Protective coating recommendations in hydro power stations

Transcription

1 Protective coating recommendations in hydro power stations Elforsk rapport 14:16 Märit Forssander December 2012 Roger Carlsson Wille Edwardson Charlotte Persson

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3 Protective coating recommendations in hydro power stations Elforsk rapport 14:16 Märit Forssander December 2012 Roger Carlsson Wille Edwardson Charlotte Persson

4 Preface Protective coating is complicated and costly. It comprises technical, economical and environmental considerations. This translation of the MA-V protective coating recommendations for hydro power stations (Elforsk report 13:34) is intended for information and guidance to undertake high quality protective coating. To bear in mind, in contrast to the laws and regulation that it refers to, the recommendations has no official status, and hence it should apply only in parts agreed in contracts. In case of any doubt or disagreement regarding text or terminology the currently valid Swedish original (Elforsk report 13:34, Målningsanvisning för vattenkraftstationer) shall prevail. Concerning organisations, authorities etc. and publications and directives issued by them, names and titles have as far as possible been given in English, at first occurrence together with the Swedish name and where applicable, acronym. In some cases the publications themselves may also be available in English. As before, the Swedish original shall take precedence should any doubt arise. The work with this second revision of the recommendations has been done by Roger Carlsson, Sweco, Wille Edwardson, Jämtkontroll, Märit Forssander, TerraCorrosion AB, Charlotte Persson, ÅF Industry AB. The financial resources for the development of the recommendations has been provided by Vattenfall Vattenkraft, Fortum Generation, E.ON Vattenkraft Sverige, Statkraft Sverige, Skellefteå Kraft, Holmen Energi, Jämtkraft, Umeå Energi, Sollefteåforsens, Karlstads Energi och Gävle Energi. Cristian Andersson Program area hydro power

5 Summary This is a translation of Elforsk report 13:34 is intended for information and guidance to undertake high quality protective coating. To bear in mind, in contrast to the laws and regulation that it refers to, the recommendations has no official status, and hence it should apply only in parts agreed in contracts. The manual should be a supplement and an explanation to the specific technical descriptions that are provided separately for each individual object. In case of any doubt or disagreement regarding text or terminology the currently valid Swedish original (Elforsk report 13:34, Målningsanvisning för vattenkraftstationer) shall prevail. The recommendations are based on the Handbok i rostskyddsmålning, (Handbook on corrosion protection painting), Bulletin no. 7 published by the Swedish Corrosion Institute (Korrosionsinstitutet; NB. From 2006, the Swedish Corrosion Institute is incorporated in the Corrosion and Metals Research Institute, KIMAB). The Bulletin no. 7 is in turn based on the standard SS-EN ISO concerning corrosion protection of steel structures by painting, and the handbook BSK 99 from Boverket about steel structures, and other standards concerning corrosion protection. The recommendations comprises and refers to applicable laws, regulations, directives and state-of-the-art in the field. They are also intended to give guidance concerning selection of appropriate coating systems in hydro power stations. This guidance has been established through identification of corrosivity classes and corresponding appropriate coating systems for hydropower station components (table 3 and 11). The intention is to keep the recommendations updated concerning standards and painting systems and according to practical experiences. Ceramic composites has been identified as an interesting new field for surface coating in erosive and corrosive environments. A summary of characteristics and guidelines for application in the field of hydro power could be of future interest.

6 Contents 1 General 1 2 Corrosion in hydroelectric power plants 2 3 Surface treatment by corrosion protection painting Laws, directives, advice and recommendations in procuring corrosion protection painting Laws EU directives Other directives Advice and recommendations Other Safety classes Health and environment 8 5 Corrosivity classes 6 Construction and design Requirements for untreated surfaces Temporary corrosion protection Face of sealing joint Inspection before painting contract / condition survey Carrying out the inspection Evaluation Execution of the paint work Before application of the paint Pretreatment prior to painting Degreasing Blasting Water Blasting Grinding, scraping, brushing and needle gunning Performing the painting Filling Painting systems Painting systems for hydropower plants Ceramic composites Paint consumption Requirements on the finished protective paint system Maintenance painting Total repainting Partial recoating Touch-up coating Repainting only the topcoat Requirements for handling, transport and storage of painted steel structures 37

7 13 Supervision Checking the contractor Supervision of the paint work The contractor s internal checks Minimum requirements for control equipment and auxiliary devices The client s inspection of the painting work Qualification requirements for inspectors Reports Documentation List of standards 44

8 1 General The present recommendations for protective coating is a supplement to the specific technical description that are provided separately for each individual object. The recommendations should be used in the procurement of contracts for corrosion protection of new structures as well as for corrosion protection in connection with maintenance of components in hydroelectric power plants. The contractor is responsible for having read and comprehended the corrosion coating recommendations for hydroelectric power plants (MA-V) before starting the contractual work. The recommendations are based on the Handbok i rostskyddsmålning, (Handbook on corrosion protection painting), Bulletin no. 7 published by the Swedish Corrosion Institute (Korrosionsinstitutet; NB. From 2006, the Swedish Corrosion Institute is incorporated in the Corrosion and Metals Research Institute, KIMAB). The Bulletin no. 7 is in turn based on the standard SS-EN ISO concerning corrosion protection of steel structures by painting, SS-EN 90-2 and other standards concerning corrosion protection. All parties concerned in the various stages of the protection painting process share a responsibility in contributing to a result that is in agreement with that intended by the client in the procurement order. Unless otherwise specified in writing, the client anticipates a lifetime of between 25 and 30 years for the corrosion protection painting work delivered. This differs from SS-EN ISO where a lifetime of 15 years is assumed for the paint systems (for those paint systems that are expected to have the longest lifetime). MA-V shall be revised each year. All updates shall be made in co-operation with Elforsks programråd för Vattenkraft (Elforsk Hydroelectric Power Programme Council). Revisions will comprise the following areas: new standards and experiences shall be incorporated in the manual documentation concerning approved paint coatings and paint systems shall be brought up to date all standard designations shall be brought up to date The edition of the MA-V that is valid at the date of the invitation for tenders shall be valid during the whole of the contract period. MA-V is availably at That the painting work is carried out in accordance with the recommendations in the MA-V shall be verified by inspections. Unless the client decides otherwise the procurement shall comply to conditions and terms in the AB04, or, in case of a turnkey contract ( totalentreprenad ), the ABT06. Separate demands from each hydroelectric company shall be followed. 1

9 2 Corrosion in hydroelectric power plants Steel can be protected from corrosion with anti corrosion painting. Different paint systems breaks down with different speed and in different ways according to the environment. Therefore it is important to paint with right system at the right site. This demands that both customer, entrepreneurs and manufacturer takes active part in the anti corrosion painting process. A steel surface that is exposed to humidity and oxygen (water and air) will corrode. The actual corrosion rate will depend on a number of parameters, primarily humidity, temperature and the specific construction. These parameters may vary widely within one power plant. Certain structures are exposed to flowing water and others are constantly exposed to humidity. These will obviously corrode faster than structures exposed to warm indoors air. Even steel constructions in concrete, for example in reinforced concrete, can be suffer from corrosion attacks. Types of corrosion and corrosion rates will thus vary within a power plant, depending on the exact location of the structure. The most frequently encountered corrosion types in a hydroelectric power plant are: uniform corrosion where corrosion proceeds at a uniform rate on the whole surface pitting corrosion that results in local pits that may perforate the metal sheet crevice corrosion that occurs in narrow crevices and may result in very high local corrosion rates with voluminous corrosion products that may lead to cracking of the structure erosion corrosion and cavitation corrosion that are caused by the waterflow and that may result in serious damage locally stress corrosion in high-alloy steel grades that may result in cracks in the material. galvanic corrosion that occurs when different metals are electrically coupled in an electrolyte (liquid) resulting in corrosion of the less noble metal. Steel can be protected from all these types of corrosion by protective painting since the steel surface is then protected from humidity. Because different paint systems age and break down at different rates and by different paths it is of great importance that the correct system is used in the right place. In order to achieve this, an active participation from proprietors, contractors and suppliers is needed in the protective painting process. 2

