An Approach to Formulate a Master Plan for National SDI in Chile

Transcription

1 gdpc study REPORT An Approach to Formulate a Master Plan for National SDI in Chile by Alvaro Monett, Haekyong Kang, Byongnam Choe, Hosang Sakong

2 This work was done after the Korea-Chile Expert Exchange Program on SDI held from October 8 to December 21, It was hosted by the Global Development Partnership Center and Geospatial Information Research Division of the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements and supported by the SDI Executive Secretariat of the Ministry of National Property of Chile and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korea. Special Thanks to Mr. Esteban Toha Gonzales, SDI Executive Secretariat, Chile Dr. Seokjoune Song, Director General of NSDI, MLTM, Korea An Approach to Formulate a Master Plan for National SDI in Chile Monett, Alvaro An approach to formulate a master plan for national S- DI in Chile / [written by] Alvaro Monett, Haekyong Kang, Byongnam Choe. -- Anyang : GDPC, 2013 p. ; cm. -- (GDPC study report ; ) ISBN : Not for sale ISBN (set) KDC DDC21 CIP Executive Summary Chapter I Introduction 1. Background 2. General Research Objectives 3. Specific Research Objectives 4. Research Content Chapter II Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Components 2. Geospatial Information Policy and Plans 3. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Topics 4. National Geospatial Framework Data 5. Geospatial Information Standards 6. Geospatial Information Distribution Systems 7. GI Technology Development System 8. GIS Applications in Korea 9. NSDI Promotion System 10. Legal Framework for NSDI 11. Human Resources System Contents All Right Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, used or stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any from or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), except in the case of brief quotation embodies in critical articles or reviews. Please address your questions to: Global Development Partnership Center Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements 254 Simin-daero, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Tel: Fax: gdpc@krihs.re.kr Website: Copyright June 2013 by Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Printed and Bound in the Republic of Korea Chapter III Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI 1. Chilean Current Status on GI Policy Key Elements 2. Current Chilean Status on the SDI Component 3. Key Issues to Discuss (Challenges and Required Steps) 4. Identification of Need to Increase Status Knowledge Chapter IV Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Items Proposal) 1. Geo-informatization of the Administration (Public Organization Report) 2. GI Industry and Market 3. Geo-informatization of People 4. Assessment on Spatial Data Infrastructure Components (SDI Report) 5. Existing Projects on Large Scale Mapping 6. Mapping Priorities and Strategies for GI Technology Development 7. Study on Improving National SDI Distribution System Chapter V First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan 1. Performed Projects Related to NSDI 2. Status of Laws and Organizational Systems Related to NSDI 3. Status of Technology, Industry, and Standardization Related to Spatial Information Chapter VI Conclusions and Recommendations

3 Executive Summary Although this research is intended to identify fundamental aspects of GI Policy and SDI features considered as ideal, GI management also fulfills a national vision, focusing on the Korean experience. To establish a preliminary diagnosis on the current status of GI management in Chile, considering both GI policy key elements and SDI components, and contrasting both theoretical background and the experience of Korea. Another important and specific objective is to define the contents to consider in any comprehensive assessment of the current status of GI management as raw information to support the elaboration of a NSDI master plan. Finally, to provide a first proposal of content for the Chilean NSDI master plan, arising from this theoretical background revision, the preliminary diagnosis on the Chilean GI management status and Korean best practices is the next logical step. 4 5 Executive Summary This research was performed under the existing Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs of the Republic of Korea and the Ministry of National Property of Chile, which was signed in October of 2011 in Seoul. Specifically, the effort was hosted by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) through its Global Development Partnership Center (GDPC) and the Geospatial Information Research Division. As background, the Chilean SDI is now passing an important evolutionary moment. A national policy for spatial information management is being formalized, a new supreme decree based on updated knowledge about SDI direction is being elaborated, and the authorities to advance this initiative has had strong support during the last period ( ). Thus, there is a major opportunity to develop a long-term master plan for the Chilean SDI that is consistent with both policy and the supreme decree, while also taking into account the valuable experience and knowledge produced in the context of the Korean SDI. The results of this research are delivered in four related chapters as follows. Chapter 2 presents a revision of GI policy and SDI background arising from both theoretical aspects and Korean experience, referred to topics like: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and its components GI policy and plans Topics on National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) National geospatial framework data GI standards GI distribution systems GI technology development system GIS applications NSDI promotion system Legal framework and a human resources system The main purpose of this research is to orient the process of surveying the current status of Geospatial Information (GI) management in Chile and consider both GI policy key elements and SDI components. In this manner, it will provide a first draft of content for the Chilean SDI master plan, which will then be enriched after completing the assessments applied following completion of this research. All these contents will provide a reference framework for doing further analysis offered in the following chapters. Chapter 3 presents a preliminary overview of the current status of the Chilean SDI, according to GI policy key elements and SDI components. It also includes a SWOT analysis and a proposal regarding the challenges and required activities for development of each one of the SDI components. Chapter 4 contains a proposal for a survey considered necessary to obtain the best approach to the Chilean current status for matters of GI policy and SDI issues.

4 The discussion indicates the items that should make up those surveys. Finally, Chapter 5 delivers the first proposal of the contents to be considered when formulating the master plan for the Chilean SDI, including a circumstance analysis, the vision, NSDI directions and SDI component strategies. In conclusion, it is possible to state that the revision of theoretical aspects and the experience of the Republic of Korea offer a strong basis for assessing the current status of the Chilean SDI (also potentially applicable to other countries in a similar situation), identify gaps, and recognition of the more important areas where the SDI must be developed. Here, a very important conceptual finding concerns the GI policy domain and the place given to SDI inside of that domain, thus providing key orientation for the process in Chile. Finally, in the proposal of content for a further national SDI master plan, it is possible to appreciate the important base of work done in past years with several nationwide and sectorial projects supporting SDI in technology, data framework, and standards. There is also a favorable situation regarding policy and an organizational system that can provide important support to further work in the future. An important challenge remains the development of industry and its relationship to research and academy. 6 7 Executive Summary On the other hand, the revision of theoretical background and the experience of the Republic of Korea contributed to realizing the lack of accurate and updated knowledge on several topics that need further dimensioning when facing the elaboration of any master plan, both supporting the concrete projects (for example integrated framework database and existing applications) and also gathering standardized data on how Chilean SDI improves year by year. Another important output of the research was a comprehensive SWOT analysis that covers each one of the SDI components that is consistent with a detailed list of addressed topics, taking advantage of both strengths and opportunities and facing weaknesses and threats. Then, proposed challenges and their corresponding steps can be perfectly organized in a master plan with its time line and schedule. Regarding the objective to define the contents considered in a comprehensive GI management status assessment, it was possible as a result of the research to define content in several topics related to both GI policy and SDI status, covering geo-informatization in public organizations, the GI industry and market, geo-informatization of people and the SDI component assessment among the principals. Thus, a set of specific issues, each one belonging to the mentioned topics or categories, contributes and becomes the basis for designing and elaborating on the questions that could become part of different questionnaires or surveys to be done in the future.

