White-collar crime: a statistical study on its common causes
|
|
- Jane Park
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MultiCraft International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences Vol. 2, No. 4, 2011, pp INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MultiCraft Limited. All rights reserved White-collar crime: a statistical study on its common causes Samuel Wei-Siew Liew 1, Chin-Hong Puah 2 * and Harry Entebang 3 1,2,3 Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, MALAYSIA. * Corresponding Author: chpuah@feb.unimas.my, Tel , Fax Abstract White-collar crime has always managed to find its way to corrode the values and ethics that people have in a society. A statistical study was carried out to identify some of the common causes of white-collar crime in Malaysia. To pursue this, survey questionnaires were distributed to both potential and existing investors to assess their view regarding the matter. The study found that, one of the leading causes of white-collar crime in Malaysia is due to the fact that there is a belief that competitors are paying bribes to win contracts, and hence others follow suit. On the other hand, most perpetrators commit white-collar crime because there are many opportune moments for them to do so. Companies should, therefore, gear toward good governance structure and internal controls so as not to give potential and existing perpetrators opportunity to engage in any misdeed. Keywords: White-Collar Crime; Fraud; Internal Control; Governance Structure 1. Introduction White-collar crime can occur or exist in many forms. Gottschalk (2010) categorized it into four main forms, namely: corruption, fraud, theft, and manipulation. Arguably, an apt definition of white-collar crime is perhaps formulated by Edelhertz (1970). According to Edelhertz (1970, p. 3), crime is defined as an illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by non-physical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage. In a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2009, it is found that the most common types of white-collar crime perpetrated worldwide were asset misappropriation, accounting fraud, as well as bribery and corruption (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). In Malaysia, the survey initiated by KPMG shows that theft of cash, theft of inventory, fraudulent expense claims, and kickbacks are the most common types of corporate fraud committed (KPMG, 2009). KPMG (2009) also reported that 49 percent of all respondents experienced at least one fraud during the survey period from 2006 to According to the statistics compiled by the Commercial Crimes Investigation Department (CCID), the number of white-collar crime cases investigated by the police in 2003 was 11,714 cases and it involved approximately RM579 million, and in 2004 the number of cases declined to 9,899 but the amount of losses rose to about RM836 million (Lim, 2005). For the year 2008, the amount of losses recorded a slight increase of about RM846 million, but the number of cases climbed significantly to 17,311 ( White-Collar Crimes, 2009). In another study carried out by the Global Financial Integrity (GFI) (2011), illicit financial flows for the years from Malaysia is US$291 billion (GFI, 2011). Evidently, the statistics and survey reports showed that the acts of white-collar crime in Malaysia are rampant. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to provide further empirical evidence regarding the pertinent issue so that appropriate actions can be taken to minimize illegal behaviors by irresponsible individuals. Building on such awareness and knowledge, the relevant stakeholders of organizations can make informed decisions to reduce the number of occurrences of white-collar crime and in fact this can be seen as the beginning of a new climate to combat white-collar crime proactively in Malaysia.
2 45 The rest of the paper will discuss several theories behind the occurrences of white-collar crime and this is followed by describing the methodologies used in the study. We then present the empirical findings and discussions. Finally, conclusions and future research will be provided in the last section of the paper. 2. Literature Review Who are the perpetrators of white-collar crime? According to the survey conducted by KPMG (2009), it has become extremely difficult to profile a typical fraudster. In fact the person can be of any age group, income level, or any tenure of employment. For instance, KPMG (2005) discovered that most fraudsters are in the age group of 26-40, earn an average annual income of RM30,000 and below, and have been employed for between 2-5 years. Nonetheless, both surveys found that men are more typical a perpetrator of fraud than women. It is, therefore, essential to identify and to understand why they resort to such crime. The theories explaining the occurrences of white-collar crime are numerous and they can basically be divided into theories explaining the occurrences by group and by individual. The former involves two streams of research which are labeled as organizational theories and managerial theories of white-collar crime (Gottschalk, 2010). The organizational theories are usually explained using the monopolistic model, which implies that potential criminals have no other choice but are forced to join the criminal organization if they decide to commit a crime (Gottschalk, 2010, p. 212). The managerial theories, in the similar context of collectivity, can be explained using the agency theory. For example, Garoupa (2007) modeled the criminal organization as a family business in which there is one principal and many agents. It is in his opinion that this model makes it difficult to detect and punish the principal unless an agent is detected first. The main stream of research explaining the individualistic occurrences of white-collar crime is labeled behavioral theories (Gottschalk, 2010). The underlying criminology theories relating to behavioral theories, according to Hansen (2009), are differential association theory, self-control theory, social bonding theory, exchange theory, and control balance theory. In simplicity, many researchers found the three main causes of white-collar crime as opportunities to commit crime, situational pressures on the individuals, and issues pertaining to integrity (Ilter, 2009; Romney et al., 1980). The more recent surveys conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and KPMG [see PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009) and KPMG (2009)] did not, however, explain the theories leading to the occurrences of white-collar crime, but drew out lists of general factors contributing towards increased incentives/pressures to commit fraud and factors that allowed fraud to take place in the respondents organizations respectively. In its global economic crime survey, PricewaterhouseCoopers identified that the increased difficulty in achieving financial targets is the most influential factor contributing towards increased incentives/pressures to commit fraud, followed by the fear of losing jobs (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Focusing on the occurrences of crime within organizations, KPMG reported that poor internal controls, and collusion between employees and third party are the top two factors in Malaysia (KPMG, 2009). Naicker (2006) and Seetharaman et al. (2004) also found collusion to be a key motive for the commitment of white-collar crime, but mostly between managers and employees. The latter believed that such collusion is a pervasive problem as it is very difficult to prevent and detect. In another research which concerns the occurrences of white-collar crime in Malaysia, the three highest ranking factors stimulating the crime are inadequate cash security practices, inadequate supervision of staff, and internal auditing failures (Puah et al., 2009). 