Dispatch and bidding strategy of active distribution network in energy and ancillary services market

Transcription

1 J. Mod. Power Sys. Clean Energy (2015) 3(4): DOI /s Dspach and bddng sraegy of acve dsrbuon nework n energy and ancllary servces marke Yao JIN 1, Zhengyu WANG 1, Chuanwen JIANG 1, Yu ZHANG 2 Absrac The acve dsrbuon nework (ADN) s able o manage dsrbued generaors (DGs), acve loads and sorage facles acvely. I s also capable of purchasng elecrcy from man grd and provdng ancllary servces hrough a flexble dspachng mode. A compeve marke envronmen s benefcal for he exploraon of ADN s acveness n opmzng dspach and bddng sraegy. In a blaeral elecrcy marke, he decson varables such as bd volume and prce can nfluence he marke clearng prce (MCP). The MCP can also have mpacs on he dspach sraegy of ADN a he same me. Ths paper proposes a blevel coordnae dspach model wh fully consderaon of he nformaon neracon beween man grd and ADN. Smulaon resuls on a ypcal ADN valdae he feasbly of he proposed mehod. A balanced proporon beween energy marke and ancllary servces marke can be acheved. CrossCheck dae: 16 Augus 2015 Receved: 28 June 2015 / Acceped: 16 Augus 2015 / Publshed onlne: 30 Ocober 2015 The Auhor(s) Ths arcle s publshed wh open access a Sprngerlnk.com & Yao JIN kngyou@163.com Zhengyu WANG wangzhengyu@sju.edu.cn Chuanwen JIANG jangcw@sju.edu.cn Yu ZHANG zhangyu830906@163.com 1 2 School of Elecronc Informaon and Elecrcal Engneerng, Shangha Jao Tong Unversy, Shangha , Chna Guzhou Power Grd Corporaon Power Grd Plannng & Research Cener, Guyang , Chna Keywords Acve dsrbuon nework (ADN), Energy marke, Ancllary servces marke, Opmal dspach, Bddng Sraegy 1 Inroducon Dsrbued energy resources (DERs) such as dsrbued generaors (DGs), acve loads and sorage devces are effecve ways for he susanable developmen of energy resources. Wh he negraon of DERs no dsrbuon neworks, he acve dsrbuon nework (ADN) s presened [1 4]. ADN s defned as he dsrbuon nework wh he sysem conrollng a combnaon of DERs [1]. ADNs are enled wh hgh dspach auonomy rgh, makng possble o provde ancllary servces such as spnnng reserve servce and peak regulaon. Varous facors should be consdered when makng an ADN dspach plan. The schedulng of DERs as well as he exchanged power beween ADN and man grd should be made for dspach sraegy. In addon, he bd prce and volume need o be decded for bddng sraegy. Los of researches on he sraegy of ADN have been carred ou n recen years. A coordnaed mehod s presened o manage ADN concernng he cos of DGs and purchasng elecrcy n [5]. The schedulng procedure [6] s composed of wo sages: a day-ahead scheduler o reduce cos and an nraday scheduler o mee he operaon requremens. Dynamc opmal power flow s appled n acve nework managemen [7]. An opmal schedule model s proposed for ADN o mnmze he operaon cos of a complee dspach cycle [8]. A decenralzed decson-makng framework s presened o deermne a secure and economcal schedule n [9]. The echncal and economc effecs of acve managemen on dsrbuon nework are evaluaed n [10].