5 Chapter I Introduction 1. Background General Research Objectives Specific Research Objectives Research Content 11

6 Chapter I Introduction The main purpose of this research is to orient the process of surveying the current status of geospatial information management in Chile and consider both GI policy key elements and SDI components. Further, it provides a first draft of content for the Chilean SDI master plan, which would be enriched after completing the assessments applied after this research is finished. Chapter I 3. Specific Research Objectives Identify fundamental aspects of GI Policy and SDI features that must be considered as ideal, so GI management does fulfill a national vision, focusing on the Korean experience Establish a preliminary diagnosis for the current status of GI management in Chile by considering both GI policy key elements and SDI components and contrasting both the theoretical background and the Korean experience Introduction 1. Background Chilean SDI is passing through an important moment in its evolution. A national policy for spatial information management is in the process of being formalized, and a new supreme decree based on updated knowledge about SDI direction is in the process of being elaborated. The support of the authorities makes the advance of this initiative strong during the last few years. On the other side, the actors involved in the current NSDI promotion system agree that many gaps still exist, and conclusions for fundamental tasks still must be addressed. That is why a master plan for a Chilean SDI is urgently needed. Today is a positive opportunity to elaborate this plan in consistence with national policy and the new supreme decree, while also taking into account the valuable experience and knowledge produced in the context of the Korean SDI. This experience is being shared due to the existing MOU between the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs of the Republic of Korea and the Ministry of National Property of Chile. Prior to the formulation and execution of a SDI master in Chile it was necessary to know the real dimension of the gaps and the current status in some areas of geospatial information management where there had neither been systematized surveys nor research initiatives. 2. General Research Objectives Define the contents that should be considered in any comprehensive assessment of the current status of GI management as raw information supporting the elaboration of a NSDI master plan Provide a first proposal of content for the Chilean NSDI master plan, arising from a theoretical background revision, a preliminary diagnosis on the Chilean GI management status, and Korean best practices 4. Research Content The research results are delivered in four chapters that relate to the specific objectives enunciated above. Chapter 2 presents a revision of GI policy and SDI background arising from both the theoretical aspects and Korean experience. All of these contents will provide a reference framework for further analysis of the research. Chapter 3 gives a preliminary overview of the current status of the Chilean SDI, based on both GI policy key elements and SDI components. It also includes a SWOT analysis and a proposal for the challenges and required activities for each one of the SDI components. Chapter 4 offers a proposal for a survey considered necessary to undertake to obtain a better approach toward the Chilean current status in terms of GI policy and SDI issues. It states the items that should be included in those surveys. Finally, Chapter 5 delivers a first proposal of content to be considered when formulating the master plan for the Chilean SDI, including a circumstance analysis, a vision, NSDI directions, and SDI component strategies.

7 Chapter II Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Components Geospatial Information Policy and Plans National Spatial Data Infrastructure Topics National Geospatial Framework Data Geospatial Information Standards Geospatial Information Distribution Systems GI Technology Development System GIS Applications in Korea NSDI Promotion System Legal Framework for NSDI Human Resources System 38

8 Chapter 2 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components GIS became the key tool or the major method supporting this kind of analysis and was helpful to be successful in managing public problems or private sector decisions. The definition of GIS involves a number of components (data, hardware, software, people, and methods) allowing many different things related to spatial data to be done, as follows: Query Visualization Spatial data analysis (Buffering, Overlay, Terrain Analysis) Spatial statistics (Determine a spatial and/or temporal pattern) Geostatistics (Interpolate/estimate the unknown value of a point) Spatially explicit modeling (Simulate spatial planning/policy scenarios) Chapter II A summary of the contents of lectures given for the course, Understanding NSDI Planning & Policy Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components Course given by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements from October 8 to 19, 2012, is offered. This course was attended by officers from eight countries, who were provided knowledge on GI and SDI Policy. They could elaborate on revision of the national status in these matters and formulate a proposal for a NSDI master plan. The next subchapters will describe the main ideas offered in the lectures and remarks on their usefulness in terms of the need to evaluate the national status in depth and generate guidelines for building a master plan. 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Components The first important issue, before discussing Geographic Information policy and Spatial Data Infrastructure, is to analyze why spatial data is important and how GIS can contribute to better management of that data. According to Dr. Daejong Kim s presentation on GIS relevant topics, geospatial data allows one to address key issues related to national development from a territorial view through spatial analysis (social capital, climate change, safety, expanding market, electronic government, and others). When viewing these data on a map, it is much easier to understand the behavior of these variables in the territory and identify patterns of distribution. Considering the importance of territorial approach mentioned above, one elemental issue and challenge in less advanced countries in these matters is to understand the value of incorporating geographic and geospatial data analysis methodologies whenever a public management problem is addressed. The first big question for GIS users, understanding that many times an organization as a whole is the user of GIS (not just the department or the group of people that directly manage it) is how much we leverage GIS. It is highly probable that the entire capabilities of GIS might not be used at all. That means that from the point of view of performance and usefulness there is a way to be traversed. The crucial point is to know the baseline or the relationship between the investment in GIS and the level of use being given. In Chile there is no accurate knowledge about this situation that is directly linked to the geo-informatization of the administration and an important component for fulfilling the Korean vision for GI Policy. Therefore the challenge for the Chilean SDI is to inquire about this aspect, so that in the NSDI master plan, it is possible to include appropriate strategies for improving the use of GIS in administrative management. Other important focus seen in the lecture of Dr. Daejong Kim addresses the trends in GIS related to advances in Web technology, such as: Semantic web (Data.gov) Geospatial platform (Geoplatform.gov) LBS based on the smart phone VGI Location-based SNS Web-based GIS

