Melanoma: some useful facts

Transcription

1 Melanoma: some useful facts Delivering the best in care UHB is a no smoking Trust To see all of our current patient information leaflets please visit

2 Contents Section 1 Melanoma 3 Introduction 3 Your key worker 3 What is melanoma? 4 Cause of melanoma 4 Types of melanoma 5 Section 2 Treatment 8 Diagnosis and treatment 8 Risks and benefits 11 After surgery 11 Additional or adjuvant treatment? 11 Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) 12 Section 3 Follow up 13 Follow up 13 What will happen at the clinic? 13 Self examination 14 Future sun exposure 15 Section 4 Your feelings 17 Your feelings 16 Learning to cope 18 Who can help? 19 Appendices Medical terms 20 Support groups and further information 21 Important names and telephone numbers 22 2 Melanoma some useful facts

3 Section 1 Melanoma Introduction This booklet aims to provide you with information about melanoma a type of skin cancer. The diagnosis of any potentially serious disease brings with it anxiety and uncertainty and some of this can be alleviated by knowing more about the problem. At the time of diagnosis it is difficult to take in all of the information that you are given and we hope this booklet helps to clarify and reinforce what you have been told. The first part concentrates on the diagnosis and initial treatment. This is followed by an explanation about your follow up appointments and self-examination between visits. Organisations that can provide additional information and support are listed at the end of the booklet. Your key worker You will be given the contact details of a clinical nurse specialist (CNS). He or she will act as your key worker and is the person to contact with any questions you may have. These may relate to your diagnosis, your treatment and follow up or may be related to the anxiety and uncertainty that can be associated with a cancer diagnosis. They will also help to co-ordinate your care and may refer you on to other professionals if required. You may worry that this nurse is also a Macmillan nurse. Macmillan nurses specialise in cancer: providing support and information to people with cancer, and their families, friends and carers, from the point of diagnosis onwards. Keep hold of their number; they are here to help you not only in the next few weeks but also should you have any concerns in the months and years ahead. Melanoma some useful facts 3

4 What is melanoma? Melanoma is a type of cancer which usually starts in the skin. It is a cancer that grows from melanocytes the skin cells which produce the protective pigment called melanin. Since most melanocytes are found in the skin, this is the commonest site for melanoma. Many but not all melanomas grow from moles. Understanding the structure of the skin helps to show how melanoma develops. The skin consists of a thin protective outer layer called the epidermis, and a thicker inner layer, the dermis. Each layer is made of individual building blocks called cells, and the two layers are separated by a boundary the basement membrane. Diagram 1: Structure of the skin The epidermis is made from two types of cells, called keratinocytes and melanocytes. The keratinocytes make up most of the epidermis, whereas the melanocytes make the pigment that causes the skin to look brown. This pigment is called melanin, and protects the skin from sunburn. The second, inner layer, the dermis, contains blood and lymphatic vessels, which together form the plumbing system in the skin. 4 Melanoma some useful facts

5 The skin is constantly wearing out and replacing itself by making new cells. Sometimes things go wrong and the cells replace themselves too quickly. This results in a tumour, which is simply a lump of abnormal cells. Tumours can be benign or malignant. Benign tumours are usually quite small, they do not grow into the surrounding tissues, and they do not spread elsewhere in the body. For example a wart is a harmless growth of the keratinocytes, and a mole is a harmless growth of the melanoytes in the skin. Benign tumours are not cancer. Malignant tumours can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and may spread or metastasise to other parts of the body. Malignant tumours are cancer. It is important to remember that cancer is not one disease; it is a group of many diseases. Each type of cancer differs from the others in many ways and the diagnosis, treatment and follow up varies between types of cancer. Cause of melanoma The precise cause of melanoma is not fully understood. However there is evidence to suggest that ultraviolet radiation from the sun may damage the skin and cause melanoma. In general the risk is greatest in those with white skin, especially those who burn easily and tan poorly. It is also greater in those with a large number of moles. Melanoma can be inherited but this is very uncommon. Types of melanoma Melanomas in the skin occur in two main forms: A. in-situ melanoma B. invasive melanoma Melanoma some useful facts 5

