AN APPRAISAL OF PUBLIC ELECTRICITY PERFORMANCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Transcription

1 Sacha Journal of Environmental Studies Volume 5 Number 1 (2015) pp ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Publishers: Sacha & Diamond Publishers, England, UK. Current Cumulative Impact Factor: 28.9 AN APPRAISAL OF PUBLIC ELECTRICITY PERFORMANCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA UDOUDOH, Francis P. 1 and UMOREN, Victor E. 2 1 Department of Estate Management, University of Uyo, Nigeria 2 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to appraise the performance of public electricity as an index of economic development in Nigeria. The performance of electricity is judged from three perspectives, namely, electricity generation, transmission and distribution to its consumers. Until recently, PHCN was the sole company monopolizing all aspects of electricity supply. Out of mw of electricity produced in Nigeria, only mw representing 48.7% is available to consumers for usage. In order to get users opinions on performance of public electricity supply, 450 questionnaires were administered on consumers of electricity in three (3) major cities in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. In each city, 150 questionnaires were given out and only a total of 366 questionnaires representing 81% of the administered questionnaires were properly filled and returned within the specified timeframe. The questionnaires sampled users opinions on regularity of supply, pattern of distribution, maintenance culture and problems hindering effective performance of the sector in Nigeria. The research revealed that whereas the pattern of electricity distribution is perfect as indicated by 263 respondents representing 72% of the sampled population, the maintenance culture is very poor. A total of 217 respondents representing 59% of the sampled population noted that PHCN does not maintained its facilities which result in epileptic power supply. The research concluded that the way out is to incorporate experienced private investors in the provision and management of electricity supply through public-privatepartnership in Nigeria. Keywords: Performance Measurement, Public Electricity, Economic Development 1. INTRODUCTION Electricity supply is one of the important physical infrastructure in all countries of the world. It involves generation, transmission and distribution of electric current to consumers in a nation. Nigeria first witnessed electricity supply in 1896, barely 15 years after its discovery (Etuk, 2009). The production and supply of electricity in Nigeria is handled by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). The company until recently was involved in all aspects of electricity transactions to all parts of the country. The power sector in the last three decades has performed poorly. Its services became epileptic, unstable, inadequate and unreliable. PHCN could not generate enough power to cater for the demand in Nigeria. The transmission and distribution systems became unreliable because it did not have adequate capacity and backup 63

2 lines.the distribution network is also epileptic as PHCN never provided the enabling environment for the many NIPPs to distribute the power so generated to the consumers. The distribution also shows great disparities between urban and rural areas. These lapses, consequently affected various sectors of the economy. The growing gap between the supply and demand from the national grid has resulted to a widespread self-generation of power from alternative sources in Nigeria, both in the urban centres and rural areas. According to an editorial in the Nigeria Tribute (2011) that commented on Utilizing the Electricity in Ikot Abasi, the problem of power supply in Nigeria is now a well known phenomenon, owing to the way it has been politicized and publicized. But beyond this, the concerns have also been that so many trillions of naira has gone into the sector without commensurate power supply. As public power supply became more unreliable, most industrial or commercial establishments and individual consumers resort to acquire standby generating plants to provide power for their business and domestic activities (Udoudoh, 2014). The availability of electricity is a closed indicator of economic development as it is a significant index of standard of living. Nigeria is blessed with abundant supply of energy resources. It is endowed with thermal, hydro, solar and oil resources, but the sector has remained relatively untapped. Clearly, electric power supply has become a critical national problem. In this regards, the generation, transmission and distribution of steady electricity constitute a central issue in our quest to sustainable economic development. This study hopes to fill the gap by assessing how the performance of public electricity supply can impact on economic development of Nigeria. This becomes imperative particularly, when considering the present state of the dwindling and unreliable power supply situation in the country. 2. THE ORIGIN OF PUBLIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN NIGERIA Electricity has been generated at central stations since 1881 in United Kingdom. However, the history of electricity development in Nigeria can be traced back to the end of the 19 th century when the first generating power plant was installed in Lagos, the then capital city of Nigeria, in The first utility company, the Niger Electricity Supply Company (NESCO), was established in During this time and until 1950, Ayogele (2001) reported that the pattern of electricity provision was in the form of individual electricity supply located in different towns, selected Federal Government offices, Government Reserved Areas (GRAs) and in the residents of prominent traditional rulers and persons. In 1950, the then Colonial Government of Nigeria formed the Electricity Company of Nigeria (ECN) through Ordinance No, 15 of The formation of ECN brought under control the various electricity departments, all existing diesel/coal fired isolated power plants and other undertakings having to do with electricity generation and supply across the country under one body. Apart from ECN, the Niger Dam Authority was established in 1962 with the mandate to develop hydropower potentials in Nigeria. To improve power supply, there was a need for a merger of the two power authorities. In 1972, Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) and Niger Dam Authority (NDA) were merged to become National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) by Decree No 24 of 1972 (Iwayemi, 2008). NEPA was a vertically integrated monopoly company that controlled every aspect of the power processes, from generation to transmission and distribution. There was absence of competitive forces driving the power process from bottom up. Several scholars faulted the operations of power supply in Nigeria and came up with a conclusion that most Nigerians are not satisfied with the performance in the sector (Olawale, 1997; Ilaro, 2002; Yusuf, 2002; and Oluba, 2008); either it is complete lack, epileptic or performed below installed capacity. The growth rate of electricity generation in Nigeria has for years now remained far less than the growth rate of the population of its consumers. By the end of last decade, the energy generation availability in Nigeria declined from installed capacity of 5906 mw to 1600mw with only 19 64