9 16 17 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components These new trends set challenges for GI Policy and challenges at the technical level as well. For instance, Volunteer Geographic Information dissemination must work under established procedures and there must be rules for clearness about the scope of the use of this kind of information, that is, to define for what objectives and decisions using VGI is adequate, instead of authoritative data. In the case of Chile, a NSDI master plan must define which of these trends will be incorporated and indicate the right moment for using the plan, its required policies and institutional arrangements, the required technological means and platforms, and others. 2. Geospatial Information Policy and Plans Many important aspects of GI policy are addressed in detail in the presentation of Dr. Byongnam Choe, Head of Geospatial Information Division in KRIHS. These topics discuss issues, goals, approaches, domains, models, and hierarchy, among others. On the other hand, the Korean NGIS master plan topics are presented and described and consider milestones, structure and components, goals, and plans for individual projects. All of these contents related to both GI policy and master plans offer a good framework to use for analyzing the Chilean SDI status and also provide valuable inputs for designing a proposal for a master plan. Examining GI policy also identifies a number of issues that faced the formulation of the first Korean NGIS master plan in 1995: Inefficient management of infrastructure and land Illogical and unscientific policy-making procedure/reduction of its cost Inefficient service of spatial information for citizens Duplicated spatial information Inaccuracy of the analogue map Low development of spatial information technology Low development of spatial information industry Export of spatial information technology to other countries Improvement of national competitiveness Several common elements can be identified in the beginning of the SDI process in every country. In the case of Chile, the first draft of a national policy for geospatial information management that was built in 2003 referred to duplication efforts, lack of interoperability, failures in public management, inefficient use of the resources, and other issues. On the other hand, Dr. Byongnam Choe gives a detailed analysis of the key elements of the GI policy, wherein it is possible to see how national competitiveness, as a vision of the GI policy, is fed by three important conditions: informatization of administration, informatization of management, and informatization of life. The GI sharing system supports both administration and management and is the means by which GI industry, GI technology and GI business get connection with them. Then, consistent with the above aspects, the domain of GI policies is divided into three components, as described below: GIS applications for productivity: GI national policy consists of the informatization of administration, private business and people s everyday lives. Included are all the GI systems operating at the level of public organizations. Development of GIS technology: Developing GI industry by supporting national GI demands: GI content-based businesses (naver, daum, vehicle navigation system) and application technology (GIS applications for government, company, and the people). GI sharing system: Infrastructure enables everyone to share spatial information. The contents of a policy for Spatial Data Infrastructure include framework data, standardization, distribution system, core spatial technology, human resource, organization system, and legal institutions. Here it is important to stop and highlight the usefulness of these definitions to organize the activities that in the Chilean SDI are being carried out today. On the other side, in the context of a master plan formulation they contribute to defining with more clarity the framework in which individual projects will then be formulated. Another relevant focus has to do with the assessment of GI policy status in countries. When we inquire about the status of our GI policy and SDI, many questions need to be formulated and answered. In this way, from a question like What is the status in the informatization of administration, many other and detailed questions can arise about several different aspects, such as the effective use of geospatial data in decision making? So is it enough information available for making good decisions, does the institution have enough human resources to make a spatial analysis, among others? Thus, the major content structure for a national GI policy assessment can be defined from these core elements, namely, informatization of administration, informatization of management, and informatization of life. Having reviewed the background of GI policy, it becomes easier to understand how to address a Chapter II

10 master plan design. The experience of Korea in these matters shows that master plan components are opened under a tree structure, applying a vision that in this case is national competitiveness. The base means is the establishment of GI sharing system (NSDI). The purpose is getting improved productivity of administrative works/information services for citizens who are oriented toward a better quality of life and new business opportunities. Consequently, a plan for individual projects is considered in the three components of the GI policy model in Korea: 1) public informatization based on GI consisting of the informatization of the public sector and developing GIS key application systems; 2) a basic environment for sharing GI that means SDI implementation, involving digital map, standardization, distribution system, technology development, human resource training, and strategy research; and 3) developing GI technology, that is, GI content business, GI convergence, and system S/W. 3. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Topics This approach could also serve as a guideline for both evaluating SDI status and designing the master plan. It is understood that some activities are crucial and must necessarily be addressed and conditioning in time for each other, for instance, having adequate knowledge structure needs as a requirement of integrated data. Then, completing a product-based stage in the context of a NSDI master plan can be considered part of the vision. Other criteria are related to territorial levels and public targets, for instance, a proposed first generation that focuses on data where SDI is planned to cover national and federal levels. Then a second generation focused on process, involving national and sub-national levels, and also the private sector. As mentioned at the beginning, the presentation of Dr. Byongnam Choe also included directives for structuring a NSDI Plan. The Korean experience considered three levels: A master plan in the national level; a sector plan for everyone of those composing the SDI; a project plan for each topic or strategy within a sector. Then, at the national level, the components of the master plan under the Korean experience were as follows: Chapter II Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components This subchapter summarizes some of the fundamental concepts related to SDI and its components that Dr. Byongnam Choe systematized for trainees attending the NSDI Planning and Policy Course. Also, it presented relevant issues for defining a plan structure on three levels: A master plan, a sector plan, and a project plan. Regarding the theoretical view of SDI, different approaches and the definitions of SDI are given (coming from many authors throughout the 2000 s decade). In general, there are certain components appearing with more frequency in SDI definitions, such as human resources, policies, standards, organizations, and datasets. One interesting approach for this theoretical view has to do with a temporal sequence of the activities regarding geospatial data management. Two generations are mentioned: First generation (product based): Definition of data, collection of data, integration of data, database creation, and further implementation Second generation (process based): Knowledge infrastructure, capacity building, communication, and coordination Establishment of GI and application analysis Circumstance analysis of NSDI and vision (economic, social, technology, and policy) NSDI background: vision, purpose, and strategy SDI component strategy Project priority and schedule Time period (more than 5 years) and a budget On the other hand, the components of the sector plan became the following: Current status of the components and related issues Analysis of components and vision (economic, social, technology, policy) Relationship with master plan as a super-plan Basic framework for the components: vision, purpose, and strategy Establishment strategy for the components Schedule for each project of the sector (2 to 3 years) and its budget