10 3 Surface treatment by corrosion protection painting 3.1 Laws, directives, advice and recommendations in procuring corrosion protection painting The owner / property developer / manager is responsible for the maintenance of steel structures. This shall be carried out in such a way that the technical properties are preserved and meet given requirements. Structures that affect human safety shall be kept in good order. The exteriors of buildings shall be kept up. Laws and directives as well as regulations and recommendations govern the requirements that apply to steel structures with respect to new constructions as well as the management of existing ones. It should be emphasized that these laws, directives, advice and recommendations apply not only to buildings but to all load-bearing steel structures in the community. The following hierarchical structure is valid for laws ( lagar ), directives ( föreskrifter ), advice ( råd ) and recommendations ( anvisningar ): Laws (e.g. BVL and PBL) take precedence over Directives (e. g. AFS, ESA and SS-EN ISO 12944) which in turn take precedence over Advice and Recommendations (e. g. MA-V and TBY) The corrosion protection painting of hydroelectric power plants shall be in compliance with the following laws, directives, advice and recommendations, where applicable: Laws Act on Technical Requirements on Construction Work (Lagen om tekniska egenskapskrav, Byggnadsvårdslag ) BVL Law that regulates the responsibility of the owner / contractor / property manager with respect to the requirements on the technical properties of the building / installation, including maintenance and preservation. The Environmental Code (Miljöbalken) Law that provides the general framework for activities that may have consequences for the environment. As an example this law requires the contractor to use the environmentally best alternative of e g two different paint systems, the so called substitution principle. The environmental code obligates those who have an enterprise or otherwise carry out activities to obtain any knowledge that is needed to protect human health and the environment from damage or inconvenience. The Work Environment Act (Arbetsmiljölagen) AML. The basis for regulations in this area is provided by the Work Environment Act. All those who work with or have contact with products that may be injurious to health are obliged to acquire information about these. AML provides the external 3

11 framework for requirements on the work environment. The law describes the requirement of work environment coordinators (BAS-P and BAS-U) EU directives The EU issues directives which member countries are bound to incorporate as national laws. Directives that concern corrosion protective painting are administered by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, Naturvårdsverket) and the Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbetsmiljöverket). The VOC directive The VOC directive is a quite recent directive that affects corrosion protection painting. It stipulates that member countries must reduce their emissions of solvents. In practice this means that all who carry out activities where solvents are involved must reduce their emissions. This will lead to an increased demand for paint systems with low solvent contents or paint systems with no solvents. VOC stands for volatile organic compound which is a collective designation for easily vapourised organic compounds that have a vapour pressure of at least 0,01 kpa (kilopascal) at 20 gr C. Commonly used solvents in the paint industry are xylene, toluene, buthyl acetate and white spirit. The VOC directive comprises all these and the use of them consequently have to decrease. The directive does however not directly concern the toxicity of the respective compounds. The Water Framework Directive A unified EU directive for water was approved in The aim is to unite the efforts to protect the waters of Europe and make them uniform and forceful. It provides the tools for a more effective and more sustainable water management. The most important change compared to the previous situation is that all water management work shall be defined by the water basin areas, following the natural boundaries of the waterflows. REACH EU has adopted a new directive for chemicals, REACH. REACH requires that all chemical products have been examined and approved in order to be allowed to be on sale. This applies equally to old products that have been on the market for a long time. Manufacturers and suppliers have until 2016 to comply with this Other directives The Design Regulations EKS- Eurocodes together with national regulations- EKS- makes a system to be the Swedish regulations for design. BFS 2011: EKS 8 together with the new PBL is stated from Eurocode 3 is handling steelconstructions. 4

12 SS-EN 90 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures presents guidelines for execution and control of steel structures. SS-EN 90 composes of three parts, number 2 concerns surface treatment and refer mainly to SS-EN ISO SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. This standard composes of 8 parts that together deals with the whole corrosion paint process. Corrosivity classes are defined and example of suitable paint system are presented. Performance, control and testing methods are also presented. The Statute Collection of the Swedish Work Environment Authority AFS. The Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbetsmiljöverket) publishes a collection of statutes that provides guidance on how to ensure a good and safe working environment, at the same time complying with the work environment legislation. The Work Environment Authority has been given the task to regulate the details of legislation in this area. In the statutes series (AFS), advice and instructions that specify the requirements on the working environment are published. AFS 2005:18 Work with thermosetting polymers For work with thermosetting polymers the Work Environment Authority s directive Thermosetting polymers (Härdplaster) applies (AFS 2005:18). It requires i. a. that all those working with thermosetting polymers, including supervisors, must be well aware of the dangers in working with thermosetting polymers and know how to reduce these risks. Other employees who may come in contact with these materials must also have training. This must be updated each year. Prior to work start, during the continuation of the work and when it is finished, those who work with the material shall have medical examinations. AFS 1990:12 Scaffolding This directive i a underlines the importance of erecting scaffolding so that there is access for rescue operations. ESA Waterways Power Stations and ESA 05 Directive regarding electric safety work This directive concerns work at sites where electric equipment is installed unregarding the age of the equipment. It states also that all personal that shall be working near the equipment shall have been informed about the directive. Security Rules for Heat Work Security Rules for Heat Work is edited by Svenska Brandskyddsföreningen and gives information about regulations for heat works where there is risk for fire. AFS 2005:17 Hygieniska gränsvärden states the permitted content of hazardous species in air. 5

13 3.1.4 Advice and recommendations MA-V. Protective coating recommendations in hydro power stations. The present publication. Handbook for corrosion protection painting of steel structures. The Handbook for corrosion protection painting of steel structures (Handbok i rostskyddsmålning, Bulletin no. 7, Swedish Corrosion Institute, Stockholm, 1999) gives practical advice on the execution of corrosion protection paintwork from the tender to the final inspection. The basis of the handbook has been current standardisation, in the first place SS-EN ISO RIDAS. The power companies guidelines for dam safety. Elforsk report 01:14. Safety guidelines for work at waterways for power plants and water reservoirs. Elforsk report 96: Other The contractor must contact the client immediately if current regulations cannot be followed. When current regulations cannot be adhered to a deviation report shall be set up by the contractor. To be valid this report must be approved by the client. 3.2 Safety classes The responsibilities of the manager of a load-bearing steel structure are specified in laws and regulations. If they are not fulfilled with respect to inspections and maintenance there is a great liability risk. If the construction breaks down there is always a risk of accidents causing injuries on people and / or the environment. BFS 2011: EKS 8 Section B 2 Based on the extent of personal injuries that may occur on fracture of a part in a structure, the parts shall be assigned to the following safety classes: safety class 1 (low), small risk of serious personal injury, safety class 2 (normal), some risk of serious personal injury safety class 3 (high), great risk of serious personal injury. 3 Building parts may be assigned to safety class 1, if at least one of the following criteria is fulfilled: people are only exceptionally in or near the building, the part of the building is of such nature that a fracture cannot conceivably cause personal injury, or the part of the building is of such nature that a fracture will not cause a break-down but only make it unserviceable. 4 Building parts shall be assigned to safety class 3 if the following criteria are valid simultaneously: 6

14 the building is designed and used so that a number of persons are often in or near it, the building part is such that a collapse would cause great risk for personal injury, and the building part has such properties that a fracture would cause an immediate collapse. 5 Other parts of buildings shall be assigned to safety class 2 as minimum. Advice: In addition to the rquirements on safety class that concern bodily injury, the client may add stricter demands e g with respect to damage to property. 7

15 4 Health and environment The county administration ( länsstyrelsen ) or the local environmental authority must be informed about all work in hydroelectric power plants. This belongs to the client s responsibilities. To ensure that the authorities are informed representatives from the environmental office should be invited to the start-up meeting. The client is also responsible for contacting the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Räddningsverket) before start. Product information sheets with information on the health and environment hazards of the products must be available at the working site. It must be in Swedish and in the language that is spoken on site. The product information sheets must also contain information on the composition of the products, how dangers shall be avoided, the protective equipment that is needed and what shall be done in case of an accident. The contractor shall inform the person appointed by the client as responsible for safety about the hazards. All who work with thermosetting polymers including supervisors must before start have a written certificate on having attended training for work with thermosetting polymers and show a medical certificate in accordance with AFS 2005:18. The air reflux must be high enough to give a good environment according to health and to minimize the risk for explosion from the volatile organic compounds. The highest permitted content is given in the Work Environment Authority s regulations AFS 2005:17. ( Arbetsmiljöverkets författningssamling AFS 2005:17) The risk for static electricity shall be highlighted. All temporary storage premises for paint products, independent of where, must be approved by the client. Product properties with regard to inflammability, and toxicity, and the temperature of the storage space shall be taken in account for approval. At painting at the respective water power plants the contractor shall arrange all transports of paints to each work site and also arrange that all packaging, empty cans, protective covers and similar material are transported without delay to a location designated by the client. The contractor is responsible for the costs and arrangements for disposing of environmentally hazardous waste in accordance with directives from the authorities concerned and from the client. The contract presupposes that no environmentally hazardous components are released to water bodies or otherwise into nature. Inspection may result in a recommendation to clean the structure. This can well prolong the lifetime of the structure, particularly for surfaces that are not exposed to rain. Even though the cleaning itself produces a certain environmental load the best solution from an environmental aspect is still that 8

16 the existing coating lasts as long as possible. At the washing the environment will be affected by any cleaner used, washed-off paint components and dirt. From the environmental point of view it is quite clear that there should be as little recoating as possible. This is however not equivalent with doing recoating work as seldom as possible. In certain situations a complete repainting may be an option although it is not necessary from a purely technical point of view. Repainting is for instance chosen when it is difficult to determine the condition of the surfaces in question with certainty. An object that is difficult to access and where the access may also entail costs should probably also be repainted more thoroughly than technically needed. 9