3 functioning generating units (Oluba, 2008; Lado, 2009; and Mohammed, 2009). This shows that Nigeria operated at one-third of its installed capacity and the situation has not improved to date.why? There has not been any Turn Around Maintenance on electricity generation, transmission and distribution installations for several years running into decades in Nigeria. This has wrought serious havoc to the economic development of the nation. Based on the unsatisfactory performance of NEPA, the Federal government embarked on aggressive power sector reform. Thus in 2001, a National Electric Power Policy was approved setting out the principles and steps to create an enabling and regulatory framework, restructure the industry and facilitate more investment into the sector. To achieve this, the government decided to unbundle and privatize NEPA, stripping the agency of its monopolistic status. In March 2005, the Power Sector Reform Bill was signed into law by the then President Olusegun Obasanjo. With this law in place, private electricity companies were permitted to participate in electricity generation, transmission and distribution. The government embarked on construction of four thermal power stations in various parts of the country. Approval was also given for the construction of seven (7) new power stations in the Niger Delta in order to take advantage of the huge gas resources in that area. The hallmark of the power reform was the unbundling of NEPA into 18 companies comprising six (6) generation companies, one (1) transmission company and eleven (11) distribution companies. In the place of NEPA, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) was established. The reform, according to Ofoegbu and Emengini (2013), also gave rise to the creation of National Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) in 2005 to regulate and control tariffs by providing different pricing options to power generators via the Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO). The rationale of putting in MYTO was to attract the private investors to the sector. Power generating capacity in Nigeria has the following components: Federal Government Power Generating facilities; Independent Power Projects (IPPs); and National Integrated Power Projects (NIPPs). The major owners and drivers in the power sector include the Federal Ministry of Power, Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE), Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC), Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Company (NBET), Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), Niger Delta Power Holding Company (NDPHC), and so on. The NIPP is an integral part of the Federal Governments efforts at combating the power shortages in the country. It was conceived in 2004 to fast-tract public sector funding strategy in the sector. NIPP also aimed at addressing the issues of insufficient electric power generation and excessive gas flaring from oil exploration in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Seven Power Plants were designed and established in the region as part of the NIPP project. In 2005, the Federal Government incorporated Niger Delta Power Holding Company Ltd (NDPHC) to contract for hold, manage and operate the assets developed and built under the NIPP using private sector best practices. 3. A BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW Performance Measurement appraises the performance of an investment after it has gone into operation in order to determine its direction and degree of performance in relation to the target objectives. It is a form of investment appraisal use to monitor the current state of an investment, and if necessary ensure future improvement. According to Kalu (2007), sound investment strategy demands that investment performance measurement should be made on a regular basis. Ogbuefi (2002) agrees with this assertion while noting that performance measurement involves a periodic evaluation of investment in order to determine that at each stage, the target objectives are being achieved. Udoudoh (2014) states that, the primary objective of performance analysis is to measure the effectiveness of unit decision and management activities. Therefore, the rational approach to investment appraisal tends to 65