2 566 Yao JIN e al. Mos of he researches focus on he schedulng of DERs and purchasng elecrcy when he marke clearng prce (MCP) s gven. However, few effors have been made o sudy he coordnaon beween man grd and dsrbuon nework. In fac, bddng sraegy of ADN can nfluence he MCP as well. Therefore, he nformaon neracon should be aken no consderaon when makng an ADN sraegy. Alhough research work has been seldom conduced on he marke parcpaon mechansm of ADN, here are many exsng researches focusng on he relaed conceps, such as power plan, mcro-grd and plug-n elecrc vehcles (PEVs), whch are of grea meanng. Bddng sraegy s solved as a b-level opmzaon problem n mos researches [11 13]. The upper level s a marke clearng problem, and he lower level s a dspach model. Mcrogrd resembles ADN n many aspecs and he marke parcpaon mechansm s wdely suded [14, 15]. When ADN akes par n energy and ancllary servces markes a he same me, he balance beween he wo markes should be consdered [16 18]. Ths paper proposes an opmal dspach and bddng sraegy of ADN consderng he combnaon of energy and ancllary servces marke. The schedulng of DERs and bd volumes s deermned o mnmze he oal cos. Fnally, he proposed mehod s appled o a ypcal ADN and he mpac of DERs on ancllary servces marke s nvesgaed. The remanng secons of hs paper are organzed as follows. The marke framework s presened ncludng energy and ancllary servces marke clearng problem and he bddng sraegy s dscussed n Secon 2. Then, an ADN dspach model s proposed n Secon 3. A case sudy s esed o llusrae he valdy of he proposed mehod n Secon 4. Secon 5 concludes hs paper. ancllary servces marke. Conrollable DGs such as mcrourbne can be appled n boh markes. 2.1 Energy marke In he blaeral elecrcy marke envronmen, buyers and supplers boh offer bd volume and prce o ndependen sysem operaor (ISO). MCP s he unform margnal cos represened as k. The objecve of energy marke clearng problem s o maxmze he surplus of buyers and supplers consderng he secury of power sysems. Mahemacally, can be formulaed as! max XT X N b Cbj P bj þ C DN P DN XN s ð1þ s:: ¼1 P N s ¼1 j¼1 U P s ¼ PN d P bj þ P DN j¼1 U Pmn s P s U Pmax s U C s P s ð2þ ð3þ 0 P bj Pmax bj ð4þ where T s he oal numbers of hours; N b and N s are he numbers of buyers and supplers, respecvely; C bj, C DN and C s are he bd prces of j h buyer, ADN and h suppler; P bj, P DN and P s are he bd volume of j h buyer, ADN and h suppler; U s he saus of h suppler (0 s OFF, 1 s ON); P mn s and P max s are he lower and upper bound of h suppler s bd volume; P max dj s he upper bound of j h buyer s load demand. 2 Marke framework Though a fxed elecrcy marke mechansm for ADN does no exs, a compeve marke envronmen can be helpful o he exploraon of ADN acveness n opmzng dspach and bddng sraegy. Ths paper ulzes a pool based blaeral elecrcy marke mechansm, whch enables ADN o schedule n response o prce sgnals. Compared wh radonal power sysems, ADN has more flexbly n dspach. ADN can no only purchase elecrcy n energy marke, bu also provde ancllary servces. Specfcally, convenonal load, sorage devces and nermen resources such as wnd energy can parcpae n energy marke, whle acve load can be ulzed n 2.2 Ancllary servces marke Wh he deregulaon of power sysems, compeon mechansm s nroduced no he ancllary servces marke [19, 20]. The ancllary servces marke mechansm proposed n hs paper s a bd-based aucon model, and he reserve marke s aken no accoun. The parcpans of reserve marke subm wo ypes of bds: capacy bds and energy bds. All bdders are pad capacy prce wheher reserve capacy s dspached or no. However, only he dspached par wll be pad energy prce. Ancllary servces marke clearng problem ams o acheve socal cos mnmzaon subjec o he requred reserve capacy and lms of supplers.