6 A. In-situ melanoma This type accounts for about 10% of the melanomas that we see in our clinic. The most important point about in-situ melanoma is that it is harmless. The cancer cells are confined to the top layer of the skin, the epidermis. They are separated from the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels by the basement membrane, as shown in the picture. However, if untreated in-situ melanoma can continue to grow and break through the membrane and could then potentially spread. For this reason it is important that they are treated. B. Invasive melanoma Invasive melanomas are not confined to the top layer of the skin. They grow through the basement membrane into the deeper layer, the dermis. Here, blood and lymph vessels are present which can provide a route for cancer cells to spread around the body. The further down a melanoma has grown into the skin, the greater the chance of the cancer cells getting inside a blood or lymph vessel, and being carried away from the skin to another part of the body. Invasive melanoma is therefore more serious than in-situ melanoma, because the cancer has the potential to spread. The single most important point about your melanoma is therefore the depth to which it has invaded into the skin, the greater the depth or thickness, the greater the risk of spreading. This measurement is made very carefully on each melanoma that we remove. The measurement is made by an expert pathologist using a microscope. It is measured in millimetres and is referred to as the Breslow thickness (diagram 2). 6 Melanoma some useful facts

7 Diagram 2: Breslow thickness It is important to realise that for most melanomas the chance of spreading is small, because most melanomas remain close to the surface. The thinner the melanoma, the smaller the chance of it having spread before it was removed, and the greater the chance of cure. If you want to know more about this in detail please ask your Consultant or CNS. However, it is important to remember that about 80% of all patients with melanoma are cured. Melanoma some useful facts 7

8 Section 2 Treatment The treatment of melanoma should be provided by a team who have specialist knowledge and experience in its management. Diagnosis and treatment: Melanoma is usually managed in two stages: A. Biopsy; and then B. Further surgery A. Biopsy Where possible the entire mole or lesion is removed under local anaesthetic, with a margin of normal skin so that it is completely removed. The specimen is sent to the pathology department where it is examined carefully. If it is a melanoma, its thickness, the level of penetration into the skin, and some other features are looked at. This helps us to decide the most appropriate treatment for you. B. Further surgery Surgery is currently the only treatment which can cure melanoma. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not used to treat primary melanoma as they are not as effective as surgery for this type of cancer. They are sometimes used if the melanoma recurs. Using the information from the pathology report a further piece of apparently normal skin will be removed from around the original site. The difference from your biopsy is that the piece of skin is larger, but also deeper. The tissue that is removed is sent to the pathology lab to check for any further melanoma cells. This is necessary because cancer cells may be present around or underneath the melanoma even though the skin looks normal. The entire thickness of the skin is removed down to the muscle. Further surgery minimises the risk of leaving behind 8 Melanoma some useful facts

9 any melanoma cells in the surrounding skin. The amount of skin removed depends on the thickness of the melanoma. Table 1 and diagram 3a and 3b illustrate this. The surgery is often carried out using a local anaesthetic in the Ambulatory Care Department or in Area 4 Outpatients but it may sometimes be necessary to carry out this surgery under a general anaesthetic. Some patients will go home the same day whilst others will require a longer stay. Your key worker will be able to discuss this with you. Table 1: Margin of skin taken in relation to Breslow thickness Breslow thickness In-situ/invasive up to 1mm 1.1mm to 2mm Over 2mm Total margin of skin taken 2mm biopsy plus 8mm treatment 2mm biopsy plus 18mm treatment 2mm biopsy plus 28mm treatment Diagram 3: Biopsy and further surgery T Diagram 3a: 2mm margin of skin around the melanoma Melanoma some useful facts 9