11 20 21 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components The sectors or topics to consider for the plan depend on the national definitions. In the case of Republic of Korea, they utilized the following components: Framework Data System Standard System Distribution System Technology Development System Human Resources System Organization System Law and Policy System In the context of this current research, the proposed structure for both a master plan and SDI sectors will be utilized. 4. National Geospatial Framework Data This subchapter begins the review of SDI sectors or systems according to the list provided in the previous section (2.3) with contents presented by Professor Kijoune Li, from the University of Pusan to provide a detailed view of some of the relevant topics related to the framework data. The first sector or system explains the advantage of having a common reference for geospatial data, since that reference can provide a consistent integration of several databases. In this regard, framework data provides a common reference, allowing the maintenance of consistent geospatial databases, and common data, which avoids duplication of DB construction and reduced DB building costs. Themes to be included in the Framework Data can vary depending on the country. In the case of Korea, the themes are administrative boundaries; artificial objects (buildings, bridges, etc.); transportation (roads, railways, etc.); inland hydrography; cadastral boundaries; elevations; geodetic control points; geo-statistics; and aerial photos. In terms of the requirement for Framework Data, there is a need for having common feature types, that is, feature types commonly included in most geospatial databases, for instance, roads, buildings, cadasters, rivers and elevation. The other must share a common reference, allowing dynamic updating propagation to related DBs, through the UFID (Unique Feature ID), which is a fundamental requirement for the framework data (a feature in framework data to link to objects in the application DBs). Generating Framework Data requires a strongly coupled collaboration in its entire life cycle between stakeholders. The roles of data producers and consumers must be clearly specified, namely, who does the production, who does the updates, who does the consumption? In this manner, laws and institutional arrangements are required. The first stage in the life cycle of Framework Data is the definition of data specification, including a data model of framework data and constraints, styles for visualization, and exclusion of production specifications. The second stage is building the Framework Data. Here two possible options are mentioned by Dr. Kijoune Li: Option 1 : The entire Framework Data is built by a National Mapping Agency (NMA), from one single data source (e.g., topographic paper maps). Among the advantages, it can be mentioned that is simple and efficient since it is easy to maintain the consistency between data sets. On the other hand, it is difficult to reflect real-time changes. Option 2 : Framework Data is built from the integration of multiple-source data. This modality is more complex since it requires the participation of a number of public agencies, institutional arrangements, and technical issues related to integration and consistency through controlling data specification, quality control and resolution of conflicts. It also reflects real-time changes more easily. Quality Control is also part of the second stage when building Framework Data. Some of the requirements involved here are: Quality Evaluation should be included when building a framework data procedure. Standards for quality evaluations are ISO 19113, ISO and ISO 19138, merged into Quality Evaluation specification is defined according to data specification and the quality evaluation method used. A part of quality evaluation is included in any metadata. The third stage of the Framework Data life cycle is distribution and sharing. In this stage, metadata management is required and feedback from users is essential. Then the creation of a national committee for framework data comprised of several stakeholders is suggested. In this stage, it is also necessary to establish the type of distribution to implement, for instance, if the cycle will be off-line or on-line. The fourth and final stage is updating. Most problems in Framework Data come from updating issues. Chapter II

12 22 23 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components The two main challenges are maintaining consistent framework data sets and undertaking real-time update propagation to the application database. Institutional arrangements are also required under a process chain for Framework Data management, where quality control is very important. In the Korean experience, both data specification and quality control authority were recommended rather than having the mapping agency do it. Another interesting approach given in the presentation of Dr. Kijoune Li refers to the differences between a topographic digital map and framework data related to: Purpose: Visualization v/s visualization + analysis Data format: DXF v/s DB/NGI/SHP Data Model: None v/s association, inheritance Aggregate number of layers: More than 500 v/s about 130 Granularity: Tile-based v/s feature-based UFID: Optional v/s mandatory Utilization: Raw data, and base map v/s common references This approach is very important, since a country implementing SDI could consider having Framework Data by simply having a national digital topographic map. Finally, for the Korean Framework Data life cycle, the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) is in charge of merging framework data layers provided by the producers, receiving updates coming from these organizations. NGII can do the quality control as well and distribute a new framework data layer. Then, production and updating are essentially undertaken by many institutes, different from NGII. 5. Geospatial Information Standards One important component of a sharing system like a SDI is the use of standards. Under the definition offered by Dr. Haekyong Kang in her presentation, standardization is a set of activities and procedures to develop consensus standards. The understanding of this concept in the Chilean public institutions is also different. They use to associate standardization only with the action of applying or implementing a standard, but the definition, as given, is broader, and incorporates a series of activities, as described: The first stage in the standardization process is planning. This stage comprises monitoring GIS standard environments; surveying the needs of stakeholders; finding new standards items; selecting priorities; and building a master/executive plan for standards. The results are research reports, master plans or similar documents. The second stage in the process is developing. The activities involved here are focused on research to write a standard draft; support resources, procedures; gathering stakeholders and harmonizing their interests under the standard development procedure; and developing a standard. Standards, intermediate documents, and experiments are generated as a result. The third stage is monitoring compliance. This stage is oriented toward monitoring that standards are applied to GIS projects; encouraging a GIS project to adopt standards; and testing the results of a GIS project as it complies with standards (a compliance test). Statistics reports are obtained as a result and refer to standards used frequently, GIS projects adopting standards, and others. The last stage consists of managing feedback from users, that is, response requests of users; running of a help-desk; and receiving comments or requests from users. In this case feedback obtained from the users becomes a resource that can be helpful to develop a new policy or set a new direction, so as to develop new standards and renew existing standards for having better standards in the future. The entire process as summarized above is called standardization activities. Other important approach given in the presentation of Dr. Haekyong Kang concerns the resources involved in the standardization process. They are the following: Institution-giving authority to proceed the activities (regulation/standard policy) Organization authorized for operating the activities (procedures to execute sub-tasks in the organization) People (actors, such as the SDI, Executive Secretary of Standards, providers and developers of geospatial products and the users) Standards and practices All these resources are called standardization resources. They define the capability for standardization that exists in a SDI and is based on institutional arrangements that allow for establishing both roles and responsibilities. In summary, the two components presented above, standardization activities and standardization resources work to integrate a major concept called the Standard System. Within a Standard System, all the components and elements can be organized in a framework for Chapter II