17 5 Corrosivity classes In order to simplify the choice of protective paints, environments have been assigned to corrosivity classes. A basis for the classification is the rusting rate of steel. The classification that is used in Sweden is taken from the international standard SS-EN ISO In order to avoid having to expose test panels to determine the corrosivity class of the environment for each individual object, the standard has been supplemented in BSK 99 with examples of environments in the various corrosivity classes (table 1). Table 1. Corrosivity classes according to SS-EN ISO , with regard to atmospheric corrosion and with examples of respective environments. Corrosivi ty class Corrosivity of the Examples of typical environments in the temperate climatic zone (informative) environment Outdoors Indoors C1 Very low - Heated premises with dry air and insignificant amounts of pollutants, e g offices, shops, schools, hotels. C2 Low Atmospheres with low pollutant levels. Rural areas. C3 Moderate Atmospheres with some amount of salt or with moderate pollutant levels. Urban areas and slightly industrialised areas. Areas with some coastal effect. C4 High Atmospheres with moderate salt levels or with marked air pollutant levels. Industrial and coastal areas. C5-I C5-M Very high (Industrial) Very high (Marine) Industrial areas with high relative humidity and aggressive atmosphere. Coastal and offshore areas with high levels of salt. Unheated premises with variable temperature and humidity. Low frequency of condensation and small amounts of air pollutants, e g sports halls, storage spaces. Premises with moderate humidity levels and some amount of air pollutants from production processes, e g breweries, dairies, laundries. Premises with high humidity levels and large amounts of air pollutants from production processes e g chemical industries, swimming halls, shipyards. Premises with nearly constant condensation and large amounts of air pollutants. Premises with nearly constant condensation and large amounts of air pollutants. In addition there are corrosivity classes for steel in waters and soil according to table 2. Table 2. Corrosivity classes for waters and soil and examples of environments. Corrosivity class Environment / Surrounding Examples medium Im1 Fresh water Hydroelectric power plants Im2 Seawater or brackish water Harbour structures Im3 Soil Buried tanks, pipelines

18 Standard ISO describes an even higher corrosive environment, mainly in tropical climate. Those corrosiveityclasses (CXtreme) can be achieved in hydroelectric power plants in hot, humid parts. In a hydroelectric power plant several different corrosivity classes are represented. The same object may in addition be exposed to different corrosivity classes at the same time. An example is e g an intake gate where one side is exposed to water and the other is in the atmosphere. In many cases it will then be cheaper to treat the whole structure on the basis of the worst (least benign) corrosivity class. Table 3 summarises the different parts in a hydroelectric power plant and the corrosivity class of the environment in which the object generally may be assumed to be located. If an object should be located in a different corrosivity class than stated below this shall be made clear in a deviation report. Table 3. Corrosivity classes for objects in a hydroelectric power plant Objekt Atmospheric part Water part Oil part 2) Could be exposed to air Corrosivit y class in air Could be exposed to water Corrosivity class in water Could be exposed to oil Tillopstub Penstock X C5-M X Im1 Tillopstub exponerad för X Im3 jord Penstock exposed to soil Spiral in- och utsida/ X C5-M X Im1 Trottelventil Spiral case, inner and outer side Throttle valve Sugrörskona X Im1 Draft tube cone Sugrörsbeklädnad X Im1 Draft tube liner Turbinlock, inre och yttre X C5-M X Im1 Head cover, inner and outer side Ledskovel X Im1 Guide vane Ledskovelvev och -länk X C5-M X Im1 Guide vane lever and -link Ledkransring X C5-M alt X Im1 Distributor ring C4 Stagring, -pelare X Im1 Stay ring, -? Pådragsring (den rörliga delen) Regulating ring (moving part) X C4 X Im1 X Turbinaxel Turbine shaft Turbinaxel Turbine shaft Bulb (rör, bulbturbin) Bulb (pipe, bulb turbine) X C2 X Im1 X C3 X Im1 X C5-M X Im1 11

19 Objekt Atmospheric part Water part Oil part 2) Could be exposed to air Corrosivit y class in air Could be exposed to water Corrosivity class in water Could be exposed to oil Nedstigningsschakt X C5-M X Im1 (Bulbturbin) Man hold shaft (Bulb turbine) Yttre kona (Bulbturbin) X C5-M X Im1 Outer cone (Bulb turbine) Löphjulsnav X Im1 X Runner hub Löphjulskona X Im1 Runner cone Ledkransservomotor X C2 Guide vane servomotor Löphjulskammare 1) X C5-M Discharge ring Shaft seal (vatten kan X Im1 X Im1 rinna) Shaft seal (water can flow) Tryckoljeaggregat X C2 (tryckklocka, oljetank, X oljekylare, rörledning) Pressure oil equipment (Presure oil tank, oil tank, oil cooler, oil pipes) Lagerhus X C2 X Im1 X Bearing house Lagerhus, vattensmort X C5-M X Im1 Bearing house, waterlubricated Växellåda X C2 X Gearbox Generator X C2 Generator Obs Bärlager med oljelåda X C2 X och oljekylare (i förekommande fall) Support bearing with oilbox and oil cooler Obs Styrlagerarmkors X C2 X Pilot bearing (governor) spider Obs Styrlagerkåpa X C2 X Pilot bearing (governor) casing Obs Inmurningsring övre X Im1 och nedre Lining ring, upper and lower Bro, brygga, kran, travers, X C2 inomhus Bridge, pier, crane, travers, indoors Bro, brygga, kran, travers, utomhus, outdoors X C4 12

20 Objekt Atmospheric part Water part Oil part 2) Could be exposed to air Corrosivit y class in air Could be exposed to water Corrosivity class in water Could be exposed to oil Räcke, durk 3) X C2 Inomhus Hand rail, floor plate, indoor Räcke, durk 3) X C4 Utomhus Hand rail, floor plate, outdoor Kraftledningsstolpe 3) X C4 X Im3 Tower/ pylon Kylare Cooler/ condenser X C5-M X Im1 Ventil (ej trottel) för kallt X C5-M X Im1 vatten, in- och utsida Valve (not throttle) for cold water, inner and outer side Trottelventil (direkt efter X Im1 tillopstub) Throttle valve (directly after the penstock Transformator X C4 Transformer Utskovslucka / dammlucka X C5-M X Im1 Spillway gate Lucka insida om inbyggd, X C3 avfuktad och uppvärmd Gate inside if incapsuled, dehumidified and warm Nålstöd / isgrindar X Im1 Trash rack / ice gates Intagslucka X C5-M X Im1 Intake gate Sugrörslucka X C5-M X Im1 Draft tube gate Sättbalk/ sättlucka X C5-M X Im1 Stop log / stop shutter 4) 1) On condition that the löphjulskammarens water side is made of stainless steel. If the atmospheric part also is made of stainless steel painting is left out 2) The oil part depends on the type of oil used and is not included in the corrosvity classifications. 3) Should be hot-dip galvanised 4) Epoxiysystems are not allowed on stop logs 13

21 6 Construction and design For new structures the constructor shall be responsible for inspection and approval of the object for painting. The object must be inspected and approved by a technical expert before it is painted. Surfaces that are to be protected against rust by painting are highly dependent on the nature of the surface and the design of the object for achieving the required corrosion resistance. Thus it is particularly important that the structure is designed so that pretreatment before painting as well as the application of the rust protective paint can be carried out in a technically correct manner. The recommendations in SS-EN ISO : Annex A-D must be taken in account. All preparing shall be performed according to SS-EN ISO , se also tabel 9. It is important that it is stated unambiguously in the documentation concerning the object which surfaces that are to be painted and what type of treatment shall be used. It should also be stated which surfaces that are NOT to be painted if there are such. How to protect surfaces in order to avoid damage at blasting may also be stated. Parts or objects with surfaces that will not be accessible for a technically correct pretreatment and painting after mounting or installation shall be completely paint coated before mounting. Drainage holes and holes between reinforcing ribs and the reinforced part (notch holes) must be large enough to allow blasting of edges. Any cavities must be accessible. If possible crevices should be seal welded. Welding sputter, slag, sharp edges and grades must without fail have been eliminated before the object is handed over for painting. At construction or rebuilding the risk of galvanic corrosion must be noted. To avoid this it should generally be assumed that different metals must not be in electrical contact. If this cannot be avoided an expert should be consulted on how to prevent damage from galvanic corrosion. 6.1 Requirements for untreated surfaces Untreated (unprocessed) new surfaces that are to be provided with rust protection after pretreatment must meet the following requirements with respect to rust grade of the steel according to SS-EN ISO 8501: a) Not worse than rust grade B for surfaces continuously in contact with water or objects in corrosivity class C4. b) Not worse than rust grade C for interior surfaces. 14