10 Diagram 3b: 8mm, 18mm, and 28mm margins around the biopsy scar (actual measurements) 10 Melanoma some useful facts

11 Risks and benefits As with any surgery there is a risk of bleeding and infection, you may experience some pain and you will be left with a scar. If there are any other risks relating to your surgery the surgeon will discuss this with you on the day of treatment. The benefit of this treatment is that it reduces the risk of the melanoma recurring in the surrounding skin. After surgery After your operation you will be given information about any stitches that need to be removed, any dressing changes that are needed and be informed when you will next be seen in the outpatient clinic. Again this time varies from person to person and may be the following day or could be several weeks later. The outpatient visit is also another opportunity for you to ask any questions about the diagnosis, treatment and follow up plan of care and to discuss how you are coping. You may find it helpful to bring a relative or friend with you, who can listen to what is being said. Additional or adjuvant treatment? Many people ask whether there is any additional or adjuvant treatment that may be helpful to prevent the melanoma from coming back. There are several points which are worth considering. Firstly, you do not need chemotherapy or radiotherapy for primary melanoma these are not treatments which are used at this stage of the disease. At present there is no proven adjuvant treatment for patients with primary melanoma. In general adjuvant treatment is not available outside clinical trials and these are designed to test new treatments. If there are currently any clinical trials that you may be Melanoma some useful facts 11

12 eligible for you will be given information about these, but if it is not mentioned please feel free to ask a member of staff. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) When melanomas spread they often do so via the lymph vessels to the lymph glands. For instance a melanoma on the leg would be expected to spread to the lymph glands in the groin. The first lymph gland to be affected is called the sentinel lymph node. It can be identified and removed to test whether the melanoma has spread. This is a new technique in skin cancer and until recently its availability has been confined to clinical trials. It enables us to find out if there has been any spread to the lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis and gives us a more accurate way to stage your disease. It remains unclear whether there is any benefit of finding out about lymph node recurrence before it is clinically detectable so currently it is used simply to stage your disease. If the test does show melanoma in the lymph nodes the team would discuss with you if further surgery is required to treat this. The risk of lymph node involvement varies dependent on the thickness of your melanoma therefore this test may not be relevant for all patients with melanoma. If it is appropriate the team will discuss this test with you in more detail and give you more information so you can decide if you want to have the test. 12 Melanoma some useful facts

13 Section 3 Follow up Follow up You will need to return to the outpatient clinic for a check up at regular intervals. The frequency of this varies from person to person and we will explain to you how often this will need to be. It may only be for several months or may be many years. We may ask you to visit your GP or referring consultant between visits. What will happen at the clinic? At the clinic you will be examined thoroughly and be given the opportunity to discuss any concerns. You will be shown how you should be checking yourself between your appointments. If there is any sign of recurrence further investigations may be required before treatment. The treatment for recurrence varies depending on where it is in relation to the original melanoma. Recurrence within the scar or surrounding skin: If the recurrence is around the scar, or within the skin between the scar and the lymph nodes, it will often be removed under local anaesthetic. This is similar to the original operation used to treat the melanoma, and involves removing the lump together with a small margin of normal tissue to ensure complete removal. Enlarged lymph gland If you do have an enlarged lymph node, a small sample of tissue may be taken through a thin needle whilst you are in clinic. Sometimes this small sample does not tell us whether there are cancer cells present or not so we may arrange an ultrasound scan with a further needle biopsy or may want to remove the whole lymph node to confirm there is melanoma present before we can plan your treatment. If the result shows melanoma cells, you will probably need to have an operation to remove all of the lymph nodes in that Melanoma some useful facts 13

14 particular area. This is a major operation requiring a hospital stay of several days. If it is required we will explain it in detail and it will be carried out by a plastic surgeon who is experienced in this technique. We are likely to need to arrange additional investigations before this operation. Risk of recurrence The risk of the melanoma first recurring either in the scar, in the skin around the scar, the regional lymph nodes or elsewhere, is greatest in the first 4-5 years after diagnosis. Between 5 and 10 years, risk is significantly less; first recurrence more than 10 years after diagnosis is rare but not unknown. Consequently we would advise that you self examine every couple of weeks for at least 10 years and although the risk after this is very small it is sensible to continue. Self examination Although the chance that the melanoma will return is small for many patients, learning how to examine yourself for any sign of the melanoma coming back is probably the single most important thing you can do to help. Recurrence may still be curable if detected early so we will explain how you should be doing this, what you are looking for and how often you should do it. It is often helpful to bring a friend or relative with you to clinic to help you with this or simply to observe the process and encourage you once you are doing it yourself. Remember that checking the skin around a melanoma on the back may be difficult or impossible to do yourself and you may need some help. What do I need to look for? When melanomas recur, they usually do so by appearing as lumps beneath the skin, often around where the melanoma was growing, or further up the limb, or as lumps in the lymph nodes. This means that they don t look like the original melanoma. The 14 Melanoma some useful facts