3 Dspach and bddng sraegy of acve dsrbuon nework n energy and ancllary 567 mn XT ¼1 " # Cr; þ xc e; R s þ C r;dn þ xc e;dn R DN X N s U ¼1 ð5þ n advance. I s assumed ha here s a smple lnear relaonshp beween he bd prce and bd volume,.e., C = a P? b, where a and b are bddng coeffcens whch can be esmaed based on hsorcal daa [21]. s:: P N s ¼1 U R s þ R DN R 0 R s mn U Pmax s P s ; R u ð6þ ð7þ where C r, and C e, are reserve capacy and energy bd prce of h suppler, respecvely; C r,dn and C e,dn are bd reserve capacy and energy prce of ADN, respecvely; R s and R DN are reserve capacy bd volume of h suppler and ADN; R s he requred reserve capacy of he sysem; R U s he lm of ramp-up rae; x s he probably ha reserve capacy s assumed o be 20 % n hs paper. ISO preses he probably x and nforms ancllary servces marke parcpans n advance. 2.3 Bddng sraegy of ADN ADN can provde ancllary servces n addon o purchasng energy. In day-ahead marke, ADN subms purchasng elecrcy bd o ISO n energy marke and reserve capacy bd n ancllary servces marke. The marke framework s shown n Fg. 1. Load demand would be sasfed f he bd prce s slghly hgher han he MCP n energy marke. Smlarly, bd volume would be acceped f he bd prce s margnally lower han he MCP n ancllary servces marke. Therefore, only bd volumes need o be deermned when desgnng he sraegy of ADN. In order o oban he MCP, oher bddng sraeges of marke parcpans are requred 3 Dspach sraegy of ADN 3.1 Objecve funcon The opmal dspach problem s defned as he sum of elecrcy purchasng cos, ancllary servces marke revenues and cos of DGs. The objecve funcon can be formulaed as f ¼ XT ¼1 þ XN DG k P DN C r þ xc e;dn R DN ¼1 h ð1 xþf P þ xf P þ R g F P h ¼ U a P 2þb P þ c þ C s 1 U ð8þ ð9þ where N DG s he oal number of DGs; P and R g are he oupu and reserve capacy of h DG n he h perod, respecvely; a, b and c are he coeffcens of producon cos funcon; C s s he sar-up cos of h DG. 3.2 Consrans 1) Power balance If reserve capacy s no dspached, Eq. (10) should be sasfed. Oherwse, Eq. (11) holds. P DN þ XN DG P U þ P w þ P ds P ch ¼ P L ¼1 ð10þ ISO ADN Buyers Energy marke DGs Acve load Supplers Ancllary servce marke Sorage devces P DN þ XN DG ¼1 P þ R g U þ P w þ P ds P ch ¼ P L R shf ð11þ where P w s he wnd power; P ch and P ds are he charge and dscharge power of sorage devce, respecvely; P L s he load demand of ADN; R shf s he shfable load (posve and negave ndcae shfng ou and shfng n). 2) DGs consrans P mn P Pmax ð12þ Power flow; Fg. 1 Marke framework Informaon and cash flow P 1 R D P P1 þ UR ð13þ

4 568 Yao JIN e al. T on X on ; T off X off s ð14þ where P mn and P max are he mnmum and maxmum power oupu of h DG; R U and R D are he lms of rampup and ramp-down raes, respecvely; T on and T off are he connuous up and down me, respecvely; X on and X off are he mnmum connues up and down me, respecvely. 3) Consrans for acve load Acve load can fulfll he arge of peak load shfng and hence acheve consderable elecrcy purchasng cos reducon. Equaon (15) ensures ha oal load demand over he schedulng horzon s sasfed. X T ¼1 R shf ¼ 0 ð15þ 6) Secury consrans Volage levels and lne lms are aken no accoun. V mn V Vmax ð24þ S S max ð25þ where V s he volage amplude a bus ; V mn max and V are he maxmum and mnmum volage amplude, respecvely; S s he power flow of brunch ; S max s he ransmsson capacy. Secury consrans are sasfed by addng penaly erms o he objecve funcon n hs paper. Pen v ¼ XN bus ¼1 V max DV V mn ð26þ R mn shf R shf Rmax shf ð16þ where R mn shf and R max shf are he mnmum and maxmum bounds of shfable load; respecvely, and R mn shf \ 0. 