22 The strength of rust grade D surfaces in load-carrying structures must be calculated. As a result of the calculation the part may have to be changed or reinforced. 6.2 Temporary corrosion protection Temporary corrosion protection effective for a few years can be achieved by application of rust protective oil. NB: any rust protective oil to be used must be approved by an expert. The temporary corrosion protection with rust protective oils must be removed from surfaces when they are to be rust protection painted. Shop primers ( VG-färg ) may be polyvinyl butyral type with or without addition of phosphoric acid, two-component zinc epoxy paint, epoxy ester, or zinc ethyl silicate paint or waterborne acrylic dispersion. Shop primers provide a less effective long-term corrosion protection than the primer that is indicated in the MA-V directives, and must always be removed by blasting before painting. 6.3 Face of sealing joint Face of sealing joint shall be treated carefully. Blasting shall be avoided. The surface can be treated with a thin layer (< 0 m) anti corrosion paint and thereafter the surface should be masked to avoid further painting. 15

23 7 Inspection before painting contract / condition survey This section is valid for first-time painting, as well as, where applicable, in maintenance painting. In order to make it easier for the client to decide if, how and to what extent a corrosion protection painting shall be undertaken, an inspection / condition survey is carried out. The inspection can preferably be carried out when the plant is subjected to other works. If paint coating is present and it is dirty, it must be cleaned before the inspection to ensure good inspection conditions. 7.1 Carrying out the inspection The client is responsible for drawings etc. being handed to the inspector well in time before the inspection. The client shall state in writing what shall be inspected. Information on which parts that are to be inspected particularly carefully with regard to strength and fatigue shall be produced before the inspection. On evaluation of the extent of corrosion of the steel, the rust grade is given as equivalent to A, B, C or D surfaces according to standard SS-EN ISO :2007. NB! This must not be confused with the degree of rusting (also sometimes called rust grade) of the paint coating, which is defined in table 5. Rust grade A denotes the best surface, and rust grade D the worst surface according to table 4. Table 4. Rust grades of steel Rust grade A Rust grade B Rust grade C Rust grade D Steel surface to a great extent covered by adhering mill scale but largely without rust Steel surface that has started to rust and where the mill scale has started to flake Steel surface where the mill scale has been lost by corrosion or where the mill scale can be scraped off, but where only few pits can be observed visually Steel surface where the mill scale has been lost by corrosion and where a considerable number of pits can be observed visually with an unaided eye It is important at the inspection to note the location of the areas with the various amounts of rust: if the rust is evenly distributed over the whole structure or if it is concentrated to particular parts. If there is visible rust on parts that are exposed to particularly heavy loads it must be taken care of earlier than if the rust is found on other parts. Finally it is important to make clear if the rust attacks have caused dimensional reductions, and the general shape of the rusted surface. Here crevices in particular must be noted. They 16

24 may appear to be in good condition from the outside, but dimensions may be considerably reduced from inside. If a crevice is suspected to be damaged an ultrasound measuring device that can gauge the goods thickness from the outside, is useful to have. Such instruments are available as portable models for field use. To use them the paint must be ground off on the outside so that the measuring device can be attached to bare steel. This control must be carried out by skilled personal. When repainting, both the downbreak of the existing paint and the rust grade of the steel is stated. The rust grade of the steel is stated according to table 4. The breakdown of the existing paint is stated according to following parameters: The rustgrade of the paint is stated according to table 5 (from SS-EN ISO ). Table 5 shows the relationship between rust grade of a painted surface and the rusted area in % at evaluation of the degradation of paint. Table 5. Rust grade of the paint coating Degree of rusting Rusted area, in % Ri 0 0 Ri 1 0,05 Ri 2 0,5 Ri 3 1 Ri 4 8 Ri 5 40/50 Blistering according to standard SS EN ISO Cracking according to standard SS-EN ISO Flaking according to standard SS-EN ISO Remaining layer thickness may be determined with a coating thickness gauge according to ISO Adhesion can be determined in several ways: with a pull test machine according to standard SS-EN ISO 4624 or SS- EN ISO The method also provides information on where the adhesion in weakest: between paint and steel, between two paint layers, within a paint layer etc. with the cross-cut test method according to standard SS-EN ISO Note that the determination of adhesion is a destructive method even if only small areas are involved. The paint should be repaired after measurement. It is important that the adhesion is determined in a sufficient number of places so that no area with poor adhesion is overlooked. An alternative is to prepare test panels the same way as the real object and make destructive tests on the test panel. 17

25 The number of areas to be tested is given by standard SS-EN ISO (pending approval) as shown in table 6. The inspector can test different number of areas. Table 6. Number of measuring points for determination of adhesion. Area to be inspected (m 2 ) Number of measuring points up to 00 3 for each surface equal to 250 m2 more than additional for each surface equal to 00 m 2 a) a) Dividing into smaller inspection areas is recommended A rough idea of the adhesion and certain paint properties can be obtained using only a knife. Only the standardised methods are however valid should a dispute arise. 7.2 Evaluation Steel with a rust grade equal to D should not be used for construction of new load-bearing structures in risk category 3. Some trade standards state that steel surfaces with rust grade D shall be replaced at repainting. As a rule only surfaces of classes C and D are encountered in maintenance painting. With steel with a D surface in load-bearing structures the strength must be calculated and, if needed, action must be taken to achieve approved strength. Penetrating holes in the steel may be repaired by welding on a new piece. Reinforcing panels may also be inserted. If old welds are in a bad condition they should be replaced. In each individual case a number of different factors must be weighed together for a decision on whether repainting should be undertaken, and how extensive it should be. In addition a number of other aspects must be considered such as economy the state of the existing paint system accessibility knowledge of the existing paint system remaining lifetime consequences if the structure is destroyed by corrosion demands on appearance repainting should be done earlier if the inspection cannot take place before the expected lifelength of the structure is well passed. Repainting is usually undertaken at degrees of rusting Ri 4 or Ri 5. This means that 50 % of the paint coating still remains, in a more or less damaged state. A painted surface on a structure that is exposed to fatigue loads or has a risk of brittle fracture is scheduled for maintenance when rust degree Ri 4 has been reached. From the economical point of view it is important to find the optimal time for maintenance painting. It is obviously difficult to determine this time exactly 18

26 but investigations have shown that it generally occurs when the painted surface has reached Ri 3. At maintenance painting where the old paint system is partially left on the structure the new paints must be compatible with the existing ones. Note that this applies not only to those paint layers that are in direct contact with each other but to all paints in the coating sequence since the solvents from the new paints may migrate (pass through) the layers to dissolve other paints. To evaluate if the paint is physically died, chemical dried or oxidative drying it can be painted with different solvents. After a while the surface can be observed according to table 7. Table 7. Interaction between different solvents and different paint types (accoding to FROSIO Handbook Overflatebehandling mot korrosjon ) Type of paint Xylen MEK (methylethylketon) Ethanol Clorcautchuc dissolves dissolves uneffected Vinyl dissolves dissolves uneffected Alkyd raises raises uneffected PVA (polyvinylacetate) unaffected uneffected dissolves Epoxy uneffected softens a little uneffected It is important that the solvent is allowed to react long enough time. The compatibility between various paint types is shown in the standard SS EN ISO The table 8 should be seen as a guide; special paints with differing compatibilities may always occur. Because of this, and because the exact composition of a paint may vary, the paint manufacturer should always be contacted before an existing paint is recoated with a new one. 19

27 Table 8. Compatibility between paint types Shop primer Compatibility between shop primer and the following types of paint Binder Pigment Alkyd Chlorinated rubber Vinyl/PVC Akryl Epoxi (different Polyurethane Zinc silicate types) Alkyd Varying Not compatible Not compatible Not compatible Not compatible Not compatible Polyvinylbutyrat Varying Not compatible Not compatible Not compatible Epoxy Varying Not compatible Epoxy Zinc granulates Silicate Zinc granulates Not compatible Not compatible Acrylic Varying Not compatible Not compatible (may need blasting before painting) Not compatible Not compatible Not compatible If a partial recoating with a complete paint system is made, the painting must overlap to a certain extent the old paint that is to remain. In this case also the paints must be compatible. In maintenance painting it is the client s responsibility to ensure that the contractor is given information in writing on any environmental hazards of the existing paint. It is the contractors responsibility to handle any environmentally hazardous old paint so that it is collected and transported to a place indicated by the environmental authority concerned. 20