3. Data and Methodology The target respondent in this study is any potential or existing investor, who is at least 17 years of age, in Malaysia. A convenience sampling procedure is adopted to gather 300 completed questionnaires. The questionnaire is divided into two sections. In the first section, respondents have to fill in their demographic information, and to rate their perception on a five-point numerical scale towards the different causes of white-collar crime in the second section. To increase the construct validity of the questionnaire and the reliability of the findings, the construction of the questionnaire is based on published surveys, researches, and textbooks (Smith et al., 2005). Some examples of the published works are KPMG (2009), PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009), and Puah et al. (2009). After gathering 300 completed questionnaires, the demographic data is translated into a frequency table. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also conducted to test whether or not the difference in the respondents demographics influence the outcome of their perception towards the causes of white-collar crime listed in the questionnaire. The causes are then ranked according to their mean in a descending manner from the highest mean to the lowest mean. 4. Result Findings Table 1 depicts the profiles of 300 respondents who responded to the questionnaire. Most of the respondents are male, but the percentage difference between male and female is only 1.4%. As an overall, it can be deduced that the distribution of respondents in terms of gender is quite balanced. The bulk of the respondents are in the age group of They are mostly Chinese, followed by Malay and the other ethnic groups. Some examples of the ethnic groups are Iban, Bidayuh and Kayan. The number of Indian respondents is the lowest. Concerning the demographic information of marital status, the frequencies for both single and married
3 46 respondents are almost equivalent. The percentage difference is merely 4%. Almost half of the total respondents are degree holders. The minority of respondents are master s degree or higher, and certificate holders, constituting a combined total of almost 18%. As for the respondents occupation, most of them are working as professionals. Their professions include lecturers, stock analysts, engineers, accountants, lawyers and doctors. They comprise 27% of the total respondents. However, most of the respondents earn less than RM4,000 a month, constituting a combined total of 70.7%. Table 1. Respondents Profiles Demographics Frequency Percentage (%) Gender Male Female Age or above Ethinicity Malay Chinese Indian Others Marital Single Status Married Divorced Education SPM or below Level Certificate Diploma Bachelor Degree Master Degree or above Occupation Professional Management & Administration Clerical Sales & Services Technical Self-Employed Home Duties Unemployed Retired Others Income per Below RM2, Month RM2,000-RM3, RM4,000-RM5, RM6,000-RM7, RM8,000 or above Subsequently, Table 2 portrays the one-way ANOVA statistical test results of whether or not the difference in the respondents demographics influence the outcome of their perception towards the causes of white-collar crime listed in the questionnaire. The significance level set for the statistical test is at 5%. The causes of the crime (see Table 3) are greatly influenced by most of the demographics, with the exceptions of gender and income. It implies that an individual s experience, education, working environment, and the community in which he or she lives or grows up do indeed influence his or her perceptions towards the causes of white-collar crime. Table 2. One-Way ANOVA of Respondents Demographics towards the Elements of White-Collar Crime in Malaysia Demographics Causes of White-Collar Crime (F-value) Gender Age 6.489** Ethnicity 3.033** Marital Status 8.313** Education Level 3.179** Occupation 2.620** Income per Month Note: Asterisk (**) denotes significant at 5% level.
4 47 Table 3 summarizes the common causes of white-collar crime by rank according to their means. Most respondents are of the opinion that the commitment of white-collar crime in Malaysia is due to the belief that other competitors are also paying bribes in order to win contracts. The other causes, in a descending manner, that record a mean of and above are poor internal controls, desire to earn personal performance bonuses, and poor ethical practices. At the bottom of the ranking suggests that peer influence and bonuses not paid this year appeared to be the lowest perceived causes of white collar crime. Table 3. Ranking of the Causes of White-Collar Crime in Malaysia Rank Causes of White-Collar Crime Mean 1 There is a belief that competitors are paying bribes to win contracts Poor internal controls Desire to earn personal performance bonuses Poor ethical practices Lack of control over management by directors For senior executives to achieve desired financial results Management override of internal controls Maintain financial performance to ensure lenders do not cancel debt facilities Type of industry Financial targets more difficult to achieve Corporate culture Collusion between employees and third party Fear of losing jobs Poor hiring practices Peer influence Bonuses not paid this year Table 4 shows the ranking of the three groups of white-collar crime causes. The three groups are opportunistic causes, organizational and managerial causes, and behavioral causes. The majority of the respondents perceived that white-collar crime is usually committed because there are many opportune moments for such illegalities to be perpetrated. Following opportunistic causes, the study also revealed that the causes of white-collar crime can also come from the organization and the management of the organization themselves. Behavioral factors, according to the respondents, are the least common contributors of white-collar crime in Malaysia. Table 4. Ranking of the Causes of White-Collar Crime by Group Rank Causes of White-Collar Crime Individual Mean Group Mean 1.0 Opportunistic causes Poor internal controls Poor ethical practices Lack of control over management by directors Management override of internal controls Type of industry Poor hiring practices Organizational and managerial causes There is a belief that competitors are paying bribes to win contracts For senior executives to achieve desired financial results Maintain financial performance to ensure lenders do not cancel debt facilities Financial targets more difficult to achieve Corporate culture Behavioral causes Discussions 3.1 Desire to earn personal performance bonuses Collusion between employees and third party Fear of losing jobs Peer influence Bonuses not paid this year The leading cause of white-collar crime in Malaysia is that there is a belief that competitors are paying bribes to win contracts, and hence others follow suit. This outcome appeared to be inconsistent with that of the survey conducted by