13 24 25 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components geospatial standards where the relations of the standards to other components of SDI are established, the relations between standard resources and standard activities are structured, and the roles of the actors are clearly defined. Geospatial standards will become a key component of SDI, since they contribute to making it easier to access, discover, fuse, and apply the sharing of geospatial information and services. SDI components related to standards activities, and resources are institutions, framework data, and access/sharing platforms. Within a Standard System, there are certain principal relationships between the standardization resources and standardization activities: SDI Policy creates the institution (law or supreme decree) The institution generates the organization (mentioning goals, actors, functions) An executive secretary operates the organization (it addresses management and operational activities) People forming the organization do the activities (planning, development, legislation, implementation) Standards and practices provide feedback to activities More detail on the roles of the actors is given in the presentation by Dr. Haekyong Kang, as follows: Secretariat of the Geospatial Standard Organization Management (operational): Publish an annual report; connect NSDI, national standards agency and stakeholders; manage standard activities; provide recommendations to facilitate geospatial standards activities; assess the evolvement of geospatial standardization capability Planning: Monitor international geospatial standards activities; respond to users demands on new geospatial standards; build a plan for developing new standards Developing: Provide a development procedure and document formats; promote stakeholders to become involved; monitor the status of a development process of a new standard; review a draft (if consistent with existing standards); provide support to standard developers; receive feedback from standard developers Publication: Submit a draft for a new standard to NCGS after a public hearing Implement: Publish the status for implementation by monitoring users; provide consulting, exposition or guidelines to users to support implementation; provide a technical recommendation to facilitate implementation; develop effective practices (profiles); receive user feedback (difficulties) and requests National Standards Agency (national representative of ISO) Delivers the results of ISO/TC211, such as drafts for voting on ISO/ TC211 to the Secretariat of NCGS Shares the membership of ISO/TC211, such as IDs and Passwords with NCGS, so NCGS is able to monitor ISO/TC211 activities and respond to activities by accessing documents under development in ISO/TC211 on time Delivers documents/responses from CNIG to ISO/TC211 as a national body Providers and Developers Planning: Provide a plan for developing/implementing a geospatial standardization Developing: Participate in development of a new standard if the NCGS Secretariat requests involvement; provide comments on a draft from their stakeholders and respond to comments Publication: Vote on a draft whether it is approved as a new standard or not; review and offer comments on a draft for the new standard Implement: Provide a list of geospatial standards implemented in their projects/products to the NCGS Secretariat; provide practices of geospatial standards to the NCGS Secretariat; provide feedback related to implementation of geospatial standards to the NCGS Secretariat, for instance, comments on geospatial standards or ways that are advanced for easy use of these geospatial standards Other roles regarding the Framework Data are assigned to the Secretariat of Geospatial Standards Organization: Management: Connect NSDI, national standards agency, and stakeholders related to framework data Chapter II

14 26 27 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components Planning: Build a plan for developing new standards or a national profile on framework data Developing: Create a sub-committee under NCGS for framework data (optional); promote stakeholders related framework data for involvement in the development process of a new standard Implement: Provide recommendations for Framework Data (a set of standards for implementation); develop best practice for framework data profiles on metadata, a data exchange format (i.e., GML) and a data model Considering this background, the presentation of Dr. Haekyong Kang gives an overview of geospatial standard activities on the Korean SDI. Planning: Publishing a GIS-Standard master-plan every 5 years; planning an executive plan every year; receiving requests from experts at any time; monitoring GIS and IT technology trends; participating in an international standard organization (OGC (1~2/4 a year), ISO/TC211(2/2 a year)) Developing: Setting up organizations for the GIS standard (KS, TTA/PG409 and MLTM) and planning needed standards Monitoring and Compliance: Establishing a new plan for compliance (IPCT 835 roadmap); surveying standards that re-adapted to GIS projects Dissemination: Forum, seminar, education, incentive (award papers for GIS standards) Finally, the presentation of Dr. Haekyong Kang discussed four major requirements for preparing a national geospatial standardization system: Having the organization authorized to operate the activities Elaborating on procedures to execute sub-tasks in the organization Generating legislation giving authority to proceed with these activities Providing resources, i.e., budget, experts, and standards 6. Geospatial Information Distribution Systems The concept behind a GI distribution system, as contained in the presentation of Dr. Byongnam Choe, refers to goods and services flowing from producers to consumers, which in return are accorded to a certain price. In the case of GI, producers collect, process, manage, and then provide GI to consumers over a logical and physical base through applications and using standards in all the mentioned activities. Within the Korean SDI, producers are classified into two groups: Source GI, producing for distribution (for instance, the National Mapping Agency and the National Geographic Information Institute) and derivative GI, producing for their own uses. Regarding GI collection, Dr. Byongnam Choe identifies and describes two types: Centralized: Where the basic or source GI is managed by a distribution system that merges basic GI from different organizations. It is collected by a distribution organization and has among its benefits, improved accessibility based on a single accessing path. Decentralized: Refers to thematic information goods and services. Here different users register information and services on a distribution system that manages node links. It is registered by individual producers and among its benefits are certain approaches and searching methods for GI services. Geospatial Information Distribution Systems are supported by funding models that vary according to the reality of the countries and their policies and regulations. Two main models are recognized worldwide: Treasuries and legislation force agencies to go off the budget and find their own ways to fund their agencies (Europe). General revenue funds federal information activities, and creation of wealth and jobs then return taxes to the Treasury. Feedback loop (USA) Distribution information systems can also be classified according to the type of platform that supports them, showing each one to have a different level of functionalities. The more basic is the classic Clearinghouse, which allows searching metadata to locate and get details of geospatial information. One level upper is the Geoportal, which directs the provision of data and services. At the top is the Geospatial platform, which provides a more comprehensive service that involves data provision and user participation. Finally, Dr. Byongnam Choe delivers recommendations on the geospatial information system to be implemented in countries building SDI: Chapter II

