Innovation: PV manufacturing moves mainstream
|
|
- Bruce Martin
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 September/October 2010 Innovation: PV manufacturing moves mainstream inside: CSP: DEVELOPMENTS IN HEAT TRANSFER AND STORAGE MATERIALS COULD ALL THAT GLITTERS BE GOOD FOR SOLAR? Latin American wind takes shape Transitioning renewables onto the grid
2 Cover story PV Innovations: Solar manufacturing moves mainstream IN OUR SERIES ON SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) INNOVATIONS, JOYCE LAIRD LOOKS AT THE LATEST (AND POSSIBLY GREATEST) TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES HELPING SOLAR MANUFACTURERS TODAY. Solar is moving away from the everything is custom and designed by us in-house mentality. In converting to the mature business model of all other major industrial markets, suppliers from all areas are working to help solar manufacturers achieve this goal. Equipment Spire Solar, Bedford, MA, USA, is rolling out quite a few new products, some that can be announced and some still under wraps. Spire has a new line of laminators debuting this year, Designing for manufacturability is one of the ways Invetech helps to optimise production lines for new products. (Image courtesy of Invetech). and is also working on a brand new string and tabbing tool that will come out the beginning of next year. The really hot area right now is in simulators, says Mark Willingham, Vice President at Spire Solar. There is a global demand for very high quality and insured warranties. Solar products have such a long lifetime, quality is very important. A simulator is the only measurement tool that is required for module production, he adds. Spire s new Spi-Sun Simulator PV module testing systems feature light sources that closely match the solar spectrum while avoiding the excessive solar cell heating caused by continuous sources. These simulators can test either crystalline or thin-film modules and can be integrated into fully automated module production lines, or operated in manual mode. In automatic mode, a programmed process sequence provides consistent module testing and offers optional automated loading and unloading of modules. In manual mode, the controls can be operated as desired. The Spi-Sun Simulator is available with the Module QA Tester, an integrated automation system that allows for efficient module alignment, transport, probing and testing. The option adds high voltage isolation and ground continuity testing, automatic labelling of modules, and automated load and unload of modules. Oerlikon Solar Ltd, Trubbach, Switzerland, introduced a new edition of their silicon deposition equipment, the KAIMT, earlier this year. This generation of machine is optimised for micro-morph thin-film technology, Chris O Brien, Head of Market Development, North America, says. We reconfigured the tool so it resulted in a 50% increase in the capacity of the tool and at the same time, a 50% reduction in the footprint of the tool. O Brien says that the benefits and commercial viability of Oerlikon s new micro-morph equipment solution is illustrated in a recent order from Tianwei Solar Films Ltd. Tianwei had a single junction line with a capacity of 46 MW per year. They purchased an upgrade to micromorph enabled equipment from Oerlikon and this has given their line a 50% increase in efficiency. Tianwei was also able to increase the capacity of their line up to 75 MW. Solar is moving away from the everything is custom designed by us in-house mentality. In converting to the mature business model of all other major industrial markets, suppliers from all areas are working to help solar manufacturers achieve this goal. 44 renewable energy focus September/October 2010
3 completely to the substrate layer to ensure that there is no conductivity between the solar layer and the edge of the glass. This allows the cell to be isolated in its mounting fixture and is governed by the UL requirements. The layers need to be removed below a certain conductivity range. One of the processes commonly used is laser. The challenge faced with this method however, lies in the ability to circumscribe the cell and remove all the layers without melting into the glass or other substrate. 3M Solar Acrylic Foam Tape provides the convenience and simplicity of a tape fastener and, in many situations, can replace rivets, spot welds, liquid adhesives and other permanent fasteners insists 3M. (Image courtesy of 3M Solar Division). Another area Oerlikon is working on is innovating actual module configuration with a new type of backsheet. In the last few months it has started to commercialise a new design for the module in partnership with DuPont. We ve introduced a white foil that s used in our modules as a reflector backsheet. What we had done previously was use a white paint in order to reflect as many protons as we could and direct them back into the layers as a second pass to pull out more electricity. The new reflective backsheet does a much better job and it s also easier to manufacture. It also allows us to reduce the thickness of the silicon layers which results in lower cost of materials, higher throughput because the cells don t have to stay in the chambers as long because the layers are thinner, O Brien says. in a vacuum activated chamber to remove the dust created by the process. The unique properties of high-energy abrasive particles make microblasting ideal for CIGS solar cell applications. It cuts without heat or vibration and can selectively remove layers without damaging underlying layers or surfaces. For most processes, microblasting remains a manual art that is performed by an operator within a clean workstation. However, for solar thin-film applications the microabrasive blasting process is always integrated into an automated production line. One application is in edge deletion where the solar cell manufacturer needs to get down Weightman says that for edge deletion applications microabrasive blasting using aluminum oxide abrasive quickly cuts through all of the thin-film layers, down to the glass substrate. In the normal thin-film deposition process the bottom layers are partially melted into the glass creating a transition boundary that must be removed to completely block conductivity. Microabrasive blasting is able to etch into the glass surface without creating micro-fractures. This is only one of the small and yet highly critical steps in the final cell production process where microabrasive blasting is used today. The level of control afforded using the microabrasive blasting process ensures more quality connections without damage to the infrastructure of CIGS solar cells. This is why the Comco MicroBlaster is growing in use in the solar market, he adds. Materials The 3M Solar Division, St. Paul, MN, USA, is highly focused on increasing the quality of the Comco Inc, Burbank, CA, USA, manufactures microabrasive blasting systems. Recently, this technology has found a new market in solar cell production, specifically copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film technology. One aspect of final CIGS cell production must be met to complete the final solar cell: electrical contact must reach through the deposited layers, Colin Weightman, Director of Technology says. This is where microabrasive blasting is now being used by CIGS manufacturers because it can handle the tasks without jeopardising the integrity of the solar cells themselves. Microabrasive blasting projects a blast of clean, dry air mixed with highly pure, micron-size abrasive media, delivered through a nozzle selected to suit the application. This must be performed A wide range of microblasting formats are available for integration into customised automation production lines, depending on the end result desired. (Image courtesy of Comco Inc.). 46 renewable energy focus September/October 2010