28 8 Execution of the paint work 8.1 Before application of the paint The entrepreneur shall state that the following are fulfilled when receiving the goods to be painted: The surfaces at the time of paint application agrees with the pretreatment degree according to the standard SS-ISO which is specified for the kind of pretreatment and on the design drawings. This also applies at recoating. The welds, edges and areas with defects are pretreated according to SS-ISO The pretreatment degree is performed to pretreatment degrees according to table 9. Table 9. Pretreatment degrees for different corrosivity classes Pretreatment Description Corrosivity Class Degree P1 Light preparation: no preparation or only C1 and C2 minimum preparation needs to be carried out before application of paint P2 Thorough preparation: most imperfections C3 and C4 are remedied P3 Very thorough preparation: surface is free from significant visible imperfections C5-I, C5-M and Im1-Im3 The surface shall be free from: a) Paint, oil, soot, welding fumes, fat, graphite, dust, clay, markings made with e g marker pens and crayons, chlorides, sulphates and other water soluble salts etc. b) Welding spatter, millscale and casting skin, oxide scale and visible laminations. c) Sharp edges and grades. Sharp indentations e g from lifting tools. Edges shall be broken, cf Figure 1, for instance by bevelling min 1x45º or by rounding to r>2mm according to the standard SS-ISO This shall be carried out with a grinding machine, size medium. 21

29 1 Aproximate original shape 2 Bevelling > 1x45º 1 mm x 45º 3 The two new edges are bevekked to final shape r > 2mm Figure 1. Breaking of edges before rust protective painting If the steel sheet has been repaired by welding or insertion of a reinforcing steel sheet or if old welds have been repaired, sharp edges must be graded and the joint between old and new steel and any welds must be ground and polished. The surface must be dry and the temperature of the surface must not be lower than the required value for the prescribed paint type. Note the risk of condensation on a cold surface. Thus the surface temperature must be at least +3º C above the dewpoint. If dehumidification is required this shall be included in the painting contract. The dehumidifiers must be dimensioned so that the relative humidity of the air is kept below 40%. Where the paint manufacturer has stricter requirements than those specified above, these shall be fulfilled. Surfaces that will be covered on mounting or otherwise become inaccessible shall be completely painted while they are still accessible. Sealing surfaces that must not be treated shall be protected according to the client s instructions before pretreatment and painting. Before painting masking shall be applied to an area of 0-50 mm from designated welds. This must be done before every layer of paint. 22

30 8.2 Pretreatment prior to painting Before starting the pretreatment the contractor shall verify that all surfaces that are to be painted meet the stated requirements with regard to rust grade of the steel, preparation etc Degreasing Degreasing shall always be undertaken before blasting and other mechanical pretreatments. The degreasing agents and equipment must be suited to the types of encountered contaminants so that they will be removed completely. From an environmental point of view the best choice is to degrease by highpressure washing with hot water. In certain cases this is not sufficient and other cleaning methods will be needed. In some cases it is convenient to clean with steam Blasting Blasting to the prescribed degree of pretreatment according to standard SS- EN ISO shall be performed on a degreased surface. If nothing else are specified sand blasting should be done to degree Sa21/2 according to SS-EN ISO In general contaminants, rough areas and milling defects shall be removed before degreasing and blasting are undertaken. Milling defects, laminations etc that are discovered at degreasing or blasting shall be ground down, and the local area shall be degreased and reblasted. Work that entails more than superficial removal of material must not be undertaken without the approval of the client. At blasting the same environmental conditions with regard to air humidity and temperature shall prevail as at the painting. The surface must be dry and the temperature of the surface must not be below the value required for the chosen paint type. Note the risk of condensation on a cold surface. Thus the surface temperature must be at least +3º C above the dewpoint. Coolingdown between blasting and painting is not allowed, storing between blasting and painting have to be in doors with controlled temperature. The content of oil in the blasting agent must not exceed 0 mg/kg. This is particularly important to observe where blasting material is reused. Certificate from laboratory test must be archived and shown upon request. Blasting agents and blasting conditions shall be chosen so that specified and /or recommended profile depth and surface roughness is achieved. Unless otherwise stated the surface roughness shall be medium Grit according to SS- EN ISO Wheel abrading (wheel blasting) is not allowed. The compressed air for the blasting equipment shall be dry and free from oil. This can be checked by letting the air pass a white cloth. 23

31 After blasting the blasting agent must be removed from the blasted surface as well as from surrounding areas by careful ejector vacuum cleaning. This can be checked according to SS-EN ISO (tape method). The surface of the object to be painted must not have a chloride concentration above 20 mg/m 2 when tested according to SS-EN ISO (Bresle method) Water Blasting By water blasting, blasting with water at ultra high pressure, above 170 MPa (1700 bar), is meant. For water blasting the appropriate degree of pretreatment shall be stated according to standard SS-EN ISO Inhibitors may not be used. The surface roughness must be considered so that it will be suitable for the paint to be used. This may require sand blasting. The whole area of the object is considered Grinding, scraping, brushing and needle gunning Grinding, scraping, brushing and needle gunning shall be performed to St 3 according to ISO unless otherwise stated. Machine brushing is not allowed since it will produce a polished surface with poor paint adhesion. After grinding and scraping all loose debris must be removed by careful vacuum cleaning. After grinding, scraping or other machine work the surface shall be degreased if needed. 8.3 Performing the painting Directives from the paint manufacturer concerning the paint must be followed. A steel surface shall be painted as soon as possible after pretreatment. As a target value at 20º C och 60% RH the painting work shall be carried out within 8 hours after the blasting has been finished. If this cannot be accomplished dehumidifiers must be used and the desired value shall be < 40% RH. Between the blasting and painting operations no work may be performed on the blasted object. If work have been performed after the blasting the object shall be blasted again. The painting material shall as a rule have the same temperature at the time of painting as the painting premises. Temperature and humidity must not change to less favourable values between the end of the painting work and until curing has taken place. 24

32 With respect to the length of the drying and curing periods the influence of temperature, humidity, film thicknesses, types of paints etc. must be taken in account. Application shall be performed according to the manufacturer directives by paint spraying if possible. When demanded, equipment for two component spray shall be used. This can not be exchanged to solving. Primer may only be applied with roller if no rest from the roller is left on the surface and provided that the coating is afterwards worked over and smoothed out with a paintbrush. All paint in a paint system shall be obtained from the same paint manufacturer. Areas with pits, edges etc shall be carefully worked with a paint brush an extra time before the primer coating is applied, and then between application of each paint layer. A coat of primer shall be applied with a paintbrush on weld joints and other joints before the regular primer painting. The stated film thickness, in m, for the respective coating layers is a minimum value. The maximum value stated by the manufacturer of all respective coating layers must be followed. Paint layers thicker than twice the nominal thickness will normally not be accepted. Recommendations from the paint manufacturer concerning the time between pretreatment and painting must be adhered to. Each paint layer must be continuous without visible runnings or dripping, dry spray, blisters, pores, craters and other defects, and applied to produce a smooth, uniform surface. Solving the paint shall be avoided. If permitted by the manufacturer, the data sheet from the manufacturer must be followed. 8.4 Filling Filling with putty or sealing with joint sealing compound shall always be made on a primer coated surface. The filler must be compatible with the existing paint system and must be approved by the paint manufacturer. In case of damage or other defects the retouch painting shall be performed according to the original instruction for first-time painting, and meet the specifications for the paint system. Recoating of the whole surface is required if there are several damaged areas near each other, or if the paint layer is too thin to produce a uniform surface. 25

33 9 Painting systems 9.1 Painting systems for hydropower plants The painting contractor must make sure that the delivery meets the stated specifications. The paint manufacturer shall withdraw a sample of at least 1/3 liter of paint from each new batch of paint produced. The sample shall be stored by the paint manufacturer for the duration of the guarantee period. Table 11 shows suitable painting systems for hydroelectric power plants and auxiliary equipment. Table 11 is valid mainly for first-time painting. For maintenance painting see section 12. Tabell 11. Painting systems for hydropower plants Object In air In water In oil 2) Corrosivity class in air Paintsystem Corrosivity class in Paintsystem Paintsystem water Tillopstub Penstock C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Tillopstub exponerad för jord Penstock exposed to soil Spiral in- och utsida/ Trottelventil Spiral case, inner and outer side Throttle valve Sugrörskona Draft tube cone Sugrörsbeklädnad Draft tube liner Turbinlock, inre och yttre Head cover, inner and outer side Ledskovel Guide vane Ledskovelvev och -länk Guide vane lever and - link Ledkransring Distributor ring Stagring, -pelare Stay ring, -? Pådragsring (den rörliga delen) Regulating ring (moving part) Im3 Special/ Specialist must be contacted Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1,2 C5-M alt C4 MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C4 MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, MA-V6 Turbinaxel Turbine shaft C2 MA-V 5 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, 26