15 28 29 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components Adapt the institutional framework to changes in technology (analogical to digital). Consider a geospatial information distribution system as an integrated system of hardware, software, spatial data, users, suppliers, legislation, and policy. It must not be considered only as an information system, however. Especially, successful spatial data distribution depends on the policy: There is a need for a concrete distribution policy. Select the type of distribution system suitable for social circumstances (clearinghouse, geoportal, or geospatial platform). 7. GI Technology Development System An exhaustive explanation of technology issues in the field of geospatial information was given by Mr. Sanghee Shin. It related to current scenarios, models, Korean experiences, open source fundamentals, and certain recommendations to be considered in the context of SDI planning. The first approach focused on current research & development (R&D) circumstances, comparing two stages that represent an evolutionary process and new challenges for all national GI policies. In the traditional stage, the return on the investment in R&D is low and decreasing, with a 60% failure rate, while the other part corresponds to non-profits or nonprofitable ventures. Finally, discussion disclosed that only 24% of R&D projects make money. The presentation given by Mr. Shin, describes the linear model of innovation, associated with high costs and much uncertainty. On the other side, changes in the R&D model now consider the interactions of actors around the R&D process that involve technology development. Accordingly, the R&D model then changes to the D&B model (development and business). Once defined, the changing circumstances of R&D is described as an evolution process for technology models, going from closed models, which are designed and developed by nations inside them, leveraging their own knowledge, to open models designed and developed with other outside partners, combining inside knowledge and outside knowledge. This model seems to be more efficient, producing cost reduction, increasing innovation capabilities, and providing a shortened response time to market change. The Korean experience in developing their GI technology development systems has three periods or development phases. The first ( ) centered on mapping technology, DBMS technology and basic GIS software; the second phase ( ) produced 3D GIS and high resolution remote sensing software; and the third ( ) focused on intelligent land information software and a ubiquitous GIS. In those three periods, the strategies applied to the development of geospatial technology combined three modalities: Utilizing foreign technology, developing one s own technology, and a mid-entry strategy. Despite these strategies, in many countries in the world, still around 70% of the Korean GIS market was dominated by foreign technologies such as ESRI and Intergraph. Under the view given by Mr. Shin, based on Dr. Byongnam Choe s presentation, the ideal and the planned model is having the government give research funds to companies, research institutes, and universities. All of these entities then develop products and sell them to the market and customers. Afterwards the revenues and profits go back to the government via royalties. Following through with the overview explanation of the Korean experience, some implications arising from the current status of the geospatial technology development system in Korea are presented as follows: R&D system is closed, trying to develop almost all technologies alone. There is a need to leverage outside technology and resources to respond to fast changing market circumstances. University and research institutes heavily rely on a traditional linear downstream R&D model. Then there is a need to engage more enterprises requests and the enterprise itself in the development system. R&D goal is ambiguous. It is not clear whether the goal is R&D or D&B, and there is a need to set a clear goal. It is hard to find outcomes for R&D; therefore, it is necessary to set up a platform to increase the flow of knowledge and the dissemination of technology during & after the R&D. In the context of GI technology development system planning, open-source GIS is an alternative that any countries building SDI must consider. According to the content offered by Mr. Shin, open-source GIS is a software whose source code is open to the public, meaning freedom for redistributing, modifying, copying, and using. The benefits of open source GIS are their technological, economical and business ambits. It allows for meeting strong GIS needs from public sectors, doing more with less. It is also possible to replicate other people and institutions experience, thus managing and modifying the GIS system without needing Chapter II

16 30 31 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components external support. To improve the national GI technology development system, certain strategies and recommendations are given: Realize a demand survey from various stakeholders to synthesize, review, and prioritize the technology development (to be applied in all institutions). Assist in pinpointing the mismatches between demands and technology development by analyzing the value chain, from data capture to data processing, management distribution, analysis prediction, and service consumption. Realize a feasibility test on geospatial technology development, considering each nation s major interests, goals, human resources, and capabilities. The objective is to establish the modality that best fits the national reality for technology development, whether utilizing foreign technology (ESRI, Intergraph, other), developing one s own technology (Domain Specific) or adopting a mid-entry strategy (using open-source GIS). Map the priorities and strategies of the country and the institutions by contrasting the type of software (proprietary, open source) with the activity (survey, mapping) or the activity topic (Natural Resources, Agriculture) where the technology will actually be utilized. To conclude this subchapter, Mr. Shin proposes to engage various stakeholders, using surveys, interviews, and meetings for learning more about them; realize a systematic approach, engage more enterprises and avoid a linear downstream approach; also divide R&D and D&B to pinpoint any mismatches between demand and policy. An open-source GIS strategy is suggested that is oriented to leverage outside free resources, achieve an active adoption of Open Source GIS, foster Open Source GIS professionals and reduce the dependency on proprietary GI, and GIS software costs. 8. GIS Applications in Korea Case studies and key GIS applications supporting state management were presented by Dr. Daejong Kim, and they focused mainly on land use planning objectives. The first example was a GIS application for environmentally sound land use planning on Jeju Island, which is located at the southern end of the Republic of Korea. Due to an ever-increasing land demand that is associated with low land values, accessibility to cities, exotic landscape and gentle slope, it was necessary to elaborate on a plan for protection and conservation, based on protection of mineral and water resources, protection of ecological assets, and conservation of the natural landscape. The utilized method included a survey of natural resources (geological structure, soil and special areas, vegetation characteristics and habitats, and landscape assets) GIS database building and spatial analysis using GIS. Survey and GIS database building utilizes a base map (national digital topographic map), a field survey and experiments, remotely sensed data analyses and aerial photograph analyses. As a result, three land use plans were generated for protecting underground water resources, protecting the ecosystem, and preserving the natural landscape. The Korea Land Information System is described as one of the major applications utilized for land management and providing information services to the people. It is composed of PBLIS (Parcel Based Land Information System) and LMIS (Land Management Information System). In the building process for KLIS, various administrative databases using GIS were integrated to construct a nationwide information network. Many benefits arise from the implementation and use of KLIS, among them the management of high quality data, revolutionary improvement on civil service, increases in the productivity of administrative business, and scientific & timely methodology support for land use policy and decision-making. The first component, LMIS (Land Management Information System), is sponsored by the Ministry of Construction & Transportation (MOCT) for land administration, a land use plan, and civil services. LMIS includes database implementation (spatial data, no spatial data); application development (an application system); law regulation (law regulation research, standardization research, and marketing/training); and, system environment settings (hardware, software, network). The second component, PBLIS (Parcel-Based Land Information System) is sponsored by the Ministry of Government Administration & Home Affairs (MOGAHA). It enables cadastral map/sheet management and supports the ownership change process. Summarizing, KLIS becomes a uniquely integrated GIS map management system and also a single globally standardized system rather than many localized systems. It constitutes a basic spatial infrastructure for local governments since they can build add-on functionalities on top of KLIS, such as tourism, the environment, urban planning, and more. KLIS is progressing so as to become the core system of e-government, through integration with AIS (Architectural Information Systems), the Land Registration System, and also Disaster Recovery, Emer- Chapter II