4 materials that go into all PV modules. Much of what we supply are the packaging materials that go around the solar cells themselves, whether thin-film or crystalline silicon. But, we have a lot to offer as a company in various technologies that help solve technical needs for solar, Tracy Anderson, Business Director, Energy Generation says. She says there are two parts to the solar equation: the numerator which is cost and the denominator which is watts. We have the ability to offer products that answer all. We have products that help reduce peripheral costs when building modules. We also have the ability to add products to the bill of materials that will increase the power output. In some cases, we have products that do a little bit of both, he says. One product family from 3M that allows solar manufacturers to reduce production time and cost is 3M Solar Acrylic Foam Tape. This is a very special type of tape that is being used in a variety of solar applications. One is for attachment of the junction boxes onto the panels. The tape replaces other attachment methods such as silicones which are good materials, but he notes that they also need special application equipment and they take a fair amount of time to cure. Customers that are using our solar PV tape can very quickly attach the junction box and get a secure, immediate hold and the panel just goes on its way without needing a cure stage. The hold is just as robust. This type of tape has been used in architecture for many years in structural glazing applications for skyscrapers it holds the glass on the sides of the skyscrapers. So we have a lot of experience with it being used for high endurance applications over a long period of time in all types of weather conditions. For PV, it s reliable and it allows the manufacturer to very quickly make panels. Plus, it comes pre-cut to the shape of the junction box specifically so it can be handled by automated equipment. For thin-film solar 3M has another automation friendly conductive foil tape that is applied to the solar panel. It picks up all the current that is collected by the cells and transfers it to the wires that go out the back of the module. Along similar lines, we have a family of backsheets called Scotchshield. This is an interesting product because for many years, the way backsheets have been produced is that one company makes one of the key components and then it goes to another company and they laminate it to make a backsheet. So there s a Value added devices SolarEdge, Israel, provides DC to DC converter systems that benefit all module manufacturers by maximising power generation and simultaneously reducing installation complexity. By forming partnership agreements with SolarEdge, several major module manufactures across Europe, the USA and Japan are using this technology to differentiate themselves in the market. SolarEdge s PowerBox is embedded into each module by module manufacturers instead of the junction box. One of the challenges of solar panels has been insuring reliable power electronics that can be guaranteed for the life of a module that is supposed to last for 25 years, John Berdner, General Manager, North America, says. All solar modules have to pass a temperatureshock requirement of 200 cycles. Inverters, micro-inverters and DC to DC converters must also pass this testing criterion. We are working with several solar panel manufacturers right now and their minimum requirement is 400 to 500 cycles. Berdner says. There has yet to be any micro-inverter that has reached 400 cycles and survived. Our product has not only passed 400 to 500 cycles, we are approaching 1000 cycles. Berdner believes that the future of low-cost, high power solar will come from an integration revolution whereby junction boxes, cables, connectors become things of the past and all solar modules will have embedded power electronics. He couple of companies involved in making the backsheet before it even gets to the solar manufacturer, Anderson says. We have a process where our backsheet is made all in one process step. So while backsheets have multiple layers; what we ve done is come up with a manufacturing process that produces a backsheet in an integrated process that reduces cost. It is our culmination of 60 plus years of experience in working making films and working with flow polymers which is the type of material we use. This is a very exciting product for us and many solar companies are now using our backsheet. It has very good performance and durability, but they really like it because it s very cost effective, he adds In the area of concentrated PV (CPV) Anderson says that 3M is a pioneer. We have been working with companies providing Fresnel lenses. Again, it is the frontside panels that concentrate the sunlight to a point. What believes that the current add-on approach is a necessary first step to demonstrate all the benefits in the field without actually embedding anything into the module. It is a test phase to integrating DC to DC converters or micro-inverters into each solar module at the factory. Sustainable Energy Technologies Ltd, Calgary, Canada, provides an approach that enables solar PV systems to be designed so that each module operates at its optimum power point under all conditions independently of the other modules in the system. This massively parallel systems approach reduces losses from partial shading of the PV modules. It also eliminates losses resulting from variances in power output due to manufacturing tolerances The result is significantly higher yields under real world conditions than can be obtained using conventional solar inverter technologies. According to Brent Harris, Professional Engineer for Sustainable Energy, their Sunergy inverters are unique for their extra low operating voltages that enables PV modules to be wired in parallel, eliminating mismatch losses and improving energy yield from PV systems. The technology represents the industry s first power optimisation technology that does not require the increased cost of module level electronics. The result is the lowest cost per kwh for solar power, increasing energy harvest from the array by 5-15% compared to conventional high voltage inverters. happens, is the sunlight hits the panel and it s like an optical concentration lens and it concentrates all of that sunlight into a point and at that point there is a very high performance multi-junction PV cell that is placed there. It is very different from both thin-film and crystalline silicon. We have the ability to make these very cost effectively. 3M is also working in what Anderson calls low-cpv. Where high-gain concentration may be going for 100x the concentrated power; low-cpv goes for 1 or 2x concentration using standard modules. Those companies are using very unique materials from 3M to concentrate that sunlight onto their panels too. They are unique films because they really don t look like mirrors and they only reflect certain wavelengths of light. For instance, infra-red is a bad actor on a solar panel. It doesn t produce any more electricity and it just serves to heat up the module, which is counterproductive. So this film doesn t reflect infra-red, it transmits it renewable energy focus September/October