34 Object In air In water In oil 2) Corrosivity class in air Paintsystem Corrosivity class in Paintsystem Paintsystem water Turbinaxel Turbine shaft C3 MA-V 7 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Bulb (rör, bulbturbin) Bulb (pipe, bulb turbine) C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Nedstigningsschakt (Bulbturbin) Man hold shaft (Bulb turbine) Yttre kona (Bulbturbin) Outer cone (Bulb turbine) Löphjulsnav Runner hub Löphjulskona Runner cone Ledkransservomotor Guide vane servomotor Löphjulskammare 1) Discharge ring Shaft seal (vatten kan rinna) Shaft seal (water can flow) Tryckoljeaggregat (tryckklocka, oljetank, oljekylare, rörledning) Pressure oil equipment (Presure oil tank, oil tank, oil cooler, oil pipes) Lagerhus Bearing house Lagerhus, vattensmort Bearing house, waterlubricated Växellåda Gearbox Generator Generator Obs Bärlager med oljelåda och oljekylare (i förekommande fall) Support bearing with oilbox and oil cooler Obs Styrlagerarmkors Pilot bearing (governor) spider Obs Styrlagerkåpa Pilot bearing (governor) casing Obs Inmurningsring övre och nedre Lining ring, upper and lower Bro, brygga, kran, travers, inomhus Bridge, pier, crane, travers, indoors C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C2 MA-V 5,7 C5 MA-V 4 Im1 Utv: MA-V 1,2, 9, Inv: MA-V4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Im1 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, MA-V6 C2 MA-V7 MA-V6 C2 MA-V5 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, C5 MA-V4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, MA-V6 MA-V6 C2 MA-V7 MA-V6 C2 MA-V7 C2 MA-V7 MA-V6 C2 MA-V7 MA-V6 C2 MA-V7 MA-V6 C2 MA-V5 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, 27

35 Object In air In water In oil 2) Corrosivity class in air Paintsystem Corrosivity class in water Paintsystem Paintsystem Bro, brygga, kran, travers, utomhus, outdoors Räcke, durk 3) Inomhus Hand rail, floor plate, indoor Räcke, durk 3) Utomhus Hand rail, floor plate, outdoor Kraftledningsstolpe 3) Tower/ pylon C4 C2 C4 C4 MA-V4, MA- V8 MA-V7 alt hot dip galvanizing MA-V4 alt hot dip galvanizing Hot dip galvanizing SS-EN ISO 1461 Stainless steel Im3 Hot dip galvanizing SS-EN ISO 1461 Stainless steel Kylare Cooler/ condenser C5-M Im1 Ventil (ej trottel) för kallt C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, vatten, in- och utsida Valve (not throttle) for cold water, inner and outer side Trottelventil (direkt efter Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, tillopstub) Throttle valve (directly after the penstock Transformator C4 MA-V4 Transformer Utskovslucka / C5-M MA-V4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, dammlucka Spillway gate Lucka insida om inbyggd, C3 MA-V7 avfuktad och uppvärmd Gate inside if incapsuled, dehumidified and warm Nålstöd / isgrindar Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Trash rack / ice gates Intagslucka C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Intake gate Sugrörslucka C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Draft tube gate Sättbalk/ sättlucka C5-M MA-V 4 Im1 MA-V 1, 2, 9, Stop log / stop shutter 1) It is assumed that the waterside of the runner is constructed in stainless steel. The painting is excluded if the side exposed to air also are in stainless steel. 2) The oil side is dependent of the type of oil and is not a part of any corrosivity class. 3) Hot dip galvanizing is preferred. MA-V 1 (BSK 99 S8.05) Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxy (micaceous oxide iron/micaceous iron oxide) to min 80 m (1 x järnglimmerpigmenterad epoxi, min 80 m) Intermediate coat Top coat 2 x high solid (min 85%) epoxi (2-pack) to min 400 m (2 x tvåkomponent epoxi med hög volymtorrhalt, min till min 400 m) Totally Min 480 m 28

36 MA-V 2 (BSK 99 S8.06 in new SS-EN ISO suggestion nr: A607) Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxy (micaceous oxide iron/micaceous iron oxide) to min 0 m (1 x järnglimmerpigmenterad epoxi min 0 m) Intermediate coat Top coat 3 x high solid (min 85%) epoxi (2-pack) to min 700 m (3 X tvåkomponent epoxi med hög volymtorrhalt min 85% min 700 m) Totally Min 800 m MA-V 3 Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxy (micaceous oxide iron/micaceous iron oxide), min 80 m, maximum 0 m (1 x järnglimmerpigmenterad epoxi, 80 till max 0 m) Intermediate coat Top coat Totally Min 80 to max 0 m MA-V 4 Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxy (micaceous oxide iron/micaceous iron oxide) to min 80 m (1 x järnglimmerpigmenterad epoxi min 80 m) Intermediate coat 1 x high solid (min 85%) epoxi (2-pack) to min 200 m (1 x tvåkomponent epoxi med hög volymtorrhalt min 85% till min 200 m) Top coat 1 x polyurethane (2-pack) to min 40 m (1 x tvåkomponent polyuretanfärg till min 40 m) Totally Min 320 m MA-V 5 Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1x alkyde with passivated pigment to min 80 m (1 x alkyd med passiverande pigment, min 80 m) Intermediate coat Top coat 1 x alkyde to min 80 m (1 gång alkyd, min 80 m) Totally Min 160 m MA-V 6 Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxyphenol (thick film-type) to min 125 m (1 x epoxifenol av tjockfilmstyp till min 125 m) Intermediate coat Top coat 1 x epoxyphenol (thick film-type) to min 125 m (1 x epoxifenol av tjockfilmstyp till min 125 m) Totally Min 250 m 29

37 MA-V 7 (BSK 99 S2.16) Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxy (micaceous oxide iron/micaceous iron oxide) to min 80 m (1 x Järnglimmerpigmenterad epoxi, min 80 m) Intermediate coat Top coat 1 x polyurethane to min 80 m (1 x polyuretan, min 80 m) Totally Min 160 m MA-V 8 Pretreatment According to chapter 8.2 Priming coat 1 x epoxy (alumina pigmented) to min 160 m (1 x aluminiumpigmenterad epoxi, min 160 m) Intermediate coat 1 x epoxy (micaceous oxide iron/micaceous iron oxide) to min 160 m (1 x järnglimmerpigmenterad epoxi, min 160 m) Top coat *) 1 x high solid (min 85%) epoxi (2-pack) to min 160 m (1 x tvåkomponent epoxi med hög volymtorrhalt (min 85%), min 160 m) Totally Min 480 m MA-V 9 Pretreatment Sa 3 Priming coat Intermediate coat Top coat *) 2 x solvent free epoxy Totally Min 500 m MA-V Pretreatment Sa 3 Priming coat Intermediate coat Top coat *) 3 x solvent free epoxy Totally Min 750 m *) can whitening (chark) outdoors 9.2 Ceramic composites Ceramic composites are used to some extent to-day. They are primarily used where wear is very high. Because their surface resists roughening and damage by abrasion, theoretically a higher efficiency may also be attained by using them. If ceramics are used expert advice must be sought since there are no accepted directives for painting on ceramics so that a fully satisfactory result is produced. There are also materials on the market designated as ceramics but which are not ceramics in the accepted sense. Ceramics will probably be used more widely in the future but they must first be evaluated. On using ceramics the contractor must be authorised for it. Standard SSG 1908 edited by the Swedish Pulp and Paper industry gives some guidance according to surface treatment with ceramic comoposites. 9.3 Paint consumption The amount of paint needed can theoretically be calculated as follows: F = (X*Y)/(*Z) F = totally amount of paint needed (l) 30

38 X= totally surface that shall be painted (m 2 ) Y= dry film thickness (m) Z= dry volume in % The calculation above requires that all paint is used directly on the surface. Due to waste/spillage/ the totally amount actually needed is always higher than the theoretically. The calculation should therefore always be multiplied with a number larger than 1. If, for instance the waste is assumed to be 50%, F above should be multiplied with 1.5 to achieve the right consumption of paint. 31

39 Requirements on the finished protective paint system Identity, color and gloss shall be in agreement with the specification. Coverage (Hiding power) shall be good and edges and open surfaces shall have a uniform colour. Each paint layer shall be continuous, without visible runnings, drops, blisters, pores, craters or other defects, and shall be applied so that a smooth uniform surface is produced. Sandpaper structure or orange peel surface is not acceptable. The finished paint coating and reference surfaces, if such have been set up, shall agree. The nominal film thickness of the coating system shall agree with the specification. Determination of the film thickness shall be carried out according to SS-ISO where also a definition of minimum thickness on the tested surface is given. The adhesion shall be determined according to SS-EN ISO 4624 and shall be reported according to requirements in the said standard. Adhesion test can be performed on a test panel treated exactly the same as the painted construction. The thickness of the test panels should be at least mm. On handing over the adhesion shall be MPa when tested according to the standard SS-EN ISO Film thickness data, documents, quality manuals etc shall be delivered, examined and approved at the handing over. In the final inspection of Im classified objects, testing for holidays according to the standard ASTM D shall be included. The whole surface shall be included and no penetrations shall be accepted. At the end of the guarantee period the coating layers shall not have values below those stated below for the respective properties: Rust protective capacity Standard SS-EN ISO Ri 1 Blistering Standard SS-EN ISO Cracking Standard SS-EN ISO Class 0 Flaking Standard SS-EN ISO Adhesion Standard SS-EN ISO MPa (not valid for alkyde systems) 32