4) Consrans for sorage uns Equaon (21) ensures ha he sae of sorage uns a he end of schedulng perod remans he same wh ha a he begnnng. 0 P ds Pmax ds ð17þ 0 P ch Pmax ch S mn S S mn S ¼ S 1 þ P ch g ch P ds g1 ds ð18þ ð19þ ð20þ S 1 ¼ S T ð21þ where P max ch and P max ds are he maxmum chargng and dschargng power, respecvely; S s he sorage sae a me ; S mn and S max are he lower and upper bounds of sorage capacy, respecvely; g ch and g ds are he charge and dscharge effcency, respecvely. 5) Reserve consrans DGs and acve load are ulzed for energy and ancllary marke. R DN ¼ R g þ R shf ð22þ 0 R g mn U P max P ; Ru ð23þ Pen s ¼ XN bran DS S max ¼1 ð27þ where N bus and N bran are he number of buses and branches, respecvely. DV and DS can be compued by DV ¼ max V mn DS ¼ 0 sasfy ð25þ S max else S 0 sasfy ð24þ V ; V Vmax else ð28þ ð29þ Therefore, he orgnal objecve funcon s modfed no f new. f new ¼ f þ x v Pen v þ x s Pen s ð30þ where x v and x s are he penaly facors and are assumed o be 10 7 n hs paper. 4 Case sudy 4.1 Soluon procedure The soluon procedure of ADN sraegy s shown n Fg. 2. The behavors of oher parcpans are esmaed and he nal values are se n advance. Then bd volume and prce, whch are obaned by solvng he ADN dspach model, are appled o marke clearng problem o ge he updaed value of MCP. Ths erave process ends ll he convergence of MCP. The ADN dspach model s a nonlnear mxed neger program, and parcle swarm

5 Dspach and bddng sraegy of acve dsrbuon nework n energy and ancllary 569 Sar Esmae he behavors of oher parcpans Man grd Bus 1 Se he nal values of MCP and DERs ADN Bus 2 Updae he value of MCP Solve ADN dspachng model o oban bddng sraegy L1 Bus 3 Bus 4 L3 DG2 Solve energy marke clearng problem o oban MCP Bus 5 Bus 6 Solve ancllary servces marke clearng problem o oban MCP L2 DG1 WT L4 Is he MCP convergen? N Fg. 3 Dsrbuon nework Y Sop Fg. 2 Soluon procedure of ADN sraegy opmzaon (PSO) algorhm s appled o solve he problem. Smulaon process shows ha he algorhm has a fas convergence speed. 4.2 Resuls and analyss The mehod proposed n hs paper s esed on a sysem comprsed of four supplers, a buyer and an ADN. The bddng nformaon of marke parcpans s shown n Table 1. The maxmum and mnmum oupu of Suppler 1 and 3 are 200 MW and 15 MW, respecvely. The maxmum and mnmum oupu of Suppler 2 and 4 are 300 MW and 25 MW, respecvely. The rao of requred reserve capacy o sysem load demand s 20 %. Reserve energy bd prce s assumed o be he same wh energy marke. As shown n Fg. 3, he proposed ADN consss of wo DGs a Bus 2 and Bus 5, a wnd urbne a Bus 6 and a Table 1 Bddng nformaon Parcpan Energy marke Ancllary servces marke a ($/MW) b ($) a ($/MW) b ($) Suppler Suppler Suppler Suppler Buyer sorage devce a Bus 6. Four acve loads are conneced o ADN hrough Bus 3, Bus 4, Bus 5 and Bus 6. The load percen of L1, L2, L3 and L4 are 20 %, 30 % 40 % and 10 %, respecvely. Load power facor s assumed o be The dsrbuon nework s conneced o man grd hrough an nerconnecng lne wh a maxmum capacy of 200 MW. Volage lms are aken o be ±10 % of nomnal. The parameers of dsrbuon nework and DGs are shown n Table 2 and Table 3. The mnmum up/down