5 of complete protection while being completely transparent. It protects without compromising the absorption of sun power or deflecting high gain where mirrors or other devices are used on installations, Hardy adds. Software Apriso, Long Beach, CA, USA, creates manufacturing software that provides visibility into, control over, and optimisation across all manufacturing operations. Tom Comstock, Executive Vice President of Worldwide Marketing, Product Management and Strategy says: Solar is an industry where the need to contain cost is high and the demand for quality products is equally as high. It is also an industry where any given products that a company is making, is guaranteed to change. Their challenge is trying to deal with heavy engineering change, product generational changes, while at the same time trying to optimise their yield and product quality, Comstock says. Parylene coating is deposited within a vacuum chamber. Because there is no liquid phase in this deposition process, there are no subsequent meniscus, pooling or bridging effects as seen in the application of liquid coatings, thus dielectric properties are never compromised. (Image courtesy of Specialty Coating Systems). so basically, it s a reflector that only reflects very select portions of solar light onto the module gets and more power out of the system, he adds. Protection for all electronics that go into both module and peripheral systems is critical. Specialty Coating Systems, Indianapolis, IN, USA, provides Parylene, a unique conformal coating material that is used in electronics across all industries that require complete protection and long life of electronics: Aerospace, automotive, military and medical. Conformal coating is a common method of device protection, however common coatings that are sprayed, dipped, deposited or brushed on can t provide the protection the family of Parylene formulations bring, particularly to very small micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and system-on-chip (SOC) devices. They add weight, are typically uneven and don t cover 100%. Parylene is a coating that is deposited within a vacuum chamber. Because there is no liquid phase in this deposition process, there are no subsequent meniscus, pooling or bridging effects, so dielectric properties are never compromised. The molecular growth of Parylene coatings also ensures not only an even, conformal coating micron level thickness, but because Parylene is formed from a gas, it also penetrates into every crevice, regardless of how seemingly inaccessible. This ensures complete, pinhole-free, encapsulation of the substrate without blocking small openings. Alan Hardy, Automotive, Electronics & Military Market Manager says that for electronics used in the solar industry, Parylene HT is an ideal choice because it has the smallest molecular structure and does not add any measurable weight to the product. Since there are no fillers used in Parylene, it does not reduce the electrical or RF [radio frequency] signals used to control the generation of power. Parylene dielectric strength of up to 7000 V per milthickness makes it an ideal conformal coating for use in the inverter and converter products used in the solar industry. Parylene HT is UV stable for long-term electronics performance in all types of harsh environments. It is a top choice for aerospace, automotive and military applications because of this, along with its high temperature resistance and low dielectric constant and dissipation, he says. The benefits of Parylene are now being seen in many electronic sub-assemblies used in solar devices. Some research is currently in progress in the use of Parylene in external solar fixtures because it also brings the benefit Many of these companies are still in a black magic environment where they rely on very knowledgeable people which makes solar manufacturing more of an art than an actual manufacturing environment, Comstock says. It really needs to go mainstream because if they get a truly winning product, they need to be able to scale it up immediately on a global level. You can t do that unless all the manufacturing business models are in place and 100% under control so you know exactly what is happening in the whole chain from incoming materials through production, test and all cost variables. That s what Apriso s FlexNet software allows them to do. This provides direct control of manufacturing. Whether an operator or machine, Click through Interested in further information on this topic? Go to Or click on the following links from the digital issue of the magazine: Solar PV innovations on the leading edge for Solar PV innovation: the new buzz End-of-life PV: then what? Recycling solar PV panels Innovations in PV installation technology (1) Comment: a change of direction for solar inverters PV CiGS update 48 renewable energy focus September/October 2010
6 you re making sure the right thing is done in the right sequence, at the right time and you have traceability data so you can follow up with any type of SPC [statistical process control]. We typically interface with ERP [enterprise resource planning] systems and PPM [project portfolio management] systems ours is the middle level software that handles all the actual manufacturing control, synchronisation, and data acquisition. All companies have some level of business systems software in place, even the start-ups because they need to know what they are doing on the office level to track customers and vendors and so forth. We are the execution arm, Comstock says. The Apriso solution is fully web enabled so it is fully accessible from anywhere in the plant. The programme is set up so it communicates to every piece of equipment or work process step in the plant and it feeds into the internet or internal intranet, depending on what the customer wants. They install, train and implement using their own staff and through a network of integrators including HP, IBM, and a number of smaller partners. Design for manufacturability Headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, Invetech does for the solar industry what product development teams do for industrial and consumer manufacturing they offer a product design service that takes an idea or refines an existing product so it would be better suited for its application. It is a combination of ensuring design for manufacturability on the production end, which is the hot topic in all current product manufacturing today, and also helping the manufacturer to simultaneously create a more durable end product that is better suited and financially viable for the customer. What Invetech brings to an assignment is the ability to really understand the manufacturer s market needs and what they want and translate that into a solution that sometimes exceeds what they were expecting. Invetech provides a broad range of engineering skills and analysis to a variety of manufacturers, Richard Grant, Vice President and Operations Manager says. Sopogy, Hawaii, USA, is a good client example. A pioneer in the area of micro-scaled concentrating solar power (MicroCSP), their technologies are used to create process heat, solar air conditioning or electrical power and can be ground or rooftop mounted opening an entirely new market for CSP systems. Sopogy has projects currently underway in southern California and are taking advantage of Invetech services. We provided strength analysis and redesigning of an existing product for Sopogy so that it would be suitable for rooftop mounting and resisting wind load. We reviewed designs and found opportunities to improve manufacturing and affordability of the product, Grant says. Invetech brings a wide variety and depth of engineering experience and creativity to solve our clients challenges, he says. Ending thoughts The big players such as Sharp, Sony, Dow and others that have a large base in other major industries, already have the experience in setting up optimal plants. For those that need added help in converting to a modern business model, sources are there to help in all areas. About the author: Based in California, Joyce Laird has been writing for a wide range of industrial magazines for over a decade. Her extensive background in the semiconductor industry created a perfect transition to covering developments in photovoltaics. renewable energy focus September/October
3M Products for Solar Energy. Designed for efficiency. Built to last.