5 48 PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009), because the same factor is ranked among the lowest in their study. The leading factor contributing towards increased incentives/pressures to commit fraud, according to the survey, is that financial targets become more difficult to achieve, which, in turn, is only ranked at number 10 in this research. However, it must be noted that the survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009) is a global one, including countries not only from the Asia Pacific, but America, Europe and Africa. Hence, this might explain the difference in findings. The second leading cause of white-collar crime found in this research is poor internal controls. This finding is consistent with many studies previously conducted by KPMG in Australia, Singapore and Thailand (KPMG, 2009). In fact, the finding is also aligned with a recent study carried out by Puah et al. (2009). In their study, inadequate cash security practices, inadequate supervision of staff, internal auditing failures, failure to verify identification evidence and inadequate purchasing/procurement controls are found to be the top five factors stimulating corporate crime in Malaysia. These factors can all be classified as poor internal controls within a company. The other common causes of white-collar crime within the top 5 ranking are desire to earn personal performance bonuses, poor ethical practices, and lack of control over management by directors. In PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009), the desire to earn personal performance bonuses is also ranked third as found in this paper. Hence, the result confirms that greed is one of the leading motivations for the commitment of white-collar crime not only in Malaysia, but also globally. KPMG (2009) also reached the same result in identifying greed as the leading motivation for fraud. Concerning poor ethical practices and lack of control over management by directors, they can basically be categorized under what Naicker (2006) called corporate modeling. Some companies do not discourage, or some even encourage poor ethical practices for the sole purpose of profit-making. As a result, the moral base among the employees is lost (Naicker, 2006) and it disrupts a major component of internal control and creates a much higher level of insecurity for the organization (Seetharaman et al., 2004, p.1067). It is also worthwhile to note the 3 bottom ranked causes. They are poor hiring practices, peer influence, and bonuses not paid this year. In line with the outcome of the study, poor hiring practices is among the bottom few factors found in KPMG (2009) that allowed the incidence of fraud to take place in an organization. Nevertheless, Seetharaman et al. (2004) suggest that good hiring practices can, to a certain extent, help to prevent fraud. Peer influence and bonuses not paid this year are found to be the least common cause of white-collar crime. In Malaysia, bonuses are usually paid and hence it does not really come into question as far as the causes of white-collar crime are concerned. 6. Conclusions and Future Research In this study, the findings are perhaps more telling when one examines the causes of white-collar crime in terms of their grouping. Opportunistic causes are found to be the main causes of white-collar crime in Malaysia. Due to poor internal controls and ethical practices, potential and existing perpetrators can always find opportune moments to carry out the crime. In addition, corporate governance can always be suppressed by the board of directors by the overriding of internal controls. The type of industry which also falls under opportunistic causes should be given more weight in view of the recent developments in Malaysia. The findings in KPMG (2009) rank this factor among the lowest and it is ranked at number 9 in this study. As reported in the local news, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) has probed into one of the biggest tax evasion implicating Customs officers, involving millions of Ringgit ( RM2mil Traced, 2011). The result of this investigation is perhaps a strong indication that, depending on the nature of their business, some industries do present more opportunities than the others to commit illegalities. For instance, PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009) has continuously found insurance and financial services to record high levels of fraud for over 10 years. Organizational and managerial causes have also contributed towards the occurrences of white-collar crime in Malaysia. The pressure to meet performance targets, particularly, motivates perpetrators to commit the crime. The matter is exacerbated when some employers convey their insatiable desires of gaining extra profits to the employees. Consequently, the employees have to shoulder great pressure in the face of losing their jobs. In the survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009), increased incentives or pressures are found to be the leading contributor to greater fraud risk. Behavioral causes concern issues pertaining to integrity of an individual. Some of the causes under the heading may be linked to pressure. Fear of losing jobs is one of them. The more apparent causes pertaining to an individual s integrity are the desire to earn personal performance bonuses and bonuses not paid this year. Some perpetrators tend to rationalize their misconducts by convincing themselves that they are merely taking what is due to them. Like the findings in PricewaterhouseCoopers (2009), these sorts of causes which pertain to the integrity on a person are the lowest ranked group in this research. More emphasis, therefore, has to be placed in reducing opportunities and situational pressures, particularly in relation to organizational and managerial causes, in order to fight against white-collar crime in Malaysia. In line with increasing awareness among stakeholders, it is recommended for companies not to engage in white-collar crime due to the belief that others are doing the same. The chances of backfire are higher today than in the past as the government has clearly stepped up their efforts in combating white-collar crime. The enactment of the Whistleblower Protection Act 2010 is one good example of such effort. With this in mind, the companies should seriously invest in placing good governance system and internal controls so as not to give potential and existing perpetrators opportunity to engage in any misdeed. Such governances have to be reviewed and improved on continuous basis so that white-collar crime risk can be minimized.