me are 2 h. The lm of ramp up/down s 30 MW/h. I s assumed ha 3 % load can be shfed and addonal 10 % load can be acceped. The upper and lower bounds of sorage capacy are 100 MWh and 10 MWh, respecvely. The maxmum chargng and dschargng power are 5 MW and 10 MW, respecvely, and he effcency s 90 %. The hourly load demand and wnd power oupu of a ypcal day are shown n Fg. 4. Accordngly, he schedule of DERs, bddng sraegy and MCP can be obaned hrough he soluon procedure above. Ths paper fully consders he coordnaon beween he man grd and ADN. A case sudy s carred ou o show he effecveness of he coordnae dspach model, compared wh dspach model whou nformaon neracon. If ADN makes dspach and bddng sraegy ndependenly Table 2 Parameers of dsrbuon nework From To Ressance Reacance Flow lm (MW) Bus 1 Bus Bus 2 Bus Bus 2 Bus Bus 3 Bus Bus 4 Bus

6 570 Yao JIN e al. Table 3 Parameers of DGs DG Upper lm of oupu (MW) Lower lm of oupu (MW) a ($/MW 2 ) b (MW) c ($) Sar cos ($) Fg. 5 Bds for energy marke and ancllary servces marke Fg. 4 Load demand and wnd power oupu for one day Table 4 Cos and benef of ADN under dfferen cases Case Elecrcy purchasng cos ($) Ancllary servces marke evenues ($) Generaon cos ($) Toal Cos ($) Table 5 Cos and benef of ADN under dfferen cases Case Elecrcy purchasng cos ($) Ancllary servces marke revenues ($) Generaon cos ($) Toal cos ($) whou consderaon of marke clearng process, elecrcy prce needs o be forecased n advance. The analyzed cases are as follows. Case 1: Coordnae dspach model proposed n hs paper. Case 2: Dspach model whou nformaon neracon, and forecased elecrcy prce s 1.2 mes of MCP. Case 3: Dspach model whou nformaon neracon, and forecased elecrcy prce s 0.8 mes of MCP. The cos and benef of ADN under dfferen cases are shown n Table 4, from whch we can see he proposed coordnae dspach model coss he leas. The forecased elecrcy prce of Case 2 s relavely hgher, so ADN prefers o generae elecrcy usng DGs raher han purchase from man grd. As a consequence, generaon cos ncreases and DGs spare less capacy for ancllary servces marke. Insead, a lower forecased elecrcy prce wll lead o he ncrease of elecrcy purchasng cos as shown n Case 3. Above all, opmal economc benef can be acheved hrough nformaon neracon beween man grd and dsrbuon nework. In order o analyze he mpac of DERs on he economc effcency of ADN, hree dfferen cases are consdered as follows. Case 1: ADN wh acve load and sorage devce. Case 2: ADN only wh sorage devce. Case 3: ADN only wh acve load. Table 5 shows he cos and benef of ADN n hree dfferen cases. The resuls show ha DERs are benefcal o cos reducon. Elecrcy purchasng cos reducon can be acheved hrough load shfng from hgh prce perod o low prce perod by acve load and sorage devce. Addonally, benef can be made hrough provdng reserve capacy n ancllary servces marke. The bd volumes n energy and ancllary servces marke are shown n Fg. 5. I can be observed ha he rend of bd volume n energy marke and load demand s roughly conssen. Hence ADN bddng sraegy s manly