4 emphasis performance as an integral part of systematic management which should be carried out and monitored in-house (Bello, 2003). Any attempt to determine whether a nation s infrastructure stocks are sufficient to service the needs of a growing economy and population must begin with a clear notion of how to measure the benefits of public investment (Haughwout, 1993). For users, reliability means that service has a high probability of being available in terms of quantity, quality and the time required. Infrastructure reliability is generally poor in developing countries although it differs widely among countries and infrastructure types. The existence of several performance measures and the absence of standard index in Nigeria utility sector have caused a lot of confusion in determining the actual utility consumption levels. Humplick (1993) identified three (3) aspects of infrastructure performance to include; (i) At the level of the beneficiaries as measured by service quality or service effectiveness; (ii) At the level of internal operations of the entities producing a service as measured by managerial or operational efficiency; and (iii) At the sectoral level where the size and growth in investments in infrastructure are important. Humplick went on to categories the efficiency of internal operations of an entity into measures of labour productivity; proficiency in extending services to customers; level of accessibility to the services and responsiveness to new demand. Whatever the measure, service qualities are determined by the degree of satisfaction customers derived from available service type. They are three indicators of measuring operational efficiency of any corporation. These are: (a) the number of customers which is used as a measure of utility efficiency from the customers perspective, (b) the generating capacity which is used as a measure of production efficiency; and (c) the numbers and quality of staff in the service production corporation Many developed countries of the world are evaluating the manners in which infrastructure services have been provided in the past, and are searching for ways of increasing the efficiency of service delivery. However, literature has revealed that past analyses have mostly considered indicators of profitability with little or no mention of operational efficiency indicators which contribute to service quality. The service provision structure includes the types of ownership and the level of multiplicity involve in service provision. Humplick (1993) explicitly explored the relative advantages of one provision regime over another with respect to a range of efficiency indicators while controlling for the level of development. He presented a model system relating the provision variables of ownership and multiplicity to production and service efficiency measures. From Humplicks model, the service provision structure includes the types of ownership and the level of multiplicity involve in service provision. Going by his analysis, utility performance is measured in terms of production efficiency and service delivery efficiency. There is a casual relationship between these two aspects of utility performance: production efficiency and service delivery efficiency. For instance, when an entity providing infrastructure services has low operational efficiency, it may results in poor service qualities in the short run and inability to maintain high levels of service quality in the long run. Sustained levels of poor service quality affects the customers willingness to pay and their degree of loyalty to the mode of service provided by the entity under consideration. As a result, customers may undertake a variety of options including switching to other modes of provision, to accommodate the poor service quality. Alternatively, depending on the capacity and willingness of the infrastructure providers to respond to customers complaints and needs, the service quality problems would be rectified, thus maintaining appreciable customers base. Therefore, the structure of multiplicity ( magnitude and type) affects the transparency of decision flows, the size and complexity of decision structures, and the speed of processing 66

5 decisions. All of these factors determine the nature and integrity of information flows between producers, consumers, regulators and policy makers; and hence determine the efficiency with which infrastructure services are provided. Fig. 1: Relationship between Service Provision and Infrastructure Performance Country Endowment; Level of Development; and, Character of decision making Service Production Structure Ownership (Public/Private) Multiplicity (magnitude and type) Production Efficiency Service Efficiency Utility Performance Source; Humplick (1993) 4. MATERIALS AND METHOD In order to gather adequate data for this research, a total of 450 questionnaires were produced and administered in three (3) State Capitals in the study area randomly selected out of the six states capitals, including Port Harcourt in Rivers State, Calabar in Cross River State and Uyo in Akwa Ibom State. In each city, 150 questionnaires were administered. The decision to administer 150 in each city was for convenient reason. The respondents were household heads or the most senior member of the household who have resided in that area for a period of at least five (5) years. It took a period of three (3) weeks to complete the administration and retrieval of the duly filled questionnaires; precisely one (1) week was spent in each city. At the end of field work, 366 questionnaires out of a total number of 450 questionnaires administered which represented 81% of the sampled questionnaires were collected which formed the sampled population. This was adjudged adequate for the research. The data collected and collated were presented in tables and analyzed using simple statistical techniques such as percentages and method of ranking. 67