6 49 The impact of white-collar crime on firm s performance should call for greater attention among researchers and corporate leaders. This study among others has examined some of the common causes of corporate crime in Malaysia. The fact that there are many opportune moments for a crime to occur, future research should investigate the effectiveness of corporate internal control systems in preventing such crime in companies. In addition, a further study should also consider the role of regulators in educating companies directors and top management about the importance of promoting good business ethics and governance for better performance of companies. References Edelhertz, H., The nature, impact and prosecution of white-collar crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Garoupa, N., Optimal law enforcement and criminal organization. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 63, pp Global Financial Integrity., Illicit financial flows from developing countries: Washington, DC: Kar & Curcio. Gottschalk, P., Theories of financial crime. Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp Hansen, L.L., Corporate financial crime: Social diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp Ilter, C., Fraudulent money transfers: A case from Turkey. Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp KPMG., KPMG fraud survey 2004 report. Kuala Lumpur: KPMG. KPMG., KPMG Malaysia fraud survey report Kuala Lumpur: KPMG. Lim, H.S., White-collar crime in Malaysia. Retrieved from Naicker, K., White-collar crime in South Africa. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg. PricewaterhouseCoopers., Global economic crime survey November Retrieved from Puah, C.H., Voon, S.L. and Entebang, H., Factors stimulating corporate crime in Malaysia. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp RM2mil traced., 2011, April 9. The Star, p. N1. Romney, M.B., Albrecht, W.S. and Cherrington, D.J., Red-flagging the white-collar criminal. Management Accounting, Vol. 61, pp Seetharaman, A., Senthilvelmurugam, M. and Periyanayagam, R., Anatomy of computer accounting frauds. Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp Smith, M., Omear, N.H., Idris, I.Z. and Baharuddin, I., Auditors perception of fraud indicators Malaysian evidence. Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp White-collar crimes accounted for RM788 mil losses last year IGP., 2009, June 19. Bernama. Retrieved from Biographical notes Samuel Wei-Siew Liew has obtained his Bachelor Degree (Bachelor of Law) from the University of London and his Master Degree (Corporate Master of Business Administration) from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Currently, he is working as a National Officer in Standard Chartered Bank in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Chin-Hong Puah is an Associate Professor cum Associate Managing Editor of International Journal of Business and Society in the Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. He has more than 13 years of experience in teaching and research. His current area of research includes Monetary Economics and Applied Macroeconomics Studies. Harry Entebang is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia. He has more than 20 years' experience as practitioner, academician and researcher. His current area of research includes corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance measurement of firms. Received September 2011 Accepted October 2011 Final acceptance in revised form October 2011
Sobel & Co. s Nonprofit and Social Services Group presents. Your Organization is Vulnerable: The Facts About Nonprofits and Fraud
Sobel & Co. s Nonprofit and Social Services Group presents Your Organization is Vulnerable: The Facts About Nonprofits and Fraud Why Smart People Do Dumb Things If you are above average intelligence -
More informationTypes of Fraud and Recent Cases. Developing an Effective Anti-fraud Program from the Top Down
Types of and Recent Cases Developing an Effective Anti-fraud Program from the Top Down 1 Types of and Recent Cases Chris Grippa (404-817-5945) FIDS Senior Manager with Ernst & Young LLP Works with clients
More informationEvaluating a trend analysis of fraud factors
Evaluating a trend analysis of fraud factors Kimberly Bales University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Terry L. Fox University of Mary Hardin-Baylor ABSTRACT The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was established primarily
More informationFraud and the Government Internal Auditor
Fraud and the Government Internal Auditor January 2012 Fraud and the Government Internal Auditor January 2012 Official versions of this document are printed on 100% recycled paper. When you have finished
More informationThe Ariel Mutual Funds/Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Black Investor Survey. Saving and Investing Among High Income African-American and White Americans
The Ariel Mutual Funds/Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Black Investor Survey: Saving and Investing Among High Income African-American and Americans April, 2000 0 Prepared for Ariel Mutual Funds and Charles
More informationFraud Prevention and Deterrence
Fraud Prevention and Deterrence Fraud Risk Assessment 2016 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc. What Is Fraud Risk? The vulnerability that an organization faces from individuals capable of combining
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 240 THE AUDITOR S RESPONSIBILITIES RELATING TO FRAUD IN AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON 240 THE AUDITOR S RESPONSIBILITIES RELATING TO (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009) CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction
More informationBasic principles of Accounting
Unit 1 Basic principles of Accounting Glossary COMPLEMENTARY each activity depends on the other INTEGRATED treated as a combined whole What is accounting? Accounting is concerned with two separate but
More informationCHAPTER 2. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility
CHAPTER 2 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Chapter Summary: Key Concepts Concern for Ethical and Societal Issues Business ethics Social responsibility Standards of conduct and moral values governing
More informationEducation and Training in Fraud and Forensic Accounting: A Guide for Educational Institutions, Stakeholder Organizations, Faculty and Students
NIJ Special Report Education and Training in Fraud and Forensic Accounting: A Guide for Educational Institutions, Stakeholder Organizations, Faculty and Students NOTE: The following is based on an exposure
More informationInternal Controls for Small Organizations. Jen Parker, CPA Director of Accounting & Finance US Youth Soccer
Internal Controls for Small Organizations Jen Parker, CPA Director of Accounting & Finance US Youth Soccer Fraud Statistics: The following statistics about fraud and white collar crime are from the Association
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (UK AND IRELAND) 240 THE AUDITOR S RESPONSIBILITIES RELATING TO FRAUD IN AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (UK AND IRELAND) 240 Introduction THE AUDITOR S RESPONSIBILITIES RELATING TO FRAUD IN AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Effective for audits of financial statements for
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (UK AND IRELAND) 240 THE AUDITOR S RESPONSIBILITY TO CONSIDER FRAUD IN AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (UK AND IRELAND) 240 THE AUDITOR S RESPONSIBILITY TO CONSIDER FRAUD IN AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTENTS Paragraphs Introduction... 1-3 Characteristics of Fraud...