40 11 Maintenance painting After inspection, see Section 9, and after it has been established that maintenance painting is needed for the structure, the extent of the maintenance painting work to be undertaken shall be determined. The options for the maintenance painting work are as follows: Total repainting which entails a complete removal of the old paint and repainting of the steel with a new paint system. After the old paint has been removed a total repainting is equivalent to first-time paintwork. Pretreatment, choice of coating system and application may then be done according to Sections 9 and. Partial recoating where parts of the structure are recoated from the bare steel surface. Local touch-up coating where parts of the structure are recoated, frequently only with renewal of the top coating layer. This will give a visually spotted surface. Repainting the whole top coat where the outmost (top) layer is recoated. It is important to examine the steel surface before repaint system is decided. After the type of repainting work has been decided on, the paint types to be used are chosen, and on the basis of this, the pretreatment to be carried out. If all paint is not to be removed the compatibility between the new paint and the old paint shall be investigated. Paints shall be compatible chemically and mechanically. Irrespective of choice of method, MA-V shall be used where applicable. It is an advantage if the repainting can be co-ordinated with other construction or maintenance work Total repainting In total repainting all old paint is removed. None must remain on the surface. Preferably water blasting or ordinary blasting is employed. If maintenance has been delayed until total repainting is necessary, the condition of the surface will probably be so poor that blasting with blasting agents will be needed in order to obtain a surface that agrees with requirements in the product information sheets from the paint manufacturers. If the surface has been blasted earlier it may suffice to use water blasting with water only, or possibly with addition of a small amount of a blasting agent. A precondition for total repainting is that there is capacity to take care of and separate the wastes from the process in a reasonably simple way so that environmentally hazardous waste is not produced unnecessarily. 33

41 When all paint has been removed the steel shall be inspected with regard to i a presence of cracks, pits and penetrating corrosion. Such defects must be repaired before the repainting. Welding or insertion of reinforcing steel is generally used for the repairs. Where load-bearing structures are involved expertise on steel construction shall be contacted. Any welded joints must also be prepared so that the prescribed surface roughness and cleanliness is attained. Joints with fasteners, screws or rivets must also be inspected and the fastening devices changed if neccessary. It is important to examine the condition of the steel surface beneath the original paint before deciding on the coating system for the repainting. Problems often occur in crevice and weld areas. These must be treated separately. It may be impossible to clean slits and crevices properly without dismounting the ensemble. Total repainting is the preferred choice when the degree of rusting of the paint is worse than Ri 4. Examples of where this may be the case are e g when: the paint has blisters reaching to the steel surface the paint has cracked down to the steel on a major part of the surface the adhesion to the steel is bad (generally less than 4 MPa on a major part of the surface, when determined according to the standard SS-EN ISO ). the paint is flaking down to the steel surface in large areas. Other circumstances may also motivate a choice of total repainting. These may be: if there are large initial costs for any painting work if the construction is in a location with poor accessibility and exposed to a corrosive environment if there is considerable uncertainty about the condition of the coating system 11.2 Partial recoating In partial recoating the object has areas that are wholly intact, with primer, undercoat and topcoat remaining, at the same time as the coating in other areas has been lost to a varying extent. In some areas only bare, often rusty, steel may remain. Because of this primer, undercoat and top coat must be applied on certain areas of the object, which in turn requires pretreatment such as washing and blasting of these parts according to ISO The advantage of partial recoating is the comparatively low cost since only damaged areas are recoated. Partial recoating may be chosen when; the steel surface is bare in parts (max Ri 2) but the greater part of the surface is still covered with well adhering paint the new coating system is compatible with the original coating 34

42 a repainted part will have the same time interval to next repainting as the main structure. A major repainting can then be coordinated by striving to give all parts of the structure the same target date for recoating. Some disadvantages of partial recoating compared to total repainting are i a: the distribution of responsibilities will be complicated making guarantees difficult to obtain it is difficult to determine the extent of work in advance it is difficult to establish what lies under the recoating paint. Edge lifting must not occur. This can be avoided if the blasting nozzle is angled to about 60º at the edges so that the blasting grit produces a grinding effect. The edges may also have to be ground separately afterwards. For aesthetic and quality-related reasons a partial recoating is generally finished with a layer of topcoat on the whole surface Touch-up coating In touch-up coating only parts of the structure and coating system are recoated. There shall be no rusty areas. Consequently only the underpaint and / or topcoat layers are renewed. The surface is prepared by washing down. After this the same type of paint as used earlier for the object is applied, unless it is so environmentally hazardous that it should not be used. If this is the case, or it is no longer produced, or if the type of paint used previously cannot be determined, the topcoat shall be chosen based on compatibility and corrosivity class. Here it is assumed that the previous paint is identified. If that is not the case, and it cannot be determined by testing, test areas must be coated with the new paint. This shall be done at least one month before the repainting in order to determine the compatibility. Adhesion shall be tested before the whole object is painted. Local touch-up coating may be chosen when the surface has no rust damage the paint system is compatible with the previously used paint For aesthetic and quality-related reasons a local touch-up coating work is generally finished with a layer of topcoat on the whole surface Repainting only the topcoat A paint coat that looks acceptable may still have aged. The topcoat may gradually disappear. In order to check this, the remaining film thickness is determined. The aim is to determine the extent of degradation of the topmost layer. If the coating system consists of several different paints the Coating drill method, as described in the standard SS-EN ISO 2808 must be used to determine the thickness of the topmost layer. In this method a cone-shaped hole is drilled through the paint, and the thicknesses of the respective layers are then determined in a microscope. Use of the method requires a trained and experienced surveyor. A renewal of the topcoat layer is sufficient if the 35

43 surface layer has decreased but the coating is otherwise intact. To be certain of this an adhesion test should also be performed. After this it will be sufficient to clean the surface (ISO ) and eventually roughened up the surface and finally apply a new topcoat. This topcoat must obviously be compatible with the underlying paint as well as with the previous topcoat. Reapplication of only the topcoat may be used when; only the topcoat has been wholly or partly lost by erosion, the layers beneath are intact and adhere well to the basis and the new topcoat is compatible with the existing topcoat and with the underlying layers of paint. 36

44 12 Requirements for handling, transport and storage of painted steel structures Goods damaged in transport must as a rule be retouch painted before the object is mounted in the plant. Goods must be handled in a way so that the risk of damage to the paint layer is minimized. Goods may not be transported until the paint has dried throughout (to print free) according to the fact sheets from the paint manufacturer. Dry throughout (print free) means that the paint coat is sufficiently dry so as not to be damaged. Transport or storage may not be undertaken if the environment should then deviate from stated requirements during the curing process. If there are any doubts about e g handling at lifting the surface coating contractor shall contact the client for information in order to avoid damage on the construction. The client is however obliged to inform the contractor about sensitive constructions. Storage of painted structures shall be done so that the chemical curing process is unbroken. The painted structures shall be stored in a well protected environment so that an optimal quality of the painting system is achieved. At storage the structure shall rest on a wood or rubber bedding. 37

45 13 Supervision It is highly important that the object is supervised during the process. The supervision should be performed both by the contractor, so called internal inspections, and by a supervisor from the client. The superviser shall have appropriate professional knowledge about surface protection as well as having good knowledge of the object Checking the contractor On accepting a contractor the client shall check and verify that the painting enterprise in question has the necessary resources and competence for carrying out the contract work, and that the directives that are given in the painting directives have been understood. The resources, routines and qualifications of the company to carry out necessary internal checks and verification of the paint work execution should also be established. This is expected to be fulfilled both technically and economically if the contractor is authorised for rust protection painting (auktoriserad i rostskyddsmålning). Otherwise the contractor must be tried according to the requirements for authorization Supervision of the paint work The paint contractor is obliged to make sure that the directives that have been agreed on are followed and that the established requirements are fulfilled. The paint contractor shall call to inspections at the occasions that have been agreed on in the contract. Unless otherwise stated an inspection shall always take place after pretreatment before painting. The notice to attend shall be sent out well in time before inspections. The paint contractor is responsible for internal checks having been carried out and documented before the client s inspection. The client s inspector shall have access to the work site at the inspection occasion. Inspection costs caused by faulty suborders or reinspections of failed work shall be carried by the contractor according to AB04/ABT The contractor s internal checks Internal checks shall be performed continuously as a minimum according to SS-EN ISO The contractor s internal checks shall be verified in writing in a diary that is kept up daily during the progress of the work according to the supplement Certificate on basic checks at rust protective painting, (Intyg över grundkontroll vid rostskyddsmålning). It must not be made up 38

