen therapy who has abnormal uterine bleeding, a full clinical workup should be undertaken (as with any woman with postmenopausal bleeding) (Figure 16). This may include office endometrial biopsy as well as TVS and SIS. The most common imaging finding on TVS is endometrial thickening with cystic spaces. This finding is nonspecific, and endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial polyps can both cause endometrial thickening. In addition, submucosal cystic changes can be observed in tamoxifentreated patients. study by Hann et al 46 evaluated 46 sonohysterograms in patients who received tamoxifen for a mean of 2.6 years. Saline infusion sonohysterography revealed endometrial polyps in 62% of patients; 12% had a thickened endometrium, and 8% had subendometrial cysts. Sixty-three percent of sonohysterograms with prior negative endometrial biopsy results had endometrial abnormalities, including 10 polyps. These authors also found that in 14% of cases, the finding of a normal endometrium on SIS allowed these patients to avoid further intervention. Given the increased incidence of endometrial abnormalities in postmenopausal women treated with tamoxifen, SIS is a useful tool for evaluation of these women when vaginal bleeding develops. Not only can a more specific diagnosis be made with SIS over TVS, further intervention can sometimes be obviated on the basis of the increased confidence of negative SIS findings. Future Directions Currently, most SIS examinations include imaging of the distended endometrial canal in the sagittal and coronal planes. These yield 2-dimensional representations of the endometrial canal. Some authors are advocating 3D imaging of the uterus with either multiplanar reconstructions or surface-rendering techniques (Figure 17). 8,47 Three-dimensional imaging may become standard as the software and hardware become more sophisticated and more laboratories become familiar with this technique. s 3D imaging has become standard practice in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sonography may soon follow. ecause SIS can show focal lesions with such exquisite detail, the next step may be to direct biopsies of endometrial abnormalities with realtime sonographic guidance. Dubinsky et al 48 published a study in which biopsy of focal lesions was performed in conjunction with SIS. Under direct sonographic guidance, the endometrial canal was distended with saline, and, in the same setting, sonographically guided biopsy was performed. There were technical difficulties with leakage of the saline during the biopsy as well as Figure 14. Papillary serous carcinoma in a 71-year-old woman with postmenopausal bleeding. Findings from blind endometrial biopsy performed before the SIS were negative. Two SIS images ( and ) show a polyp (arrowhead) in the lower endometrial canal. The polyp was subsequently resected. Pathologic examination showed a focus of papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium arising within the polyp. 108 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

13 erridge and Winter limited steerability of the biopsy device. However, with improvements in equipment, this technique may become a valuable adjunct to ensure that sonographically detected abnormalities are adequately sampled for biopsy or removed. Magnetic resonance hysterography has been reported in the literature as a new technique for evaluating uterine abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging gives excellent soft tissue contrast in the uterus. Rouanet De Lavit et al 49 instilled saline into the endometrial canal as performed for SIS. The uterus was then imaged using a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence to null the signal from water. In addition to conventional MRI of the pelvis, this technique may provide additional information regarding endometrial abnormalities, which may be particularly useful for evaluation of endometrial carcinoma in which the endoluminal component as well as the level of invasion can be established. It remains to be seen indeed whether this technique adds any additional information over SIS or conventional MRI of the female pelvis. Figure 15. Polyp in a woman with postmenopausal bleeding and history of treatment with tamoxifen., Saline infusion sonohysterography shows a large polyp with multiple cystic areas (arrows). Three-dimensional imaging with multiplanar reconstructions () and surface-rendering techniques (C) were performed. Conclusions Saline infusion sonohysterography is a simple technique that yields additional information over TVS in evaluation of endometrial and subendometrial conditions. It is well tolerated by patients and has very few complications. Sonographers familiar with endovaginal sonographic imaging will find that SIS is not technically difficult to incorporate into their practices. In the patient with abnormal vaginal bleeding, SIS is able to better delineate the abnormality and to further characterize it. In a study by ree et al 9 performed to evaluate the clinical impact of SIS, they found that SIS added certainty to the diagnosis in 88% of the patients studied. In addition, SIS results changed the patients treatment in 80% of cases. Normal SIS findings markedly increased diagnostic confidence by 86%. In general, SIS has been used as a second-line test for abnormal vaginal bleeding. If the TVS shows a thin homogeneous endometrial stripe, then the probability of endometrial cancer is very unlikely, and often SIS is deferred. However, Laifer-Narin et al 50 found that 14% of 114 patients with a normal-appearing endometrium on TVS had abnormalities discovered on SIS. These abnormalities were either endometrial C J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112,

14 Saline Infusion Sonohysterography Figure 16. Mass in a 71-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer treated with tamoxifen for approximately 2 years who had postmenopausal bleeding. Saline infusion sonohysterography shows an inhomogeneous focal mass (arrows). Pathologic examination revealed metastatic breast cancer to the uterus., Longitudinal image;, transverse image. polyps or leiomyomas. Given that intervention in this setting can provide resolution of symptoms, SIS yielded additional clinically important information over TVS. Therefore, the authors advocated that SIS be a first-line test in patients with abnormal vaginal bleeding. In conclusion, SIS is a simple and elegant examination that yields additional information over TVS of the uterus. ecause the walls of the endometrium are separated by SIS, they can be evaluated individually. Focal abnormalities are beautifully displayed by this technique. This Figure 17. Three-dimensional image of the endometrial cavity showing 2 polyps. Multiplanar reconstructions show the relationships of the dominant polyp (arrowheads) in 3 orthogonal planes within the endometrial cavity. information can then be used to direct the intervention. iopsy of diffuse abnormalities can be performed with a blind technique, whereas focal abnormalities are best approached with a visually guided biopsy. Saline infusion sonohysterography requires minimal patient preparation, has very few complications, and is well tolerated by patients. Given its advantages over other techniques for uterine evaluation, SIS will likely play an even larger role in pelvic imaging in the future. References 1. Parsons K, Lense JJ. Sonohysterography for endometrial abnormalities: preliminary results. J Clin Ultrasound 1993; 21: Syrop CH, Sahakian V. Transvaginal sonographic detection of endometrial polyps with fluid contrast augmentation. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: Goldstein R, ree RL, enson C, et al. Evaluation of the woman with postmenopausal bleeding: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound sponsored consensus conference statement. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: merican Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. IUM standard for the performance of saline infusion sonohysterography. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: onnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, ody G, erger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of 110 J Ultrasound Med 23:97 112, 2004

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