7 Dspach and bddng sraegy of acve dsrbuon nework n energy and ancllary 571 demonsrae he effecveness of he proposed model. Resuls show ha ADN can reduce elecrcy purchasng cos n energy marke and ge revenue from ancllary servces marke hrough flexble dspach of DERs. In addon, he obaned sraegy can proporon he bd of he wo markes accordng o MCP and secury consrans. Acknowledgmens Ths work was suppored by he Naonal Hgh Technology Research and Developmen Program of Chna (No. 2014AA051902) and Sae Grd Scence & Technology Projec (No. 5217L ). Fg. 6 Componen of reserve capacy Open Access Ths arcle s dsrbued under he erms of he Creave Commons Arbuon 4.0 Inernaonal Lcense (hp:// creavecommons.org/lcenses/by/4.0/), whch perms unresrced use, dsrbuon, and reproducon n any medum, provded you gve approprae cred o he orgnal auhor(s) and he source, provde a lnk o he Creave Commons lcense, and ndcae f changes were made. References Fg. 7 Relaonshp beween bds and requred reserve capacy deermned by energy marke. Bd volume s relavely hgher durng 1:00 3:00, because DGs are shu down due o low economc effcency, makng purchasng elecrcy become he only energy source. The bd volume n ancllary servces marke s nfluenced by he lm of dspachable reserve capacy as well as MCP. DGs are n he sae of nearly full capacy operaon durng peak hours, so he correspondng bd volume s relavely less. The componen of reserve capacy s shown n Fg. 6. The oal demand of reserve capacy s suppled by DGs and acve load. I can be found ha DG2 wh a larger capacy works as he man source of reserve capacy. Acve load manly provde reserve capacy durng 1:00 9:00 and 21:00 24:00, when MCP and load demand are low. The bd volume n ancllary servces marke s proporonal o sysem requred reserve capacy shown n Fg. 7. Ths s manly because MCP ncreases wh he reserve capacy demand when oher condons keep consan. Therefore, ADN would adjus he rao of bd volume beween wo markes o acheve benef maxmzaon accordngly. 5 Concluson In hs paper, a dspach and bddng sraegy of ADN n energy and ancllary servces marke s nroduced o enhance economc effcency. A ypcal ADN s suded o [1] D Adamo C, Jupe S, Abbey C (2009) Global survey on plannng and operaon of acve dsrbuon neworks updae of CIGRE C6.11 Workng Group acves. In: Proceedngs of he 20h Inernaonal conference and exhbon on elecrcy dsrbuon (CIRED 09): Par 1. IET, Prague, Czech, 8 11 June 2009, pp 1 4 [2] Fan MT, Zhang ZP, Su AX e al (2013) Enablng echnologes for acve dsrbuon sysems. Proc CSEE 33(22):12 18 (n Chnese) [3] McDonald J (2008) Adapve nellgen power sysems: acve dsrbuon neworks. Energy Polcy 36(12): [4] Esau Z, Jayaweera D (2014) Relably assessmen n acve dsrbuon neworks wh dealed effecs of PV sysems. J Mod Power Sys Clean Energy 2(1):59 68 [5] Pekherfeh M, Sef H, Shekh-El-Eslam MK (2011) Acve managemen of dsrbuon neworks n presence of dsrbued generaons. In: Proceedngs of he 2011 Inernaonal conference on clean elecrcal power (ICCEP 11). IEEE, Ischa, Ialy, June 2011, pp [6] Borghe A, Bose M, Grllo S e al (2010) Shor-erm schedulng and conrol of acve dsrbuon sysems wh hgh peneraon of renewable resources. IEEE Sys J 4(3): [7] Gll S, Kockar I, Aul GW (2014) Dynamc opmal power flow for acve dsrbuon neworks. IEEE Trans Power Sys 29(1): [8] You Y, Lu D, Zhong Q e al (2014) Research on opmal schedule sraegy for acve dsrbuon nework. Auom Elecr Power Sys 38(9): (n Chnese) [9] Kargaran A, Fu Y (2014) Sysem of sysems based securyconsraned un commmen ncorporang acve dsrbuon grds. IEEE Trans Power Sys 29(5): [10] Zhang JT, Cheng HZ, Wang C (2009) Techncal and economc mpacs of acve managemen on dsrbuon nework. In J Elecr Power Energy Sys 31(2/3): [11] Jan AK, Srvasava SC, Sngh SN e al (2011) Demand responsve bddng sraegy of a buyer n unform prce elecrcy marke. In: Proceedngs of he 2011 IEEE PES nernaonal conference on nnovave smar grd echnologes-inda (ISGT Inda 11). IEEE, Kollam, Inda, 1 3 Dec 2011, pp [12] Huang H, L FX (2015) Bddng sraegy for wnd generaon consderng convenonal generaon and ransmsson consrans. J Mod Power Sys Clean Energy 3(1):51 62