15 lump will probably seem the same colour as the surrounding skin. It will however feel different from the surrounding skin; it often feels like a small, dried pea or a marble-sized, hard, smooth, round nodule. The lymph nodes are a common site for recurrence, probably because they are all linked to the lymph vessels which form part of the plumbing of the skin After your surgery, once your wound is healed, we will show you how to check yourself and also provide you with some written information to help you with this. What should I do if I think I may have a recurrence? You should contact your key worker or the clinical nurse specialist team ( ). We will probably arrange for you to be seen in an outpatient clinic within the next two weeks for assessment. If you contact other staff they may be unsure what to do and this may result in a delayed appointment. Please don t feel that you may be contacting unnecessarily or causing us extra work: we would much rather see you and reassure you than have you worry and risk delaying treatment. Future sun exposure Exposure of the skin to sunlight is clearly one of the causes of melanoma. Although your risk of developing a second, new primary melanoma is very small, reducing sun exposure may help. Simple changes, which you may wish to make, include: Do not allow yourself to burn Do not try to get a suntan Do not use sun beds Be aware of how much sun exposure your skin is getting. Sitting in direct sunlight between 11:00 and about 15:00 may Melanoma some useful facts 15

16 give you quite a large dose of ultraviolet radiation. You may easily reduce this by sitting in the shade. Close weave clothing, hats, particularly those with a broad brim, and sunglasses are all effective in reducing sun exposure. Using sun creams or lotions as an addition to the precautions already described may further reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the skin. You should use a sun screens with SPF (Sun Protection Factor) 15 or higher and ensure that it protects your skin from both the UVB rays that burn and the UVA that cause the damage that results in skin aging. However, using sun creams may encourage you to stay out in the sun longer because you feel that your skin is protected and they should not be used instead of the measures described above.. The only way to protect your skin is by reducing the amount of exposure that you have to a minimum. Sun screens are the last line of defence! Vitamin D Some people are concerned that they will not get enough vitamin D if they avoid the sun. Most people will get enough vitamin D from spending around half an hour per day outside without sun cream. This time does not need to be in direct sunlight or at hottest times of the day so there should not be any health problems by taking these precautions to care for your skin. 16 Melanoma some useful facts

17 Section 4 Your feelings Your feelings Everyone reacts differently to being told they have cancer. There is no right or wrong way to feel. Some of the feelings you may experience include shock, fear, anger, guilt, and isolation. You shouldn t expect to feel all of these and you may find that some times are more difficult than others; for example when you are first told that you have melanoma, and prior to any follow up appointments. You may find that not only do you experience a range of emotions but also that family and friends may experience them too. Shock This is a common immediate reaction. At first you might feel quite numb and unable to accept it has really happened. You may not be able to take in anything which is told to you and may not be able to ask questions. It can take a while for everything to sink in. The numbness may act as a kind of anaesthetic and may enable you to get through all the important practical arrangements. You may also feel detached and strangely calm. Fear and uncertainty The word cancer can be very frightening and is often surrounded by myths. It is important to remember that there are many types of cancer and the treatment for each is different. You may find that you become scared about what will happen to you in the future or worried about those close to you and how they will cope. Denial Sometimes you do not want to know what is going on, and do not wish to talk about it. You may try to carry on as if everything is normal. This is sometimes a useful mechanism as it allows you time to comes to terms with your diagnosis but it can be difficult Melanoma some useful facts 17