6 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the power generating plants in Nigeria, types of plant, years of construction, their locations, installed capacity and current available capacity. S/N Generating Plant Type of Plant Year of Construction Location Installed Capacity(MW) Available Capacity(MW) 1 Calabar Power Thermal 1934 Cross River Station State 2 Oji River Power Thermal 1956 Enugu State 10 0 Station 3 Afam(IV-V) Thermal 1963 Rivers State Power Plc 4 Delta Power Plc Thermal 1966 Delta State Kainji/Jebba Hydro 1968 Niger State Hydroelectric Plc 6 Ijora Power Thermal 1968 Lagos State Station 7 Sapele Power Thermal 1978 Delta State Plc 8 Kainji/Jebba Hydro 1985 Niger State Hydroelectric Plc 9 Egbin Power Plc Thermal 1986 Lagos State Shiroro Hydro 1989 Niger State Hydroelectric Plc 11 Geregu Power Thermal 2007 Kogi State Plc 12 Omotosho Thermal 2007 Ondo State Power Plc 13 Olorunsogo Power Plc Thermal 2008 Ogun State Source: Authors field work, Table 1 shows that out of 6904,6 mw of electricity installed in Nigeria, only 3362,4 mw representing less than 50% of the installed generating capacity of electricity is made available to Nigerians for utilization. The historic gab between the demand for electricity and the available utilization capacity has led to the current widespread power shortage and inefficiency, causing both industrial and residential consumers to resort to alternative sources of power supply at very exorbitant cost. This has impacted negatively on the economic growth of the country. Table 2 shows that 124 customers representing 34% of the respondents were connected to public electricity in the last 10 years, while 106 customers representing 29% were connected between 11 and 20 years. A total of 136 customers representing 37% have been enjoying public power supply for a period more than 20 years. 68

7 Table 2: Period Of Customers Connection To Public Electricity S/N PERIOD CONNECTED NO. OF RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS 1 Not connected Less than 10 years ago years years Over 30 years TOTAL Source: Authors data analysis, Table 3 shows that electricity supply in the study area is not regular. Whereas 129 respondents representing 35% of the sampled population noted that electricity supply is fairly irregular, 154 respondents representing 42% observed that the supply is very irregular. Only 83 respondents representing only 23% of the sampled population noted that public power supply is regular. Table 3: Regularity of Electricity Supply S/N LEVEL OF REGULARITY NO. OF RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS 1 Very regular Regular Fairly regular Very irregular Not yet connected - - TOTAL Source: Authors data analysis, 2014 The distribution of electricity installations and facilities to various parts of Nigeria has been adjudged very good as shown by a total of 252 respondents out of 366 representing 69% of the sampled population. Only 33 respondents representing 7% noted that the pattern of distribution is either poor or very poor. Table 4: Customers Views on Electricity Distribution in the Area S/N CUSTOMERS VIEWS NO. OF RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS 1 Excellent Very good Fairly good Poor Very poor TOTAL Source: Authors data analysis, It has already been observed in the literature that the maintenance culture of public infrastructure including electricity is poor in Nigeria. This table is a clear proof to this popular opinion. A total of 205 respondents representing 56% noted that the maintenance culture is poor, while 48 respondents representing 13% said maintenance culture is very good. A total of 101 respondents representing 28% shows that the maintenance culture is fairly good and 12 respondents representing 35 shows poor maintenance culture. 69

8 Table 5: Maintenance Culture of Public Electricity Supply S/N LEVEL OF MAINTENANCE NO. OF RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS 1 Excellent Very good Fairly good Poor Fairly poor TOTAL Source: Authors data analysis, Several factors have been identified as being responsible for ineffective performance of the power sector in Nigeria. From the table above, lack of routine maintenance has been identified as the major problem hindering effective performance of public electricity. This is shown by a total of 66 respondents representing 18% of the total population sampled. This was closely followed by poor working equipment /tools as captured by 48 respondents representing 13% of the sampled population. The fact that all the component activities in power provision in Nigeria since independent have been monopolized by the government agencies saddled with the responsibility of managing the sector is another serious threat to electricity provision in Nigeria. Table 6: Factors Responsible For Poor Performance of Public Electricity S/N PROBLEMS NO. OF % 0F RANKING RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS 1 Lack of routine maintenance st 2 Monopoly of functions rd 3 Inadequate funding th 4 Lack of adequate customers th censors 5 Poor distribution network th 6 Poor working equipment nd 7 Lack of coordination of related th agencies 8 Poor utility staff/customers th relationship 9 Lack of competent staff th 10 Illegal connection th TOTAL Source: Authors data analysis, This is clearly opined by 44 respondents representing 12% of the sampled population. Inadequate funding came forth with 38 respondents representing about 10% of the total sampled population. Poor distribution network closely followed with 36 respondents representing 10% of the sampled population. Illegal connection came 6 th with 34 respondents representing 9% of the sampled population. This is followed by lack of adequate customers censors with 28 respondents representing 8% of the sampled population. Lack of coordination of related agencies follows with 26 respondents representing 7% of the sampled population. Lack of competent staff came 9 th with 24 respondents representing 7% of the sampled population. Finally, poor utility staff/customers relationship with 22 respondents representing 6% of the sampled population. 70