More informationA FRAUD EXAMINATION COURSE: PREPARATION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CFE EXAMINATION (EQUIVALENT TO THE ADVANCE CERTIFICATE FRAUD EXAMINATION: SAQA NQF
A FRAUD EXAMINATION COURSE: PREPARATION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CFE EXAMINATION (EQUIVALENT TO THE ADVANCE CERTIFICATE FRAUD EXAMINATION: SAQA NQF 6) Course 1: 12-16 March 2012 and 26-30 March 2012 Course
More informationExecutive Summary April 2009
Executive Summary April 2009 About the International Coach Federation The International Coach Federation (ICF) is the largest worldwide resource for business and personal coaches, and the source for those
More informationEconomic crime has risen to
Insurance companies need to task economic crime as a top priority Economic crime has risen to its highest level in the past six years and the insurance industry is no exception. This is one of the many
More informationThe importance of using marketing information systems in five stars hotels working in Jordan: An empirical study
International Journal of Business Management and Administration Vol. 4(3), pp. 044-053, May 2015 Available online at http://academeresearchjournals.org/journal/ijbma ISSN 2327-3100 2015 Academe Research
More informationEDUCATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 1. Education and Law Enforcement: Final Version of Research Proposal. Ralphie Manzano
EDUCATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 1 Education and Law Enforcement: Final Version of Research Proposal Ralphie Manzano University of South Florida, Sarasota-Manatee EDUCATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 2 Abstract
More informationFRAUD RISK & INTERNAL AUDIT
FRAUD RISK & INTERNAL AUDIT ACFE & November 12, 2014 Mark P. Ruppert, CPA, CIA, CISA, CHFP, CHC, ACS, Director, Internal Audit Fraud Defined Fraud Risk Why Care / Why Assess Fraud Risk? What is Fraud Risk?
More informationForensic Accounting Education In Bahrain: A Survey on Educators Opinion
nternational Journal of Pedagogical nnovations SSN 2210-1543 nt. J. Ped. nn. 3, No. 1, (Jan. 2015) Forensic Accounting Education n Bahrain: A Survey on Educators Opinion Sutan Emir Hidayat 1, Abdullah
More informationDiploma in Forensic Accounting (Level 4) Course Structure & Contents
Brentwood Open Learning College Diploma in Forensic Accounting (Level 4) Course Structure & Contents Diploma in Forensic Accounting Course Structure & Contents Page 1 Unit 1 Introduction Forensic Accounting
More informationIshan Rajaram Countywide Mentally Disordered Offender Services Northampton UK E-mail: Ishan.Rajaram@nht.northants.nhs.uk IshanRaj@aol.
FMU INVESTIGATOR INDABA 1-2 November 2010 Johannesburg South Africa Fraud detection and prevention The UK model Ishan Rajaram Countywide Mentally Disordered Offender Services Northampton UK E-mail: Ishan.Rajaram@nht.northants.nhs.uk
More informationThe Auditor s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements
ISA 240 February 2008 International Standard on Auditing The Auditor s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 240 The Auditor s Responsibilities
More informationTotal Quality Management in the Malaysian Automobile Industry
Total Quality Management in the Malaysian Automobile Industry Ismah Osman Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 60-3-554-4446 E-mail: ismah817@salam.uitm.edu.my
More informationFraud Prevention and Deterrence
Fraud Prevention and Deterrence Understanding Criminal Behavior 2016 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc. Behavioral Analysis -- Reinforcement Punishment is the least effective method of changing
More information2014 Demographics PROFILE OF THE MILITARY COMMUNITY
Demographics PROFILE OF THE MILITARY COMMUNITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is published by the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Military Community and Family Policy), under contract
More informationA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY IN SERVICE AND MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN INDIA
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Business Management (IMPACT: IJRBM) ISSN(E): 2321-886X; ISSN(P): 2347-4572 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Mar 2014, 1-8 Impact Journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
More informationLesson 4. Preventing and Policing White-Collar Crime
Preventing and Policing ASSIGNMENT 11 Read this introduction and then read pages 260 294 in White- Collar Crime: The Essentials. White-collar crime is clearly complex and multifaceted. No single theory
More informationDeveloping Expertise in Forensic Accounting
147 CHAPTER 6 Developing Expertise in Forensic Accounting Forensic Accounting Courses in Malaysia 149 Forensic Accounting Courses in Malaysia Syed Noh Syed Ahmad, PhD Professor of Accounting MARA University
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 103 ( 2013 ) 1204 1209
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 103 ( 2013 ) 1204 1209 Abstract 13 th International Educational Technology Conference The use of social
More informationObstacles to Integrating Forensic Accounting in the Accounting Curriculum: The Case of Bahrain
6-8 June 204, Nippon Hotel, Istanbul, Turkey, ISBN: 978--922069-54-2 Obstacles to Integrating Forensic Accounting in the Accounting Curriculum: The Case of Bahrain Abdullah Al-Hadrami * and Sutan Hidayat
More informationFraud Prevention, Detection and Response. Dean Bunch, Ernst & Young Fraud Investigation & Dispute Services
Fraud Prevention, Detection and Response. Dean Bunch, Ernst & Young Fraud Investigation & Dispute Services Agenda Fraud Overview Fraud Prevention Fraud Detection Fraud Response Questions Page 2 Fraud Overview
More informationCHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents (1) summary of the study, (2) summary of the findings, (3) discussions of the results, (4) conclusions, and (5) recommendations
More informationUses and Limitations of Ratio Analysis
Uses and Limitations of Ratio Analysis Balkrishna Parab ACS, AICWA balkrishnaparab@jbims.edu F inancial statement analysis involves comparing the firm s performance with that of other firms in the same
More informationThe Morningstar Sustainable Investing Handbook
The Morningstar Sustainable Investing Handbook Dear Investor, I founded Morningstar in 1984 because I wanted to make high-quality investment information available to everyday investors to help inform their
More informationAudit Quality Thematic Review
Thematic Review Professional discipline Financial Reporting Council January 2014 Audit Quality Thematic Review Fraud risks and laws and regulations The FRC is responsible for promoting high quality corporate
More informationChief Executive Officers in United States Hospitals: A Reexamination of Workforce Demographics and Educational Issues
Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Articles Health Care Management 2013 Chief Executive Officers in United States Hospitals: A Reexamination of Workforce Demographics and Educational Issues
More informationThe auditors responsibility to consider fraud in an audit of financial statements
The auditors responsibility to consider fraud in an audit of financial statements Audit in a nutshell Reality Picture (= financial statements) Balance sheet Assets Liabilities Equity Process Detection
More informationAnti-bribery and Fraud Protection Policy
Anti-bribery and Fraud Protection Policy Dear Colleagues and Partners, Carbo One Limited is one of the largest coal trading companies in the market and the nature of its business requires interaction with
More informationA Survey on the Need to Offer Forensic Accounting Education in the Kingdom of Bahrain
International Journal of Pedagogical Innovations ISSN 2210-1543 Int. J. Ped. Inn. 2, No. 2 (July 2014) A Survey on the Need to Offer Forensic Accounting Education in the Kingdom of Bahrain Sutan Emir Hidayat
More informationFraud and internal controls, Part 3: Internal fraud schemes
Fraud and internal controls, Part 3: Internal fraud schemes By EVERETT COLBY, CFE, FCGA This is the third and final article in a series by Mr. Colby on Fraud and internal controls to be carried on PD Net.