17 32 33 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components gency Evacuation, and the Transportation Planning System. It is also expected that KLIS will support the private sector, since the need for map data has increased in the private sector more recently (CNS, LBS etc.). It can also support the GIS industry by disseminating government-owned spatial databases. The Land Use Regulation Information System (LURIS) is another remarkable GIS application for administration management. It was created due to complicated land regulations for developing a piece of land, the amount of time needed to get development permission, high administrative costs and conflicts with other regulations. The system responds efficiently to what people want to know, the kinds of land use that are possible in an area, and how to develop that land. Through public services it is possible to know all kinds of zones for all parcels, land regulations for zones and parcels, and the land development process for 303 land use types. It also provides 130 questions and answers regarding land use issues. It has four components: Zoning Service Address provides land classification, officially assessed land price, area, and zoning type. Land Regulation Service proves land use type and potential new land use types. Land Development Process contains several supporting steps: Land use type searching, survey of cultural assets, energy usage plan, discussion of energy supply, permission of cultural asset change, approval of the development plan, audit development process, report on start of work, approval on sales, and inspection certificate. Public Notice of Zoning Change is made directly on a topo-parcel map. Finally, the Korea Planning Support System (KOPSS) is implemented as a spatial decision support system for spatial planning, by applying a series of procedures, including spatial statistics, statistics models, algorithms, and processes. The KOPSS support spatial planning system is realized on different territorial levels, namely, national, province, metropolitan, urban basic and urban, all with their own corresponding legal framework, and planning for business and analysis models. Five models are part of KOPSS: Regional Planning to evaluate how efficient and equitable the policies are. Land Use Planning with the objective to provide a scientific base (qualitative, accurate and field centered analysis) for defining location choices and reducing location conflicts. From a land demand point of view, it realizes a development potential analysis for obtaining land allocations. Urban Regeneration Planning is an analytical tool to find declining urban areas that can be improved. Public Facility Planning identifies areas not serviced, defines optimal locations for maximal access and encourages supply and demand. Landscape Planning includes functionalities for generating three-dimensional simulation of the landscape effects for new land development. 9. NSDI Promotion System To promote a nation s NSDI vision, it is important that a NSDI promotion system be established requiring consistency of policies and cooperating with related organizations. Dr. Taejin Kim from the Korea National University of Transportation gave an overview of the desirable components of this promotion system and discussed its status and problems in Korea. Finally, a set of recommendations was given to be considered by the countries building SDI and implementing GI policies. In terms of the desirable features for the NSDI promotion system, Dr. Kim indicated that a high-level of technical expertise in the establishment is required. The first condition is that the department responsible for the NSDI should have an exceptional level of understanding of information technology. Also, a multi-organizational implementation structure is necessary, since NSDI promotion policies involve various actors, i.e., central government agencies, local governments, and private enterprises. The model for a SDI promotion system consists of an upper-system at the planning level and a lowersystem at the executive level. Both should be vertically and horizontally connected. Within the upper-system, a nation-wide governmental NSDI organization carries out the role of planning, coordinating, and evaluating for NSDI policies. Also, nationwide entities, such as the NSDI promotion committee, civil advisor committee, and subcommittees, must be part of this upper system in order to plan, coordinate, and evaluate the NSDI. The lower system corresponds to the implementation level, composed of all organizations having SDI projects in the central government, the local governments, and other relevant institutions. Each one should have a NSDI top manager who promotes and controls the execution of NSDI projects. Chapter II

18 34 35 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components There is also a third component of the NSDI promotion system, the Professional Supporting Institutes (PSI). Its main objective is to provide relevant geospatial information technology and human resources to SDI stakeholders. Among their roles is assisting the establishment and evaluation of the basic plan for NSDI; monitoring the progress for promoting NSDI; publishing annual NSDI reports; and, assisting research related to NSDI. Regarding the current status in Korea, within the upper system, the name of the government-wide NSDI promotion committee changed from the NGIS Promotion Committee to the NSDI Promotion Committee in the 4th NSDI master plan. In the 2nd NSDI Basic Master Plan, the Chair of the Committee was promoted from the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Construction and Transport (the Current Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) to the Minister of that same organization. The Civil Advisor Committee was organized to provide ongoing advice on planning and Subcommittee plans within the NSDI policy. Legally, this Committee was a nation-wide NSDI promotion organization. Since the 4th NSDI Basic Master Plan (2011~2015), the Civil Advisory Committee has been abolished. The Sub-Committees flexibly changed four times according to changes in the objectives and content of the NSDI Master Plan. Now the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) is primarily responsible for the core NSDI. The 4th NSDI Basic Master Plan (current) includes seven Subcommittees: General Coordination, Standardization & Technology Standards, Industry Promotion, Survey and Water Channel Investigation, Subcommittees created by Presidential Decree (Fundamental Spatial Data, Spatial Data Referring System, and Spatial Convergence Service). Within the lower level, for the NSDI Promotion System in Korea, there is no official NSDI top manager. However, there are public officials in government departments or in each local government that support NSDI projects at the executive level. On the other side, NSDI project executing organizations were separated at each level of government, i.e., the central government, local government, and related institutes. Thus, the execution of projects was separately promoted by numerous central government agencies and also local governments. Each central government department was put in charge of the overall management of NSDI execution plans and their evaluation. In the Korean experience, the components of both the upper and lower levels have faced difficulties related to coordination effectiveness and institutional support. For instance, as Dr. Kim indicates, the NSDI promotion committee hasn t had a substantive budget for functional coordination and power in making decisions on the budget. On the other hand, while the Promotion Committee had the function of integration and coordination, its coordination role remained weak. The coordination functions of the Sub-Committees among the various entities have been hard to implement, since each government department carries out its projects independently. Due to this issue, there has not been a substantive policy of integration or collaboration put in place. In the lower level, a number of inconveniences have also been identified. There has been no legallydesignated NSDI Top Manager in Korea. Also, the sense of obligation by the public officials was low due to a high turn-over rate and frequent job rotation. Therefore, collaboration and cooperation among departments at the national level and among local governments for the NSDI promoting system is rarely seen. Considering the analysis of the desirable features of the NSDI promotion system and also the Korean experience in these matters, Dr. Kim suggests certain specific lessons and recommendations. When establishing a NSDI Promotion System, the hierarchical characteristics of each country must be primarily considered. For countries with active inter-departmental cooperation, a general departmentcentric promoting organization is advantageous. However, for countries with little inter-departmental cooperation, NSDI promoting organizations should rest directly under the top decision-maker in the organization. According to the goals of NSDI, the organization for the NSDI Promotion Committee (or Council) should be also changed. If the goal is only to adopt and operate an efficient spatial information system, a Department-Centric Promotion System is preferred. On the other hand, if the goal is to reinforce interdepartmental collaboration, there should be a Nation-Wide Promotion System for both coordination and discussion. Given the maturity of the industry and the private sector (maturity and demand of the citizens need for NSDI), the role of the government should be changed. In other words, depending on the level of social information, the promotion system should also flexibly reflect such change. Technological development may bring both discoveries of new types of services and work behaviors and exchanges for various organizations through cooperation between government services. At the same time, depending on the maturity level of industry and /or the private sector s informatization, the range of governmental cooperation and private-public cooperation should be expanded. Both the maintenance of strong leadership in IT and the responsiveness of each department need in IT are very crucial for implementing the NSDI policy. Decentralizing functions in each department, whereby the efficiency of each unit is raised, and eventually establishing a development system that reflects individual characteristics. However, securing the power of coordination through centralized decisionmaking and strengthening the role of management are also all important. To accomplish these roles, the inter-institutional promoting system and the intra-institutional promoting system should be reasonably organized. Chapter II