8 572 Yao JIN e al. [13] Gonzalez Vaya M, Andersson G (2013) Opmal bddng sraegy of a plug-n elecrc vehcle aggregaor n day-ahead elecrcy markes. In: Proceedngs of he 10h nernaonal conference on European energy marke (EEM 13). IEEE, Sockholm, Sweden, May 2013, pp 1 6 [14] Venkaesan N, Solank J, Solank SK (2011) Marke opmzaon for mcrogrd wh demand response model. In: Proceedngs of he Norh Amercan power symposum (NAPS 11). IEEE, Boson, MA, USA, 4 6 Aug 2011, pp 1 6 [15] Palzban O, Kauhanem K, Guerrero JM (2014) Mcrogrds n acve nework managemen Par I: herarchcal conrol, energy sorage, vrual power plans, and marke parcpaon. Renew Susan Energy Rev 36: [16] Mashhour E, Moghaddas-Tafresh SM (2011) Bddng sraegy of vrual power plan for parcpang n energy and spnnng reserve markes Par I: problem formulaon. IEEE Trans Power Sys 26(2): [17] Foser JM, Caramans MC (2010) Energy reserves and clearng n sochasc power markes: he case of plug-n-hybrd elecrc vehcle baery chargng. In: Proceedngs of he 49h IEEE conference on decson and conrol (CDC 10). IEEE, Alana, GA, USA, Dec 2010, pp [18] Zhang SQ, Mshra Y, Ledwch G e al (2013) The operang schedule for baery energy sorage companes n elecrcy marke. J Mod Power Sys Clean Energy 1(3): [19] Wang JX, Wang XF, Wu Y (2005) Operang reserve model n he power marke. IEEE Trans Power Sys 20(1): [20] Yu CW, Zhao XS, Wen FS e al (2005) Prcng and procuremen of operang reserves n compeve pool-based elecrcy markes. Elecr Power Sys Res 73(1):37 43 [21] Ma L, Wen FS, N YX e al (2003) Opmal bddng sraeges for generaon companes n elecrcy markes wh ransmsson capacy consrans aken no accoun. In: Proceedngs of he 2003 IEEE Power Engneerng Socey general meeng, vol 4. IEEE, Torono, Canada, July 2003, p 4 Yao JIN receved he B.S. degree n elecrcal engneerng from Shangha Jao Tong Unversy, Shangha, Chna, n Currenly, he s pursung he M.S. degree n he School of Elecronc Informaon and Elecrcal Engneerng, Shangha Jao Tong Unversy, Shangha, Chna. Hs research neress nclude power sysem opmzaon and power marke. Zhengyu WANG receved he B.S. degree n elecrcal engneerng from X an Jao Tong Unversy, Shangha, Chna, n Currenly, he s pursung he M.S. degree n he School of Elecronc Informaon and Elecrcal Engneerng, Shangha Jao Tong Unversy, Shangha, Chna. Hs research focuses on power sysem economcs and opmzaon. Chuanwen JIANG receved he M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Huazhong Unversy of Scence and Technology, Wuhan, Chna, n 1996 and 2000, respecvely, and compleed hs posdocoral research n he School of Elecronc Informaon and Elecrcal Engneerng, Shangha Jao Tong Unversy, Shangha, Chna, n He s a Professor wh he School of Elecronc Informaon and Elecrcal Engneerng, Shangha Jao Tong Unversy. He s currenly researchng reservor dspach, load forecas n power sysems, and elecrcal power marke. Yu ZHANG s now a senor engneer n Guzhou Power Grd Corporaon Power Grd Plannng and Research Cener. Hs research neress nclude power nework plannng and lne loss managemen.