Understanding Gross Margin Impacts on Profitability
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1 Understanding Gross Margin Impacts on Profitability Annual Catalog Conference June, 2001 Presented by: GJM Associates
2 Gross Margin Audit: Agenda Identify Gross Margin Components Review Mathematics Components for Gross Margin Determination Explore the GMROI concept as a productivity measure for category evaluation
3 Gross Margin Audit: Audit Steps Identify Components of Gross Margin Report and Track Evaluate by individual category and then in total Use GMROI to enhance business decisions
4 Gross Margin Audit: GOALS Increase Margin Dollars vs. Percentages Reduce Cost of Goods Sold
5 Gross Margin Audit: Margin Components (front end) Initial Product Costs Initial Mark-on Inbound freight costs Samples Receiving and Marking
6 Gross Margin Audit: Discounts, Allowances and Chargebacks Discounts Invoice Terms, Specials, Incentives Anticipation Quantity discounts (Initial orders, reorders) Bulk Warehouse discount
7 Gross Margin Audit: Discounts, Allowances and Chargebacks Allowances Advertising Photography Inside Catalog placement Defective Merchandise Year End Allowance
8 Gross Margin Audit: Discounts, Allowances and Chargebacks Chargebacks Contract Violations - Late shipments, early shipments, packaging errors Excessive Markdowns Excessive Returns Defective Merchandise
9 Gross Margin Audit: Margin Erosion (back end ) Markdowns Defective merchandise, write offs Shrinkage Operational costs of Backorders, Return processing
10 Gross Margin Audit: Margin Mathematics (+) Gross Margin Net Product Sales 100.0% Initial Mark-on 50.0% Discounts 4.0% Allowances 5.0% Anticipation 0.1% Vendor Chargebacks 0.3% Year End Allowance 2.0% Product Gross Margin 61.4%
11 Gross Margin Audit: Margin Mathematics ( - ) Gross Margin Product Gross Margin 61.4% Damages 0.2% Samples 0.3% Freight In 2.0% Markdowns 6.8% Shrinkage 0.5% Backorder Processing 1.5% Net Maintained Margin 50.1%
12 Gross Margin Audit: Goals Generate Capital for Growth Growth (Items, Categories, Catalog, Company) Optimize Capital Usage Increase Economic Value of Business
13 Gross Margin Audit: Return On Investment Commonly defined as: Dividend Yield (+ Market fluctuations) on stock Interest Rate on Savings accounts Interest Yield (+ Market fluctuations) on bonds
14 Gross Margin Audit: ROI Return on Investment is a function of: Profit Margin Rate of Turnover of Invested Capital
15 Gross Margin Audit: ROI...No other financial principal with which I am acquainted serves better than rate of return as an objective aid to business judgment. Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. My Years With General Motors President of General Motors ; Founded the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1945.