More informationProspective CFEs must also meet high professional, educational and ethical standards, as well as continuing professional education requirements.
The Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE) credential denotes proven expertise in fraud prevention, detection and deterrence. CFEs are trained to identify the warning signs and red flags that indicate evidence
More informationMissing data: the hidden problem
white paper Missing data: the hidden problem Draw more valid conclusions with SPSS Missing Data Analysis white paper Missing data: the hidden problem 2 Just about everyone doing analysis has some missing
More informationInternational Business & Economics Research Journal June 2013 Volume 12, Number 6
Establishing The Challenges Affecting South African SMEs Michael C. Cant, University of South Africa, South Africa Johannes A. Wiid, University of South Africa, South Africa ABSTRACT Cant and Ligthelm
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. This chapter will focus on background of the study, briefly state the research problem,
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will focus on background of the study, briefly state the research problem, question and objective, and finally address the scope and organization of study. 1.1 Introduction
More informationFraud and Corruption Control
AS 8001 2003 Australian Standard Fraud and Corruption Control This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MB-004, Business Governance. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia
More informationIncreasing Employee Engagement in Organizational Sustainability Efforts
Increasing Employee Engagement in Organizational Sustainability Efforts Andrew J. Felo Nova Southeastern University H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business & Entrepreneurship Research Fellow, Consortium for
More informationAsset Misappropriation Research White Paper for the Institute for Fraud Prevention
Asset Misappropriation Research White Paper for the Institute for Fraud Prevention by Chad Albrecht, Mary-Jo Kranacher & Steve Albrecht Abstract In this paper we provide a general overview of asset misappropriation.
More informationThe National Center for Educational
ESP Employment Status: A Nineteen-Year Survey By Vicki J. Rosser Vicki J. Rosser is a professor and higher education program coordinator in the Department of Educational Psychology and Higher Education,
More informationVICTIMIZATION SURVEY IN TANZANIA
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org VICTIMIZATION SURVEY IN TANZANIA Executive summary United Nations publication
More informationGlobal Consumers React to Rising Fraud: Beware Back of Wallet
PUBLISHED IN CONJUNCTION WITH Global Consumers React to Rising Fraud: Beware Back of Wallet OCTOBER 2012 Shirley W. Inscoe Photocopying or electronic distribution of this document or any of its contents
More informationCommonwealth Fraud Control Guidelines Annual Reporting Questionnaire 2009-10
Commonwealth Fraud Control Guidelines Annual Reporting Questionnaire 2009-10 Please read this first In accordance with the Commonwealth Fraud Control Guidelines (the Guidelines) issued under Regulation
More informationAn Evaluation of Bank Customer Satisfaction in Pakistan, Case of Conventional Banks
An Evaluation of Bank Satisfaction in Pakistan, Case of Conventional Banks Haroon Rasheed Management School, Wuhan University of Technology 205-Loushi Road, Wuhan P.R China 4300070 Wang Aimin Management
More informationGREIF, INC. ANTITRUST/COMPETITION COMPLIANCE POLICY RIGID INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING & SERVICES* FLEXIBLE PRODUCTS & SERVICES
GREIF, INC. ANTITRUST/COMPETITION COMPLIANCE POLICY RIGID INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING & SERVICES* FLEXIBLE PRODUCTS & SERVICES As an employee of Greif or its subsidiaries ( Greif ) *, you are subject to Greif
More informationFraud Control Theory
13 Fraud Control Theory Using a variation of a saying from the 1960s, fraud happens. Like all costs of doing business, fraud must be managed. Management must recognize that people commit fraudulent acts
More informationThe State of Insurance Fraud Technology. A study of insurer use, strategies and plans for anti-fraud technology
The State of Insurance Fraud Technology A study of insurer use, strategies and plans for anti-fraud technology September 2014 The State of Insurance Fraud Technology A study of insurer use, strategies
More informationGood Corporate Governance: Essential to Prevent Conflicts of Interest and Fraud Pakistan s s Experience
Good Corporate Governance: Essential to Prevent Conflicts of Interest and Fraud Pakistan s s Experience By: Asad Ali Shah Partner, Deloitte Pakistan Council Member, Institute of Chartered Accountants of
More informationCHAPTER 1 STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF ERP SYSTEM IN SELECT INDIAN MANUFACTURING FIRMS: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF ERP SYSTEM IN SELECT INDIAN MANUFACTURING FIRMS: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Today s global business environment has brought in new competitions with new opportunities
More informationCRIMINAL JUSTICE. CJ 0002 CRIME, LAW, AND PUBLIC POLICY 3 cr. CJ 0110 CRIMINOLOGY 3 cr. CJ 0130 CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY: THEORY AND PRACTICE 3 cr.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE CJ 0002 CRIME, LAW, AND PUBLIC POLICY 3 cr. Introduction to crime, criminal law, and public policy as it pertains to crime and justice. Prerequisite for all required criminal justice courses,
More informationRESEARCH PAPERS FACULTY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN TRNAVA SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA
RESEARCH PAPERS FACULTY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN TRNAVA SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRATISLAVA 2010 Number 29 EMPLOYER BRANDING SOURCE OF COMPETITIVENESS OF THE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS Dagmar