9 6. IMPLICATIONS OF PUBLIC ELECTRICITY PERFORMANCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA A few studies have been made to establish the relationship between electricity supply and economic development in Nigeria. The performance of electricity is a close indicator of economic activity as it is a significant index of the people s standard of living. Adequate supply and distribution of electricity constitute to a central development issue which cannot be overemphasized. Apart from serving as the pillar of wealth creation in Nigeria, it is also the nucleus of operations and subsequently, the engine of growth for all sectors of the economy (Ayodele, 2001). The relationship between electricity supply and economic development has been an issue of debate. Many scholars have debated and came up with a conclusion that the best way to achieve rapid and sustainable economic growth is through the provision of adequate electricity (Kessides,1993; Adenikinju, 2005; Samuel and Lionel, 2013; Ayanruoh, 2013; Ofoegbu and Emengini, 2013; Udoudoh, 2014). In recognition of the consolidating linkage between the power sector and the other sectors of the economy, the Federal Government embarked on the process of deregulating the power sector in order to encourage private sector participation. To achieve this, government put up the National Electricity Power Policy, National Energy Policy and National Electricity Power Reform Bill that set up the framework for developing the power sector to assist in jumpstarting the economy and in confronting the worsening conditions of poverty in the economy (ESMAP, 2005). These policies are aimed at separating the role of the regulator from the service providers, while creating opportunities for a vibrant economy through private sector investment and competition in electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Proper development of electricity infrastructure and utilization have pervasive impacts on a range of social, economic and industrial activities and consequently on the economic growth, development and overall wellbeing of citizens of the country. This shows that the performance of public infrastructure and in particular electricity production, supply and consumption are important indices that measure whether or not a country is developed, developing or underdeveloped. This research has established a production-service relationship model between infrastructure and economic development. From this model, such relationship can be useful to assess and measure the contribution of infrastructure to economic development in two ways. First, it can increase the productivity of the essential factors of production. Secondly, it can attract these relatively mobile factors of production. This research has shown that adequate power supply is a sin qua non to sustainable performance of national economy and vice versa. 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Generally, the poor performance of electricity infrastructure has constituted a serious barrier to the growth of the national economy. Effective performance of infrastructure raises the productivity of other factors of production. Adequate electricity supply is very important for industrialization as its leads to economic growth and improves standard of living. Thus, the issue of electricity supply, its adequacy and reliability is very important for the overall performance of the national economy and deserves policy attention. Iwayemi (2008) in his research on the relationship between energy sector and national economy came up with a conclusion that energy supply and consumption have enormous impact on social and economic development and the overall quality of life of the populace. Aigbokan (1999) also noted that by increasing the quantity and quality of infrastructure, the transformation curve or the production possibility frontier or curve would shift with the expansion of the economic infrastructure base, thereby accelerating the rate of growth and enhancing the pace of socio-economic development. 71