3M Products for Solar Energy Designed for efficiency. Built to last. 2 3M Products for Solar Energy From factory to field, 3M is with you. Every step of the way. Making solar power more efficient. More
More informationYour ideas. Our technologies.
Your ideas. Our technologies. For more than a decade, 3M has been a trusted supplier of advanced materials for the solar industry. Our broad range of products and technologies is designed to enhance performance,
More informationConcentrix Technology for Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants
Concentrix Technology for Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants The product Soitec is a leading manufacturer and supplier of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems using highly effi cient Concentrix technology
More informationMORE POWER. A BETTER INVESTMENT.
SUNPOWERCORP.COM US HEADQUARTERS SunPower Corporation 3939 N. 1st Street San Jose, California 95134 USA 1-800-SUNPOWER sunpowercorp.com MORE POWER. A BETTER INVESTMENT. Established Incorporated in 1985
More informationClean, Sustainable Energy from the Sun Now, and for Our Children s Future
Clean, Sustainable Energy from the Sun Now, and for Our Children s Future An Industry Leader NovaSolar is an industry leader in manufacturing thin-film silicon based solar panels and constructing large
More informationSOLAR ELECTRICITY: PROBLEM, CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS
SOLAR ELECTRICITY: PROBLEM, CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS The United States generates over 4,110 TWh of electricity each year, costing $400 billion and emitting 2.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (Yildiz,
More informationFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1. How do solar panels work? FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Your solar panels capture sunlight and convert it to DC electricity Your solar system converts that energy to an AC current that can power your home
More informationSolar Energy Systems
Solar Energy Systems Energy Needs Today s global demand for energy is approximately 15 terawatts and is growing rapidly Much of the U.S. energy needs are now satisfied from petroleum (heating, cooling,
More informationSolar Photovoltaic Frequently Asked Questions
Table of Contents 1. What is Solar Energy?... 2 2. What are the basic component of a Solar PV system?.2 3. What are the different types of PV systems ATL offers?...2 4. What is the difference between mono-crystalline
More informationSolar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells A supplement topic to: Mi ti l S Micro-optical Sensors - A MEMS for electric power generation Science of Silicon PV Cells Scientific base for solar PV electric power generation
More informationPower up with brilliant solutions Complete solutions for photovoltaic modules. Photovoltaic
Power up with brilliant solutions Complete solutions for photovoltaic modules Photovoltaic Power up with our labeling solutions Solar panels work hard. Positioned to capture sunlight and transform it into
More informationSolar PV Cells Free Electricity from the Sun?
Solar PV Cells Free Electricity from the Sun? An Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Electricity Carl Almgren and George Collins( editor) Terrestrial Energy from the Sun 5 4 3 2 1 0.5 Electron-Volts per Photon
More informationSolar Matters III Teacher Page
Solar Matters III Teacher Page Solar Powered System - 2 Student Objective Given a photovoltaic system will be able to name the component parts and describe their function in the PV system. will be able
More informationSOLAR SOLUTIONS BONDED MOUNTING TECHNOLOGY. DURABLE BONDING OF PV MODULES TO MOUNTING SYSTEMS WITH Sikasil
SOLAR BONDED MOUNTING TECHNOLOGY DURABLE BONDING OF PV MODULES TO MOUNTING SYSTEMS WITH Sikasil ADDED VALUE BY BONDING OF MODULES TO MOUNTING SYSTEMS SUITABLE IN PRODUCTION AND ON-SITE NOWADAYS PHOTOVOLTAIC
More informationEnergy Benefits Yolo Program: Solar FAQ
Energy Benefits Yolo Program: Solar FAQ Please visit www.mygroupenergy.com/yolo Program Questions What is Energy Benefits Yolo? The Energy Benefits program is an effort of the Yolo Climate Compact and
More informationWe're with you... solar. Call 1800 332 332 today FOR THE LIFE OF THE SYSTEM YEAR WARRANTY * YEAR OLD BACKED BY CSR BRADFORD CSR A AUSTRALIAN COMPANY
We're with you... FOR THE LIFE OF THE SYSTEM 25 YEAR WARRANTY * Electricity prices are predicted to continue to rise in the future. If you're serious about installing energy in your home, look no further
More informationLaboratory #3 Guide: Optical and Electrical Properties of Transparent Conductors -- September 23, 2014
Laboratory #3 Guide: Optical and Electrical Properties of Transparent Conductors -- September 23, 2014 Introduction Following our previous lab exercises, you now have the skills and understanding to control
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE TESTING PV MICRO INVERTERS USING A FOUR QUADRANT CAPABLE PROGRAMMABLE AC POWER SOURCE FOR GRID SIMULATION. Abstract.