18 for those around you to cope. Blame and guilt You may try to look for a cause or reason for having melanoma. It is normal to want an explanation. It can be easy to think that you or someone else is to blame. Isolation Sometimes you may wish to be left alone or the fact that you have cancer can make you feel isolated. This can often be the case with melanoma as people are often less familiar with this type of cancer. Anger You may feel angry that you have melanoma. This can make you irritable and short tempered and so you may take your feelings out on someone else. Learning to cope There are many things which you can do which may help: 1. Try to understand about melanoma and its treatment. Knowing about melanoma will help dispel myths and lessen fear 2. Bring a friend or relative with you to the clinic to listen to what is said, and write down questions you have and bring them with you when you come to the out patient clinic 3. Let family, friends and health professionals know how you feel. Don t bottle up feelings 4. Allow yourself time to come to terms with the diagnosis. Set yourself achievable goals 5. Contact one of the national or local support groups listed at the back of this booklet. It can be a tremendous source of reassurance and encouragement to know that someone else has been through something similar 18 Melanoma some useful facts

19 There are many people who can help: 1. Your Macmillan clinical nurse specialist 2. Your GP and district nurse 3. Local and national voluntary organisations. These groups allow you to meet or talk to others who have experienced cancer. Many offer information, one to one support, complimentary therapies, trained counsellors, group meetings. You can contact them anonymously if you prefer. 4. Spiritual help many local religious groups offer help and support. 5. Counsellors counselling offers the chance to explore your feelings and experiences in a supportive confidential environment. Unfortunately it is not always available on the NHS but you could ask your GP or key worker if you feel you would benefit. You can contact the British Association for Counsellors for a list of counsellors available locally. 6. Patient advice and liaison service (PALS) this service is available to help you deal with any concerns you may have whilst visiting University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust. They can support you and your family, provide information on services and listen to suggestions, queries or concerns. They can also help you sort out any problems you may have. The contact telephone number is included at the end of the booklet. Melanoma some useful facts 19

20 Appendices Medical terms Cancer A general term for more than 100 diseases in which cells grow and divide abnormally. Some cancer cells may spread through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. Biopsy The removal of a small piece of skin using local anaesthetic, which is then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells. Lymph Straw-coloured fluid which travels through the lymphatic system. Lymph is derived from fluid in the blood that leaks out of tiny blood vessels and is returned to the circulation by the lymph vessels. Lymph vessels travel up the limbs to lymph nodes. Lymph nodes Commonly known as glands. The lymph nodes can filter cancer cells or bacteria travelling through the body in lymph. They may become swollen if they detect infection or cancer cells. Lymphatic system The tissues and organs that produce, carry, and store cells that fight infection and disease. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph vessels and lymph nodes. Malignant Cancerous; a tumour that can spread to other parts of the body. Melanocytes Cells which produce a pigment called melanin. Melanoma Cancer which arises in the melanocytes. A type of skin cancer. 20 Melanoma some useful facts

21 Metastasise To spread from one part of the body to another. Tumour An abnormal collection of cells which form a lump. The cells have divided too quickly and without order. Support groups and further information There are many local and national support groups, some of which are listed below: Local information centres and support groups The Patrick Room Cancer Centre Queen Elizabeth Hospital /39 Cancer Information and Support Centre Good Hope Hospital Courtyard Centre Sandwell Hospital /3816 Health Information Centre Heartlands Hospital Information and Support Services Health Exchange Birmingham Central Library Melanoma some useful facts 21

22 Dudley and District Cancer Support Group or visit Solihull Cancer Support Group or visit for further contact details Sutton Coldfield The Cancer Support Centre or visit Walsall Pathfinders Cancer Support Group National support groups Macmillan Cancer Relief National information web sites: Macmillan Cancer Relief Cancer Research UK Important names and telephone numbers Macmillan clinical nurse specialist Ambulatory Care Department Dermatology Outpatients Patient Advice and Liaison Service Melanoma some useful facts

23 Please use the space below to write down any questions you may have and bring this with you to your next appointment. Melanoma some useful facts 23

24 The Trust provides free monthly health talks on a variety of medical conditions and treatments. For more information visit or call Skin Oncology Services University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Queen Elizabeth Hospital Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH Telephone: PI14/0079/03 UHB/PI/0079 (Edition 3) Author: Clair McGarr Date: August 2014 Review date: August 2016