10 The economic structure, consumers income level and prevailing macro-economic conditions are key determinants of power demand and supply in any country. Electricity provision, like the provision of other physical infrastructure, is a capital intensive project, thus publicly owned, managed and regulated in most developing countries. Nigeria has experienced this and discovered that the performance in the sector brought more harm to the national economy. The question then is: What should be done to remedy the unimpressed situation so that our economy can grow? This research discovered that the way out is to invite capable hands from the private sector to partner with the government in the generation, transmission and distribution of power. This should be through Public- Private- Partnership. Ogbuefi and Udoudoh (2012) revealed how PPP could be used to achieve effective performance of urban infrastructure in Nigeria, and came up with a conclusion that: in PPP, since both the public and private sectors have common goals in the partnership, the private investors would not have to buy the infrastructure as in the case of privatization; but rather partake in all the responsibilities that would improve the performance of electricity supply. Many countries of the world have successfully transformed their power sector through publicprivate-partnership (PPP) development and management strategies. Providing public infrastructure through public- private-partnership is not a new phenomenon, rather it is aimed at controlling and monitoring the operations of those investment governments have injected so much public funds to establish. PPP has become a popular business relationship between the public and private sector organizations as it provides the private sector the opportunity to supply public services under regulated and controlled measures. The inculcation of competent and experienced private investors will introduce standard and routine maintenance culture to sustain the power sector. In doing this, the government would still play its traditional role of supervision, directing, controlling and if need be, assist in funding the electricity sub-sector through appropriate legal framework. REFERENCES Adenikinju, A. (2005). Analysis of the Cost of Infrastructure Failure in a Developing Economy. The Cost of the Electricity Sector in Nigeria. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC).Research Paper 148, Aigbokan, B,E. (1999). Evaluating Investment on Basic Infrastructure in Nigeria. Proceedngs of the 8 th Annual Conference of the Zonal Research Units, Central Bank of Nigeria. June 30 Ayanruoh, F. (2013) The Challenges of the Nigerian Electric Power Reform (1). In Energy Feb. 26 Online Ayodele, A. S. (2001). Improving and Sustaining Power Supply for Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria. Retrieved May 12 th, 2009 from Bello, O.M. (2003). A Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Residential Property Investment and Investment in Securities in Lagos, Nigeria. Journalof NIESV, 28(1), March ESMAP Report 306/05 (2005). Power Sector Reform in Africa.; Assessing Impact on Poor People. Etuk, U. M. (2009). Electricity Generation Defined. Project Life Magazine. May Haughwout, A.F.(1993). Infrastructure, Wages and Land Prices. In (Ed) Batten, D. F. & Karlsson, C. Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development Humplick, F. (1993). Does Multicity matter more than Ownership in the Efficiency of Infrastructure Service? In (Ed) Batten, D.F. & Kallson, C. Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development,

11 Ilaro, B (2002). The Role of Government in tme Development of Basic Infrastructure. Paper presented at the 11 th Annual Conference of Central Bank of Nigeria. Jos. June 3-7, Iwayemi, A. (2008). Investment in Electricity Generation and Transmission in Nigeria: Issues and Options. International Association for Energy Economics Kalu, I.U. (2007). Property Valuation and Appraisal. Bon Publishers, Owerri. Kessides, C. (1993). A Review of Infrastructure s Impact on Economic Development. In (Ed) Batten, D.F. & Karlsson, C. Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development Lado, H,S (2009). We are on Courseto achieve 6000mw Power. Business Interview. The Nations, Monday, Sept 7,54. Mohammed, K.B, (2009). Nigeria: President Yar adua and Electrivity Debate. Home Magazine. Online. Ofoegbu, G.N. & Emengini, S.E. (2013). Recovery of Cost of Electricity Supply in the Nigerian Power Sector. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. Vol. 4 no ISSN Ogbuefi, J, U, (2002). Aspects of Feasibility and Viability Appraisal. Institude for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. Ogbuefi, J, U. & Udoudoh, F. P.(2012). Achieving Effective Performance of Urban Infrastructure through Public- Private- Partnership in Nigeria Tropical Environment Olawele, A. (2004). Public Private Partnership for Infrastructure Development. Paper presented at the 30 th Annual Conference of Nigeria Institution of Estate Surveyors & Valuers, Abuja Oluba M. (2008) Who shou;ld provide Public Infrastructure in Nigeria? Swiss Management Centre, Swiszerland. Samuel, U. P. & Lionel, E.(2013). The Dynamic Analysis of electricity Supply and Economic Development: Lessons from Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Society. http;worldscholars.org Udoudoh, F. P.(2014). Appraisal of Urban Physical Infrastructure and the Attendant Management Strategy in Uyo, Nigeria. Being a Ph,D. Thesis submitted to the Post Graduate School, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Yusuf, M,O, (2002) Private Sector Initiatives and the Infrastructure Development in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 11 th Annual Conference of the Central Bankmof Nigeria Zonal Research Units, Jos, June 3-7, Sacha and Diamond Academic Publishers, Meridian Centre, 258 Kingsland Road, Hackney, London E8 4DG, England, United Kingdom. In Compliance with the Standards Approved by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council Abstracting and Indexing in: IndexCopernicus USA, British International Libraries, Social Science Research Network Worldwide, Econlit (USA), Google Scholar. For the Advancement of Knowledge to the World. 73