TESTING PV MICRO INVERTERS USING A FOUR QUADRANT CAPABLE PROGRAMMABLE AC POWER SOURCE FOR GRID SIMULATION Abstract This application note describes the four quadrant mode of operation of a linear AC Power
More informationFrequently Asked Questions SOLAR ENERGY:
Frequently Asked Questions SOLAR ENERGY: Why should I have Solar Power? There are lots of reasons that make installing Solar Power Generation worthwhile: Environmental Green advantages Zero carbon emissions
More informationFOR HIGH-TECH PRODUCTION
AUTOMATION & METROLOGY AUTOMATION & METROLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR HIGH-TECH PRODUCTION key technologies for multiple industries MANZ AG /// hightech solutions /// 5 2015 Acquisition of KLEO, a company of the
More informationIrradiance. Solar Fundamentals Solar power investment decision making
Solar Fundamentals Solar power investment decision making Chilean Solar Resource Assessment Antofagasta and Santiago December 2010 Edward C. Kern, Jr., Ph.D., Inc. Global Solar Radiation Solar Power is
More informationActivity 9: Solar-Electric System PUZZLE
Section 4 Activities Activity 9: Solar-Electric System Puzzle ACTIVITY TYPE: Worksheet Overview: Introduces the basic components of the Solar 4R Schools (S4RS) solar-electric system and identifies the
More informationMaterials Matter For Higher Returns
Materials Matter For Higher Returns Innovating Photovoltaics: the Way Ahead Solar Europe Industry Initiative Milan, May 7th, 2013 Stephan Padlewski, PhD Marketing Manager, EMEA DuPont Photovoltaic Solutions
More informationThe Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering
Section 5: Reflow Oven Heat Transfer The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering There are three different heating modes involved with most SMT reflow processes: conduction, convection, and infrared
More informationWe turn sun energy into earning power. Solar power plants by and with Phoenix Solar
We turn sun energy into earning power. Solar power plants by and with Phoenix Solar UNLEASHING THE FULL POTENTIAL OF PHO- TOVOLTAICS FOR EACH SOLAR PROJECT, PHOENIX SOLAR DELIVERS MINIMUM SYS- TEM COSTS
More informationhistaris Inline Sputtering Systems
vistaris histaris Inline Sputtering Systems Inline Sputtering Systems with Vertical Substrate Transport Modular System for Different Applications VISTARIS Sputtering Systems The system with the brand name
More informationELG4126: Photovoltaic Materials. Based Partially on Renewable and Efficient Electric Power System, Gilbert M. Masters, Wiely
ELG4126: Photovoltaic Materials Based Partially on Renewable and Efficient Electric Power System, Gilbert M. Masters, Wiely Introduction A material or device that is capable of converting the energy contained
More informationSolar energy and power
Solar energy and power Solar Basics Energy from the Sun The sun has produced energy for billions of years. Solar energy is the sun s rays (solar radiation) that reach the Earth. This energy can be converted
More informationSolar energy is available as long as the sun shines, but its intensity depends on weather conditions and geographic
Solar Energy What is Solar Energy? The radiation from the sun gives our planet heat and light. All living things need energy from the sun to survive. More energy from sunlight strikes the earth in one
More informationApplication Note - How to Design a SolarEdge System Using PVsyst
March 2015 Application Note - How to Design a SolarEdge System Using PVsyst As of version 5.20, PVsyst - the PV system design software - supports the design of SolarEdge systems. This application note
More informationPV Energy Payback. by Justine Sanchez. Single-Crystalline
Single-Crystalline PV Energy Payback by Justine Sanchez Photovoltaic technology is a fantastic miracle of science that silently converts sunlight into streaming electrons that can be used to do work. While
More informationThe Solar Power Specialists. Elm Park House, Elm Park Court, Pinner, Middlesex, HA5 3NN Solutions House, Unit A19, 20 Heron Road, Belfast, BT3 9LE
The Solar Power Specialists GB: 0845 64 39 772 NI: 0845 50 40 444 Email: info@metartecsolar.com Visit: www.metartecsolar.com Elm Park House, Elm Park Court, Pinner, Middlesex, HA5 3NN Solutions House,
More informationFor the modifications listed below, the Qualification Approval tests in IEC 61215 and IEC 61646, shall be used as a guideline by the assessor:
Product or Process Modifications Requiring Limited CBTL Retesting to Maintain Certification This document sets forth a uniform approach to maintain the certification of products that have, or will, undergo
More informationSHARP SOLAR Frequently Asked Questions for PV Integrators Revised 05/04/2010
SHARP SOLAR Frequently Asked Questions for PV Integrators Revised 05/04/2010 How do I determine the PTC rating of a module? PTC refers to PVUSA Test Conditions, which were developed to test and compare
More informationDouble Glazing Glass. Energy Saving Solutions. Harris Silicones & Glass (Pvt.) Ltd.
Double Glazing Glass Energy Saving Solutions Harris Silicones & Glass (Pvt.) Company Introduction Pioneers of Silicone Sealants in Pakistan Manufacturing in collaboration with Momentive Performance Materials
More informationLight management for photovoltaics. Ando Kuypers, TNO Program manager Solar
Light management for photovoltaics Ando Kuypers, TNO Program manager Solar Global energy consumption: 500 ExaJoule/Year Solar irradiation on earth sphere: 5.000.000 ExaJoule/year 2 Capturing 0,01% covers
More informationIndustrial Adhesives and Tapes Division 3M Center Building 225-3S-06 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000 1-800-362-3550 www.3m.com/vhb
Limited Product Warranty: 3M warrants for 24 months from the date of manufacture, 3M VHB tapes will be free of defects in material and manufacture. 3M MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
More information- SOLAR ENERGY WHITE PAPER - WHERE WE ARE NOW AND WHAT S AHEAD
u - SOLAR ENERGY WHITE PAPER - WHERE WE ARE NOW AND WHAT S AHEAD A summary provided by Platinum Sponsor Natcore Technology, Inc. Dr. Dennis J. Flood, CTO Presented at New Orleans Investment Conference
More informationChapter 4 COATINGS Full Reflective Coatings:
Chapter 4 COATINGS Technical developments in coatings for plastic optics have resulted in optical and durability characteristics once believed possible only with glass. These advances in coating technology
More informationTop Plants: Far West Rice Mill with solar electric system, Nelson, California
Top Plants: Far West Rice Mill with solar electric system, Nelson, California Owner: Far West Solar LLC Operator: Pacific Power Management Many companies are finding that with solar energy, the sky s the
More information1.Introduction. Introduction. Most of slides come from Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology by Michael Quirk and Julian Serda.