46 retrospectively. Other forms may be accepted on condition that all information in the mentioned form is included. The reporting may also be done electronically but must then be available to the client or his agent on a daily basis. This can be done e g by or on a common project site on a network. Deviations and other noteworthy matters shall be reported directly and be signed by the client. The filled-in and signed forms are part of the final documentation. Photographs taken to verify particular surface conditions and any inquiry reports shall be attached to the final documentation. The contractor s supervisor in charge shall ensure the following before the painting work starts: that environmental requirements are fulfilled that all stipulated pretreatment has been carried out and that the results meet the given requirements that the paint ordered is what has been intended for the object and that it meets the requirements for the intended kind of work that the party / parties to carry out the painting work have access to the current directives for the painting and is familiar with the given requirements and has sufficient professional training to be able to carry out the painting according to current practice for the paint system. The paint contractor shall be able to produce certificates showing that supervisors and painters as well as inspectors have the appropriate professional training for their respective work. The paint contractor has the responsibility to ensure that the delivered paint agrees with the order. The paint contractor is obliged to make sure that: Each paint pack is provided with at least the following information: o o o o Paint manufacturer The name and product number (designation) of the product The number of the production batch and that the production batch in question fulfils the requirements in the control document The last date of use for paints with a limited storage life. All paint products have been transported and will be stored in accordance with the directions from the paint manufacturer with regard to maximum and minimum temperatures (NB. the risk of freezing for certain paints). The control tests for the current batch show that the paint meets the given requirements. 39

47 Paints that have been stored for longer than the period stated by the paint manufacturer are NOT used. No paints are diluted in any way differing from the manufacturer s directives and the client s approval. Pot life is not exceeded. It shall be checked that pretreatment before blasting and painting is undertaken in conditions that are suitable for the paints in question and that the requirements in the painting directive are observed. Pretreatment and painting shall be checked at least twice a day, noting the control time and at least the following parameters: Temperature and humidity of the atmosphere in the premises for blasting, painting and curing of painted objects. The goods temperature of the object before blasting is begun. The dew point. Absence of humidity and pollutants in the blasting agent. Absence of humidity and pollutants in the air that is used for blasting, spray painting and cleaning of blasted surfaces. If execution is carried out in tempered facilities measurements once a day is sufficient. The steel surface base shall be inspected in order to verify that the surfaces that are to be pretreated will meet the requirements stated in the surface protection directive and that pretreatment is not undertaken before these requirements are met: Check that pretreated surfaces fulfill the stated cleanliness standards, and that the first paint layer will be applied within the prescribed time period. Check that the pretreatment otherwise meets the requirements stated in the painting directive. Check that each application where valid meets the requirements in the painting directive. The film thickness of the dried paint on steel shall be determined according to SS-EN ISO Documentation shall include at least on measurement taken on the ground paint and the total thickness. At least the maximum value, the minimum value and the mean value shall be reported from every single measurement. The film thickness of wet paint film may be determined by wet film measurement. Paint layers thicker than twice the nominal thickness will not be accepted normally. It shall be checked that the paint film is uniform and without holidays, pores and craters. For certain surface treatment types checking with a pore detection device shall be performed. This concerns mainly surfaces under water (Im1). 40

48 Test voltage according to ASTM D shall be applied. The test voltage shall be increased in the following cases: If the determined mean film thickness is 20 % greater than prescribed the test voltage shall be given by the measured thickness. If the pore detection is performed at a humidity below 40% RH and the surface temperature is at least 3 ºC above the dewpoint the voltage shall be increased by 0,5 kv. The following shall apply at pore detection: Porosity determination by high voltage gauge may not be performed if the film thickness is less than 300 m. Porosity checking may not be done earlier than when the paint layer has cured according to the specification from the paint manufacturer, normally after not less than 7 days. At porosity checking the humidity may not exceed 85% RH and the surface temperature must be at least 3 ºC above the dewpoint. The surface to be tested must be dry. There shall be written documentation from the porosity check. The inspector shall make certain that the client s and the paint manufacturer s directives concerning the environment (humidity, temperature etc) and curing time are adhered to. See also 4.4. The adhesion of the paint film shall be checked according to standard SS-EN ISO 4624 or SS ISO Minimum requirements for control equipment and auxiliary devices Appropriate, and where applicable, calibrated equipment in working order for determination of: Air temperature (Ambient) Surface temperature Relative humidity Film thickness, wet Film thickness, dry Surface roughness ISO Surface profile (shot or grit) Adhesion Pore detection SS-EN ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings. 41

49 SS-EN ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness Representative photos illustrating changes of the steel surface after pretreatment with different blasting agents. SS-EN ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness Preparation grades of welds, cut edges and other areas with surface imperfections. SS-EN 90-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures The client s inspection of the painting work The client s share in the inspections of the painting work depends on the extent and type of painting work performed and is determined individually for each painting contract. The client however reserves the right to ensure, at any time during the painting process and at own discretion, that the painting contractor adheres to the given directives and performs his own supervision and checks according to the made agreement. If deemed necessary the client himself may perform the check or appoint an agent to ensure that the contractor fulfills the stated requirements Qualification requirements for inspectors An inspector appointed by the client must have documented training for rust protection painting. The inspector must have knowledge to inspect welds according to ISO Experience of weld inspection and visual inspection should be required Reports The results from inspections shall be reported in writing. 42

50 14 Documentation The obligation to have documentation applies to new constructions as well as maintenance painting and changes. In all kinds of work involving surface treatment the documentation shall be produced at the same time as the work is performed. At handing over the final documentation shall have been brought together, and paper copies shall be in binders provided with a detailed index. The documentation may also be delivered as electronic copies if this has been agreed on in writing. 43

51 15 List of standards SS-EN 90-2:2008 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures. SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 1: General introduction (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2: Classification of environment. (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 3: Design considerations. (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation. (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO :2007 Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 5: Protective paint systems. (ISO :2007) SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods. (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work. (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO Paints and varnishes Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance. (ISO :1998) SS-EN ISO 1461 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles Specifications and test methods. (ISO 1461:1999) SS-EN ISO 2808:2007 Paints and varnishes - Determination of film thickness (ISO 2808:2007) SS-EN ISO :2007 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coating (ISO :2007) (former SS and SS T1) SS-EN ISO :2007 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of 44

52 uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after removal of previous coating (ISO :1994) SS- ISO :2006 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 3: Preparation grades of welds, edges and other areas with surface imperfections (ISO :2006 IDT) (Stated as SS-EN ISO :2007 without content) SS-EN ISO :2007. Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Preparation grades of coated and uncoated steel subtstrates after remowal of rust and previous coatings by high pressure water jetting. (ISO :2006 IDT) SS-EN ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Tests for the assesssment of surface cleanliness - Part 3: Assessement of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method) (ISO :1992) (Stated as SS-EN ISO without content) SS-EN ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Tests for the assesssment of surface cleanliness - Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis (ISO :2006) SS ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble salts (ISO :1998) (Stated as SS- EN ISO without content) SS-EN ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast- cleaned steel substrates - Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO surface profile comparators for the assessment of abrasive blast-cleaned steel (ISO :1988) (Stated as SS-EN ISO without content) SS ISO Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates - Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel - Comparator proced (ISO :1988) (Stated as SS-EN ISO without content) SS-EN ISO 4624 Paints and varnishes - Pull-off test for adhesion (ISO 4624:2002) SS-EN ISO :2004 Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance - Part 2: Assessment of degree of blistering (ISO :2003) SS-EN ISO :2004 Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, 45

53 and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance - Part 3: Assessment of degree of rusting (ISO :2003) SS-EN ISO :2004 Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance - Part 4: Assessment of degree of cracking (ISO :2003) SS-EN ISO :2004 Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance - Part 5: Assessment of degree of flaking (ISO :2003) SS-ISO/TR 15235:2001 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Collected information on the effect of levels of water-soluble salt contamination SS-EN ISO :2007 Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Assessment of, and acceptance criteria for, the adhesion /cohesion (fracture strength) of a dry film - Part 1: Pulloff testing (ISO :2007) SS-EN ISO :2007 Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Assessment of, and acceptance criteria for, the adhesion/cohesion (fracture strength) of a dry film Part 2: Crosscut test and X-cut testing (ISO :2007) ISO 5817:2003 Welding Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beem welding excluded) Quality levels for imperfections with corrections ISO 5817:2003/Cor 1:2006) SS-ISO 19840:2012 Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Measurement of, and acceptance criteria for, the thickness of dry films on rough surfaces (ISO 19840:2004, IDT) NS 476 Paints and coatings - Approval and certification of surface treatment inspectors (Norwegian standard on qualification requirements for painting inspectors. 2004) ASTM D Standard Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Nonconductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates. Standard from ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, USA. NACE Inspector Level I-III 46

54 S V E N S K A E L F Ö R E T A G E N S F O R S K N I N G S - O C H U T V E C K L I N G S E L F O R S K AB Elforsk AB, 1 53 Stockholm. Besöksadress: Olof Palmes Gata 31 Telefon: Telefax