19 36 37 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components To overcome department-centered egoism and efficiently promote multi-departmental spatial information projects, the redistribution of authority and responsibility regarding integration and coordination among the different sectors is important. It is also essential to look closely over the phenomenon where strengthening one department s force weakens another department s force. Thus, when establishing a promotion system for NSDI, it is important to review both how the distribution of authority regarding policy coordination and budget allocation is made, and also how the application of information technology occurs. 10. Legal Framework for NSDI According to the presentation by Dr. Woosug Cho, two acts related to national geospatial information management have been issued throughout the history of the NSDI in Korea, each one with a corresponding decree for enforcement. In January 21, 2000, the Act for the implementation and utilization of the National Geographic Information System was launched. The purpose was to contribute to the rational use of territory and its resources and the development of the national economy through the provision of geographic information to the public, and regulating all matters pertaining to the efficient implementation, utilization, and management of the national geographic information system. The contents of the law focused on both institutional and technical aspects, as follows: General provisions Promotion system for NGIS: Establishment of a master plan for the NGIS; establishment of an operational plan; and a NGIS promotion committee Fostering of NGIS infrastructure: Standardization of the GIS Implementation and management of NGIS: Implementation of fundamental geographic information; and implementation and management of geographic information database Utilization and distribution of NGIS: Practical use of geographic information; and dissemination of geographic information Security: Geographic information security Supplementary rules Penal provisions Afterwards, the Enforcement Decree for the implementation and utilization of the National Geographic Information System Act was promulgated on July 1, The purpose of this Decree was to handle matters delegated by implementation and utilization of the National Geographic Information System Act and those necessary to enforce the Act. Nine years after the first act promulgation, according to Dr. Cho, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (August 23, 2009) was launched incorporating the SDI concept. The purpose of this Act was to address matters concerning the efficient construction of the national spatial data system and the integrated utilization and management thereof, thereby contributing to the development of the national economy through the rational use of the national territory and natural resources. Then, in January 24, 2011 came the Enforcement Decree of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act. Its objective was to support the enforcement of the matters delegated by the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act. The chapters and content of this new act are as follows: General provisions System to promote NSDI: National spatial data infrastructure committee; formulation of basic plans for NSDI; action plan for NSDI; consultation with management institutions, support from the government, annual report on NSDI Creation of national spatial data framework: Acquisition and management of fundamental spatial data; standardization of spatial data; research on and dissemination of standards; obligation to observe standards; establishment of national spatial data center Establishment and utilization of National Spatial Data Infrastructure: Construction and management of spatial databases; prevention of redundant investment; establishment of a cooperative system; disclosure of spatial data Protection of national spatial data Penal provisions A total of 7 Ministries and 10 governmental organizations among 15 Ministries and 18 Administrations/Agencies) specify utilization of geospatial information in their Acts/Enforcement Decrees. Of the 1,210 Act/Enforcement Decree/Regulations registered in the National Law Information Center ( 102 Act/Enforcement Decrees include clauses on geospatial information or its utilization. According to the Act/Enforcement Decrees, the central government and administration/agencies have developed and then operated approximately 100 GIS application systems. Chapter II

20 38 39 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components 11. Human Resources System In Korea, there is an increasing demand for human resources (HR) in geospatial information industry, and technologies and overseas human resources development (HRD) plays an important role as a supporting component for NSDI, as presented by Dr. Eunsun Im, Research Fellow at KRIHS. HRD does not simply mean to run job training. Previously, the notion of training was used and its meaning was extended to the idea of education. Human resources development has become an important keyword because the knowledge information industry has become more and more advanced, and the workforce is now recognized as one of the main resources for economic development. Other important definition is given for geospatial information human resources development (GIHRD). It is the framework for workforces (students, job finders, officials and teachers) to use to develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities with geospatial information, including environmental and institutional elements. The purposes of GIHRD are to achieve an efficient performance of the national geospatial information projects; contribute to the creation of new geospatial information industries and developing technology; and facilitate the utilization of geospatial information to benefit the people. The model for human resources development is society and industry demand-oriented. One of the main final objectives is to improve the competitiveness of the spatial information industry. Within this model, the supply is accomplished through a university, high school, industry promotion agency and training center. The demand is focused on the role of HR in the spatial information industry and the society of information. Regarding HR development policies, the vision is to strengthen national competitiveness through future-oriented HR that is needed to lead industry manpower. In this way, the main objective is developing creative human resources with the convergence ability to use geospatial information. The NSDI Master Plan should be established, including a collaborative project in HR and R&D that focuses on fostering GI business, GI industry and GI promotion agencies through technology innovation (R&D) and GI human resource development. The Korean experience, discussed in the presentation of Dr. Eunsun Im, shows that human resources development has been present since the first NSDI project in 1995, using manpower cultivation through an informatization labor project and on-site GIS education. Today, in the context of the 4th NSDI Project, human resources development is expressed in support of GI Master s and PhD s through GI technologyspecific universities and through linking education with the GI industry. Today, the Korean resources development system is based on both on-site and on-line education offers. On-site education is given at geospatial information regional hub universities geographically dispersed throughout the country for regional human resources development. They are selected GI-related specific institutions in 5 different regions, supported by the MLTM budget, where public officials, the industrial workforce and high school teachers are being trained. On the other side, through on-line education systems, learning can be delivered at any time and any place via on-line education content. As of 2011, there were GI Online members of 35,650 and the cumulative number reached at 186,443. The topics of these online courses include: GIS theory, GIS Policy, geographic information production, GIS implementation and application cases, GIS tool practice, GIS new technology, GIS e-textbook, thematic map production, international seminar, exploration theory and practice, surveying, and database utilization and maintenance. Through the Korean experience a virtuous circle is achieved for human resources development by supporting GI Master s and PhD s through a GI technology-specific University. Such investment in education strengthens education, research, and specialization, resulting in smarter human resources development, the ability to develop new technology and then promoting market expansion and national competitiveness, that once achieved provides a new investment in education. To develop future plans in the context of GIHRD and prepare for a paradigm shift, the Korean government consistently defines research agendas to cultivate global, creative, and talented people in spatial information. One of the most important government issues is how human resource development can contribute to industry development. The government has established SPACEN (GI promotion agency) to prepare for the role of supporting employment linkages. On the other side, universities also investigate what government and industry fields are concerned with and how to cooperate with government and industry. A related academic association prepares its Board of Education for better development. Finally, KRIHS hosts the Spatial Information Forum to develop an education research platform. This project s goal is to create a synergy that will affect technology innovation and human resource development in positive ways. Chapter II