.Introduction If the automobile had followed the same development cycle as the computer, a Rolls- Royce would today cost $00, get one million miles to the gallon and explode once a year Most of slides
More informationFrom Nano-Electronics and Photonics to Renewable Energy
From Nano-Electronics and Photonics to Renewable Energy Tom Smy Department of Electronics, Carleton University Questions are welcome! OUTLINE Introduction: to EE and Engineering Physics Renewable Energy
More informationFor Touch Panel and LCD Sputtering/PECVD/ Wet Processing
production Systems For Touch Panel and LCD Sputtering/PECVD/ Wet Processing Pilot and Production Systems Process Solutions with over 20 Years of Know-how Process Technology at a Glance for Touch Panel,
More informationCONCENTRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC AND SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GLOBAL MARKET (2009-2014)
CONCENTRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC AND SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GLOBAL MARKET (2009-2014) R e p o r t D e s c r i p t i o n T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s L i s t o f T a b l e s S a m p l e T a b l e s R e l a t e d
More informationWelcome to this presentation on LED System Design, part of OSRAM Opto Semiconductors LED 101 series.
Welcome to this presentation on LED System Design, part of OSRAM Opto Semiconductors LED 101 series. 1 To discuss the design challenges of LED systems we look at the individual system components. A basic
More informationSolar Energy. Solar Energy range. NSG TEC Pilkington Microwhite Pilkington Optiwhite Pilkington Sunplus
Solar Energy Solar Energy range NSG TEC Pilkington Microwhite Pilkington Optiwhite Pilkington Sunplus Moving from hydrocarbon dependency to renewable energy The use of solar energy glass and the NSG Group
More information100.20.02. Renewable Energies. Vacuum Solutions for Solar Technologies
100.20.02 Renewable Energies Vacuum Solutions for Solar Technologies Realize a New World for a Bright Future Leybold Vacuum is a proven supplier for vacuum equipment used in semiconductor, display and
More informationPhotovoltaic Glass Solutions
Photovoltaic Glass Solutions POWER THROUGH GLASS EcoGuard Float low-iron float glass Step up your power. Guardian EcoGuard coated solar glass products improve the performance of your photovoltaic modules.
More informationTwo thousand eleven will probably one day be. CPV sector finally taking off?
CPV market Photovoltaics CPV sector finally taking off? The concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) industry has a lot to be excited about in 2011. This year marks the first time that CPV developers have seen
More informationSilicone Rubber Thermal Interface Materials: Applications and Performance Considerations
Silicone Rubber Thermal Interface Materials: Applications and Performance Considerations David C. Timpe Jr. Arlon Silicone Technologies Division 1100 Governor Lea Road, Bear, DE 19701 P: 800-635-9333 F:
More informationElectricity from PV systems how does it work?
Electricity from photovoltaic systems Bosch Solar Energy 2 Electricity from PV systems Electricity from PV systems how does it work? Photovoltaics: This is the name given to direct conversion of radiant
More informationA SOLAR GUIDE - EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW
WE BRING GREEN SOLUTIONS TO YOU A SOLAR GUIDE - EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW Provided by A COOLER PLANET A Cooler Planet 1 The Complete Solar Guide WHY GO SOLAR? TOP FIVE FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR ADDING
More informationFact Sheet March 2013. Solar Photovoltaic Systems Electricity from Sunshine
Fact Sheet March 2013 Solar Photovoltaic Systems Electricity from Sunshine Farming connect Introduction Farming has always been about harvesting energy from the sun after all, every green leaf is a solar
More informationSpeedLight 2D. for efficient production of printed circuit boards
laser direct imaging SpeedLight 2D laser direct imaging platform for efficient production of printed circuit boards MANZ AG /// Manz SpeedLight 2D /// 2 History of the development of Manz SpeedLight 2D
More informationBuild Your Own Solar Car Teach build learn renewable Energy! Page 1 of 1
Solar Car Teach build learn renewable Energy! Page 1 of 1 Background Not only is the sun a source of heat and light, it s a source of electricity too! Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, are used
More informationPeel & Seal Self-Stick Roofing Solutions
Peel & Seal Self-Stick Roofing Solutions Ideal for Low Slope Applications Waterproof and Weatherproof Energy Efficient Tough and Durable Versatile, Effective Sealing Around Protrusions Perfect for Vents,
More informationIXYS Solar Products. Product Brief. Harnessing energy has taken on a new dimension. Applications
Product Brief IXYS Solar Products November 2013 Issue 3 Harnessing energy has taken on a new dimension Over the past twelve years, IXYS UK has been actively involved in the renewable energy industry, providing
More informationSolar Power Made in Sweden. June 17, 2014
Solar Power Made in Sweden June 17, 2014 Source: Energibanken AB Frodeparken i Uppsala 99 kw / 780 m 2 CIGS tunnfilm 2014 Cleanergy AB. All rights reserved. 2 2014 Cleanergy AB. All rights reserved. 3
More informationThe Anatomy of a Label
The Anatomy of a Label Three key elements make up a label: face stock, release liner, and adhesive. Face Stock: Face stock is the material of the label that carries the imprint. The print can be applied
More informationPVWATTS DERATING FACTORS FOR SOLARBRIDGE PANTHEON MICROINVERTERS AND ACPV SYSTEMS
PVWATTS DERATING FACTORS FOR SOLARBRIDGE PANTHEON MICROINVERTERS AND ACPV SYSTEMS AUTHOR Vincent Bartlett Senior Member of Technical Staff Version 1.5 March 22, 2013 SolarBridge Technologies 1 INTRODUCTION
More informationHow to Build a Printed Circuit Board. Advanced Circuits Inc 2004
How to Build a Printed Circuit Board 1 This presentation is a work in progress. As methods and processes change it will be updated accordingly. It is intended only as an introduction to the production
More informationFundamentals of Photovoltaic Materials
Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Materials National Solar Power Reasearch Institute, Inc. 12/21/98-1 - 12/21/98 Introduction Photovoltaics (PV) comprises the technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
More informationAuditing a Printed Circuit Board Fabrication Facility Greg Caswell
Auditing a Printed Circuit Board Fabrication Facility Greg Caswell Introduction DfR is often requested to audit the PCB fabrication process of a customer s supplier. Understanding the process variations
More informationGood Boards = Results
Section 2: Printed Circuit Board Fabrication & Solderability Good Boards = Results Board fabrication is one aspect of the electronics production industry that SMT assembly engineers often know little about.