More informationRegional Membership Supplement. USA Canada Caribbean Islands 417-EN (313)
USA Canada Caribbean Islands 2013 417-EN (313) 2 Introduction This resource accompanies Strategies for Attracting & Engaging Members (417). The supplement contains regional data and membership trends that
More informationCorporate Governance System
We have established the Sumitomo Corporation Corporate Governance Principles, based on our view that the essence of corporate governance is improving management efficiency and maintaining sound management
More informationLGMA Qld Governance and Corporate Planning Village Forum
www.pwc.com.au Fraud Risk Management Fraud Risk Assessments LGMA Qld Governance and Corporate Planning Village Forum March 2015 Agenda Introductions Fraud Risk Management Fraud Statistics s Global Economic
More informationECON 443 Labor Market Analysis Final Exam (07/20/2005)
ECON 443 Labor Market Analysis Final Exam (07/20/2005) I. Multiple-Choice Questions (80%) 1. A compensating wage differential is A) an extra wage that will make all workers willing to accept undesirable
More informationChapter 5: Financial Wealth, Wealth in Great Britain 2010-12
Chapter 5: Financial Wealth, Wealth in Great Britain 201012 Coverage: GB Date: 15 May 2014 Geographical Area: Region Theme: Economy Key points Aggregate net financial wealth for all private households
More informationInternational Forum of Independent Audit Regulators Report on 2014 Survey of Inspection Findings March 3, 2015
International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators Report on 2014 Survey of Inspection Findings March 3, 2015 Executive Summary In 2014, the International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators (IFIAR)
More informationAsymmetric Information in Financial Markets: Adverse Selection Moral Hazard. Market For Lemons. Importance of Financial Development for
ECON 354 Money and Banking Professor Yamin Ahmad Lecture 7 Facts of Financial Structure Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in Financial Markets Big Concepts Asymmetric Information in Financial Markets:
More informationDesigning a public procurement compliance and performance monitoring system in Kosovo
Designing a public procurement compliance and performance monitoring system in Kosovo WB Project Kosovo - IDF Grant No. TF013655 Enhancing the Implementation of Public Procurement Project Mr. Safet Hoxha,
More informationDetecting, Preventing, and Reporting FRAUD
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Inspector General Office of Investigation Detecting, Preventing, and Reporting FRAUD Guidelines for Public Housing Authorities to Take Charge
More informationHow Work Gets Done The Culture Audit
How Work Gets Done The Culture Audit Anyone who has been working for a while has probably been through at least one of these experiences. Which is part of your work history? Merger or acquisition Change
More informationPersonal Financial Knowledge and Attitude towards Credit Card Practices among Working Adults in Malaysia
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2012 Personal Financial Knowledge and Attitude towards Credit Card Practices among Working Adults in Malaysia Zuroni Md Jusoh Lim
More informationLeonard W. Vona, CPA, CFE
Leonard W. Vona, CPA, CFE Certified Public Accountant Certified Fraud Examiner 3331 Route 9 Valatie, NY 12184 Tel: (518) 784-2250 Fax: (518) 784-2251 e-mail: lwvcfe@aol.com Part of an auditor s job is
More informationObstacles to Integrating Forensic Accounting in the Accounting Curriculum: The Case of Bahrain
Global Review of Accounting and Finance Vol. 6. No. 1. March 2015 Issue. Pp. 165 175 Obstacles to Integrating Forensic Accounting in the Accounting Curriculum: The Case of Bahrain Abdullah Al-Hadrami *
More informationCorporate Compliance and Ethics
Corporate Compliance and Ethics Title: Corporate Compliance and Ethics Course Code: EL-CCE-COMP-0 Course Outline Section 1: Introduction A. Course Contributors B. About This Course C. Learning Objectives
More informationBusiness Financial Crime: Theories of Motivation
Defining white collar crime Business Financial Crime: Theories of Motivation Not to do with poverty Not to do with social pathology Not to do with physical or psychological pathology crime committed by
More informationThe Driver Roadmap Where Uber Driver-Partners Have Been, And Where They re Going
The Driver Roadmap Where Uber Driver-Partners Have Been, And Where They re Going Research Highlights And Uber is an attractive option. Uber attracts driver-partners from a wide range of backgrounds Half
More informationYouth Crime: Causes and Remedies
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Youth Crime: Causes and Remedies Muhammad Ali June 2008 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17223/ MPRA Paper No. 17223, posted 11. September 2009 06:31 UTC Essay
More informationDetermining of Employee Frauds in Forensic Accounting: A Research on Forensic Cases in the City of Kars in Turkey
Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, ISSN 1548-6583 June 2013, Vol. 9, No. 6, 729-738 D DAVID PUBLISHING Determining of Employee Frauds in Forensic Accounting: A Research on Forensic Cases in the
More informationEgon Zehnder International. The Leading Edge of Diversity and Inclusion. 11th International Executive Panel October 2012
Egon Zehnder International The Leading Edge of Diversity and Inclusion 11th International Executive Panel October 2012 Contents 1 2 3 4 Foreword 3 Executive Summary 4 Survey Design 8 Results The Findings
More informationPreventing Fraud: What are the central securities depositories doing to mitigate this risk? Cancún, May 21, 2015
Preventing Fraud: What are the central securities depositories doing to mitigate this risk? Cancún, May 21, 2015 What is Fraud? Generally, fraud is described as a deliberate act of abuse of trust, taking
More informationMarket Research Methodology