16 Gross Margin Audit: Return On Investment $ 5.00 profit X $ sales = 10% $ sales $ investment (percentage) x (ratio) = ROI 5% X 2.0 = 10% OR (profit) $ 5.00 = 10% (investment) $ 50.00
17 Gross Margin Audit: GMROI Gross Margin Return on Investment GM per inventory dollar Invested Combines into one number... Maintained Margin Inventory Turnover Total Dollars on hand in Inventory Provides ROI on this major asset Indicates profitability variations due to product category differences only
18 Gross Margin Audit: Gross Margin per Inventory Dollar Invested Gross Profit Inventory Investment = Gross Return Gross X Ratio of = Gross Profit % Sales to Return Inventory
19 Gross Margin Audit: GMROI (examples) Basics Import Branded Licensed Mix Private Label Merchandise Goods Product Cost 43.5% 40.0% 50.0% 55.0% Initial Mark on 56.5% 60.0% 50.0% 45.0% Discounts/Allow 4.5% 1.5% 4.0% 4.0% Freight (IN) -1.5% -3.0% -1.5% -1.5% Markdowns -8.0% -10.0% -8.0% -5.0% Total Cost of Goods 48.5% 51.5% 55.5% 57.5% Maintained Margin 51.5% 48.5% 44.5% 42.5% Inventory Turn GMROI 319% 235% 401% 487% Turns X Maintained Margin / COGS =GMROI
20 Gross Margin Audit: GMROI (examples) Turns X Maintained Margin / COGS =GMROI Example: 3.0 x 51.5% /48.5% = 318.6%
21 Gross Margin Audit: Inventory Turns (formula) Inventory Turns = Annual Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory (at cost)** **Average includes 13 periods Example: $10.0mil COGS / $ 3.1mil Avg. Inv = 3.23 annual turns
22 Gross Margin Audit Negative Impacts to Profitability
23 Gross Margin Audit:Margin Erosion Markdowns (Overstock) Damages, Write-Offs Operational Costs of Backorders & Returns Shrinkage
24 Gross Margin Audit: Backorder Costs Split packages Postage Expedited delivery expense (in & out) Packing Supplies expense Manpower - multiple handling Additional Phone Costs Additional Cancels Customer Retention Rates
25 Gross Margin Audit: Backorder Improvements Better forecasting Improved inventory flow Communication to DC on priorities Profitable backorder chasing Recover costs thru vendor chargebacks Buy overstock on low price items
26 Gross Margin Audit: Backorder Improvements Example: Cost $ 4.50 Retail $ Margin 55.0% Backorder Cost $ 5.00 Liquidation $ 3.60
27 Gross Margin Audit: Canceled Demand (including credit rejects) Costs associated with processing the order Phone time & costs Keying Potential Overstocks
28 Gross Margin Audit: Cancellation Improvements Better forecasting (Planning!) Improved inventory flow, etc. Credit rejects analysis
29 Gross Margin Audit: Returns Reduction of sales Warehouse handling Potentially missed sales Returns postage - customer requests CSR time Postage (customer confirmation) Damaged returns
30 Gross Margin Audit: Returns Improvements Analysis of top reasons for returns Attack top reasons - returns will probably drop by more than 25% Establish up-front QC efforts
31 Gross Margin Audit: Overstocks Cost of liquidation - recovery costs are generally low Warehouse space Handling Inefficiencies Carrying cost of inventory Extra manpower to coordinate liquidation
32 Gross Margin Audit: Overstock Improvements Implement Assortment Planning Implement Open-To-Buy controls Project overstocks and liquidate in season Cancel Open PO s NEGOTIATE with vendors In season bouncebacks, add-on programs, sale books
33 Gross Margin Audit: Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) Have all merchandise costs been considered? Additional prep charges? All inbound freight costs included?
34 Gross Margin Audit: Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) Imports -- Complete landed cost FOB cost duty ocean/air freight broker s fees, agent s fees insurance bank L.C. costs (amendments)? local freight from POE to dock, etc.
35 Gross Margin Audit: COGS Improvements Margin check All factors included? What is the assortment plan by department? Set thresholds
36 Gross Margin Audit: COGS Improvements Negotiate costs Adjust retails Negotiate lowest base price (contrary to earlier statements) Review costs of Inbound Freight & small package shipments Vendor Drop Shipments Review how shipping charges are applied
37 Gross Margin Audit: Production/Marketing Costs Are we developing merchandise to fill the allocated pages? Or are we building pages based on merchandise availability? Item level space cost analysis -- Sell Ratio Proper list analysis
38 Gross Margin Audit: Distribution Costs Information flow for: Receipts flow BO priorities Item estimates for proper pick set-up Is merchandising arriving in a ship ready condition?
39 Gross Margin Audit: Distribution Costs Are inbound/outbound freight shipments efficiently consolidated? Are automated procedures up to date? Are they relevant to today s business?
40 Understanding Gross Margin Impacts on Profitability Annual Catalog Conference June, 2001 Presented by: GJM Associates
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Overview These guidelines have been designed to help you understand the information contained in the Franchise Income / (Expense) Statement. It is comprised of the following reports: 1) Financial Summary