More informationThe new generation: WLL180T photoelectric sensor with fiber-optic cable. Around the corner at High Speed
P r o d u C t i n f o r m at i o n The new generation: WLL180T photoelectric sensor with fiber-optic cable Around the corner at High Speed WLL180T: World-class performance and scanning range SICK has been
More informationSolar Solutions and Large PV Power Plants. Oscar Araujo Business Development Director - Americas
Solar Solutions and Large PV Power Plants Oscar Araujo Business Development Director - Americas Solar Business of Schneider Electric The Solar Business of Schneider Electric is focused on designing and
More informationRadiation Curable Components and Their use in Hard, Scratch Resistant Coating Applications
Radiation Curable Components and Their use in Hard, Scratch Resistant Coating Applications William Schaeffer Steven Tyson Indu Vappala Robert Kensicki Sartomer USA, LLC 502 Thomas Jones Way Exton, PA 19343
More informationSubminiature Load Cell Model 8417
w Technical Product Information Subminiature Load Cell 1. Introduction... 2 2. Preparing for use... 2 2.1 Unpacking... 2 2.2 Using the instrument for the first time... 2 2.3 Grounding and potential connection...
More informationSA Power Networks Planning for Solar PV? Customer information guide to network connected solar PV inverter systems
SA Power Networks Planning for Solar PV? Customer information guide to network connected solar PV inverter systems Contents Introduction 3 How solar PV power systems work 4 Solar modules 5 Is solar power
More informationChapter 6 Metal Films and Filters
Chapter 6 Metal Films and Filters 6.1 Mirrors The first films produced by vacuum deposition as we know it were aluminum films for mirrors made by John Strong in the 1930s; he coated mirrors for astronomical
More informationCHAPTER 5 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN
CHAPTER 5 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN 5.1 Introduction So far in the development of this research, the focus has been to estimate the available insolation at a particular location on the earth s surface
More informationSOLAR POWER. Information Book
SOLAR POWER Information Book OUR BUSINESS Easy Being Green; Is Australia s largest energy saving company Has helped over 800,000 Australians go solar or become more energy efficient Is Australian owned
More informationHello and Welcome to this presentation on LED Basics. In this presentation we will look at a few topics in semiconductor lighting such as light
Hello and Welcome to this presentation on LED Basics. In this presentation we will look at a few topics in semiconductor lighting such as light generation from a semiconductor material, LED chip technology,
More informationCell-to-Module Gains and Losses in Crystalline Silicon PV. Andrew Gabor Gabor Photovoltaics Consulting, LLC July 10, 2013 - Intersolar NA
Cell-to-Module Gains and Losses in Crystalline Silicon PV Andrew Gabor Gabor Photovoltaics Consulting, LLC July 10, 2013 - Intersolar NA 1 Some material sourced from 2 Outline Background Loss/Gain Types
More informationINNOVATIVE PLASTICS ULTRASONIC WELDING
INNOVATIVE PLASTICS ULTRASONIC WELDING A SABIC COMPANY Innovative Plastics is a strategic business unit of SABIC. Founded in 1976, SABIC is today the first public, global multinational enterprise headquartered
More informationPhotovoltaic System Technology
Photovoltaic System Technology Photovoltaic Cells What Does Photovoltaic Mean? Solar electricity is created using photovoltaic cells (or PV cells). The word photovoltaic is made up of two words: photo
More informationInstallation Guide of Sunrise Solartech PV Modules. Term 2013. Contents. Purpose of this guide. General. Safety precaution for installing a solar
Installation Guide of Sunrise Solartech PV Modules Term 2013 Contents Purpose of this guide General Safety precaution for installing a solar Photovoltaic system Product Identification Mechanical Installation
More informationimagine SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING MADE EASY
imagine SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING MADE EASY WHY SOLAR COOLING? Imagine...being able to fit a solar air conditioning system to your building that would result in dramatic reductions in electricity consumption
More informationWhite Paper SolarEdge Three Phase Inverter System Design and the National Electrical Code. June 2015 Revision 1.5
White Paper SolarEdge Three Phase Inverter System Design and the National Electrical Code June 2015 Revision 1.5 Shalhevet Bar-Asher; SolarEdge Technologies, Inc. Bill Brooks, PE; Brooks Engineering LLC
More informationWhat is Solar? The word solar is derived from the Latin word sol (the sun, the Roman sun god) and refers to things and methods that relate to the sun.