Market Research Methodology JANUARY 12, 2008 MARKET RESEARCH ANALYST Market Research Basics Market research is the process of systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data about customers, competitors
More informationMacarthur Minerals Limited CODE OF CONDUCT. February 2012
Macarthur Minerals Limited CODE OF CONDUCT February 2012 MACARTHUR MINERALS LIMITED AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES (THE COMPANY OR MACARTHUR ) CODE OF CONDUCT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Macarthur Mineral Limited (including
More informationFRAUD RISK ASSESSMENT
FRAUD RISK ASSESSMENT All agencies are subject to fraud risks and need to complete a fraud risk assessment for their agency at least every biennium. A detailed fraud assessment needs to be performed by
More informationProfessional Certificate in Ethics and Anti-Corruption Compliance
in partnership with Professional Certificate in Ethics and Anti-Corruption Compliance Maxwell Chambers, Singapore, November 18th & 19th 2015 Enhance & develop your understanding of Ethics & Compliance
More informationExamining Differences (Comparing Groups) using SPSS Inferential statistics (Part I) Dwayne Devonish
Examining Differences (Comparing Groups) using SPSS Inferential statistics (Part I) Dwayne Devonish Statistics Statistics are quantitative methods of describing, analysing, and drawing inferences (conclusions)
More informationCorporate Governance in D/S NORDEN
Corporate Governance in D/S NORDEN Contents: 1. The role of the shareholders and their interaction with the management of the company... 2 2. The role of the stakeholders and their importance to the company...
More informationEarnings Management with Accruals and Financial Engineering
Earnings Management with Accruals and Financial Engineering Bala G. Dharan, Ph.D., CPA J. Howard Creekmore Professor of Accounting Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Management Rice University, Houston,
More informationGuide to Transferable Skills
Guide to Transferable Skills What s Inside What are Transferable Skills?... P. 2 Includes the Introduction. Using Transferable Skills... p. 3 Includes Where to Begin. Represent Your Skills... p. 4 Map
More informationTHE MOTIVATION PROCESS OF HUMAN RESOURCES WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION. Key words: motivation, human resources, performance, efficiency.
100 The motivation process of human resources within an organization THE MOTIVATION PROCESS OF HUMAN RESOURCES WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION Isac Nicoleta University of Piteşti, Faculty of Economics, Romania
More informationSteven Boyer Vice-President, Gallagher Bassett Services Inc.
Employee Dishonesty and Fraud Motive, Rationale & Opportunity Steven Boyer Vice-President, Gallagher Bassett Services Inc. Randall Wilson, CPA/CFF, CFE, Cr.FA Partner, National Practice Director Fraud
More informationThe Value of Financial Planning
The Value of Financial Planning FPSB s Global Consumer Survey Danel Kuhlmann Financial Planning Standards Board Marketing & Communications Director 1 Copyright 2015 Financial Planning Standards Board Who
More informationThe Office of Public Services Reform The Drivers of Satisfaction with Public Services
The Office of Public Services Reform The Drivers of Satisfaction with Public Services Research Study Conducted for the Office of Public Services Reform April - May 2004 Contents Introduction 1 Executive
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON REVIEW ENGAGEMENTS 2410 REVIEW OF INTERIM FINANCIAL INFORMATION PERFORMED BY THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR OF THE ENTITY CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON ENGAGEMENTS 2410 OF INTERIM FINANCIAL INFORMATION PERFORMED BY THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR OF THE ENTITY (Effective for reviews of interim financial information for periods beginning
More informationDoes Skepticism Influence Consumers Intention to Purchase Cause-related Products?
Does Skepticism Influence Consumers Intention to Purchase Cause-related Products? Dr. Marhana M. Anuar Senior Lecturer Faculty of Management and Economics Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Dr. Khatijah Omar
More informationUnderstanding Business Fraud Presenter Paul A. Rodrigues, CPA, MST, CFE, CFF, Principal Presenter David G Friedman, CPA, CFF, CFE, Partner
Understanding Business Fraud Presenter Paul A. Rodrigues, CPA, MST, CFE, CFF, Principal Presenter David G Friedman, CPA, CFF, CFE, Partner Check Fraud Hand-Out Despite the heavy use of credit cards and
More informationSetting the Expectation for Success: Performance Management & Appraisal System
HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY CIVIL SERVICE BOARD OFFICE Setting the Expectation for Success: Performance Management & Appraisal System Supervisor s Guide PROCESS OVERVIEW Setting the Expectation for Success: Performance
More informationA Study of Growth of Fast Food Industry with Reference to Shift in Consumer s Buying Habits in Nagpur City
A Study of Growth of Fast Food Industry with Reference to Shift in Consumer s Buying Habits in Nagpur City MinalKashyap 1, KomalKashyap 2, Dr. Anil Sarda 3 1,2 Assistant Professor J D College of Engineering
More informationEthics in International Business
4 Ethics in International Business INTRODUCTION Ethics refers to accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the actions of an organization.
More informationAccounting Student Views on Ethics
Accounting Student Views on Ethics Vincent C. Brenner Stetson University Ann L. Watkins Texas State University Patrick Flynn Baldwin Wallace College Ethics is part of the continuing assessment efforts
More information401(k) PARTICIPANTS AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF FEES
401(k) PARTICIPANTS AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF FEES February 2011 401(k) PARTICIPANTS AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF FEES February 2011 Copyright 2011 AARP Research & Strategic Analysis 601 E Street,
More information