What is Solar? The word solar is derived from the Latin word sol (the sun, the Roman sun god) and refers to things and methods that relate to the sun. What is the solar industry? The solar industry is
More informationValuing The Return on Solar Projects for Businesses and Government Agencies
Valuing The Return on Solar Projects for Businesses and Government Agencies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With rising grid electricity prices and declining solar technology costs, the economic benefits of solar power
More informationSOLAR PV SYSTEM INFORMATION PACK
SOLAR PV SYSTEM INFORMATION PACK Apollo Solar the solar pv professionals If you are considering going green and earning money from solar energy, look no further than Apollo Solar we are fully qualified
More informationLUXEON LEDs. Circuit Design and Layout Practices to Minimize Electrical Stress. Introduction. Scope LED PORTFOLIO
LED PORTFOLIO LUXEON LEDs Circuit Design and Layout Practices to Minimize Electrical Stress Introduction LED circuits operating in the real world can be subjected to various abnormal electrical overstress
More informationWhat is solar power? Solar power uses the suns energy and converts it into an electric current.
General Solar FAQs: What is solar power? Solar power uses the suns energy and converts it into an electric current. What is a solar cell? A solar cell, also called a photovoltaic (PV) cell, is the smallest
More informationSolar technology. A guide to solar power at utility scale. in Africa
Solar technology A guide to solar power at utility scale in Africa About solar power Solar electricity is generated using a free and abundant energy source the sun. In a single hour, the sun transmits
More informationANALYSIS 2: Photovoltaic Glass Replacement
ANALYSIS 2: Photovoltaic Glass Replacement Problem Identification Bridgeside II is designed to accommodate 80 percent lab space and 20 percent office space. Laboratory equipment can consume a considerable
More informationDevelopment of Grid-stabilization Power-storage Systems Using Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries
48 Development of Grid-stabilization Power-storage Systems Using Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries TSUTOMU HASHIMOTO *1 AKIO KURITA *2 MASAAKI MINAMI *3 MASAHIRO YOSHIOKA *2 KATSUAKI KOBAYASHI *4 MASAYUKI
More informationPhotovoltaic Power: Science and Technology Fundamentals
Photovoltaic Power: Science and Technology Fundamentals Bob Clark-Phelps, Ph.D. Evergreen Solar, Inc. Renewable Energy Seminar, Nov. 2, 2006 Photovoltaic Principle Energy Conduction Band electron Energy
More informationA Solar Power Shift and How it Will Benefit consumers
A Solar Power Shift Andalay AC Revolutionizing Rooftop Solar Installations An Andalay Solar Whitepaper Introduction Today s rooftop solar power industry reflects a three-way dance between consumers, government
More informationFundamentals of Photovoltaic solar technology For Battery Powered applications
Fundamentals of Photovoltaic solar technology For Battery Powered applications Solar is a natural energy source for many battery powered applications. With energy harvested from the sun, the size of batteries
More informationDynamic & Proto Circuits Inc. Corporate Presentation
Dynamic & Proto Circuits Inc. Corporate Presentation 1 DAPC Facility 54,000 Sq.ft./6,000 Sq.M 2 Multilayer Process 3 Solder Mask Options BLUE BLACK RED GREEN DRY FILM CLEAR 4 Investing in Technology New
More informationPhotovoltaic (PV) Tutorial
Photovoltaic (PV) Tutorial This presentation was designed to provide Million Solar Roof partners, and others a background on PV and inverter technology. Many of these slides were produced at the Florida
More informationLease Operations Guide
Lease Operations Guide Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS... 3 HOW DOES MY SOLAR SYSTEM WORK?... 4 System Components... 4 Where does the power go?... 5 What happens if
More informationLaserlyte-Flex Alignment System
Laserlyte-Flex Alignment System LaserLyte-Flex The LaserLyte-Flex Alignment System is a unique, interchangeable, low cost plug and play laser system. Designed specifically for aligning and positioning
More informationIntroduction to Manufacturing Process
Introduction to Manufacturing Process What is Manufacturing? The English word manufacture is several centuries old. The term manufacture comes from two Latin words, manus (hand) and factus (make). As per
More informationBankable Data and Interoperability Standards
Alternative Energy E Magazine emagazine Issue Oct / Nov 2012 http://sunspec.org/bankable- data- interoperability- standards/ Bankable Data and Interoperability Standards Data quality derives from the combination
More informationIslington Solar Panel Programme
Islington Solar Panel Programme Frequently Ask Questions When will it take place? It will take place during the November and December 2011 and the first stage will be completed during December 2011. Why
More informationHow to measure absolute pressure using piezoresistive sensing elements
In sensor technology several different methods are used to measure pressure. It is usually differentiated between the measurement of relative, differential, and absolute pressure. The following article
More informationOdyssey of the Mind Technology Fair. Simple Electronics
Simple Electronics 1. Terms volts, amps, ohms, watts, positive, negative, AC, DC 2. Matching voltages a. Series vs. parallel 3. Battery capacity 4. Simple electronic circuit light bulb 5. Chose the right
More informationNanoPower P110 Series Solar Panels Datasheet
NanoPower P110 Series Solar Panels Datasheet Highly Effecient Solar Panel with Integrated Magnetorquer, Sun Sensor, Gyroscope and Thermistor for CubeSats NanoPower P110 Series Solar Panels The NanoPower
More information