Welcome to the Study of Sociology at the University of Houston

Transcription

1 Welcome to the Study of Sociology at the University of Houston The world needs more sociology textbook author John Macionis says in his Preface to this edition of Sociology. I couldn t agree more! Just imagine if all our citizens understood how power relations work in a society, why some groups and individuals have different opportunities, who is likely to marry whom, or what factors increase cooperation among individuals and groups and which ones increase conflict. Perhaps, if we all shared a sociological perspective, we could alleviate some of our social problems, and maybe prevent others. Personally, I ve often told my students, I think Introduction to Sociology should be a prerequisite for voting! You may or may not agree, but this semester you will have the opportunity to discover how society works why it is organized as it is and what are the consequences, both latent and manifest, inherent in these decisions. Sociology can open your eyes-enlarge and expand your awareness-and provide tools to help you understand how your context influences who you are and what you do. Though many students enroll in Introduction to Sociology to fulfill general requirements, this is a class that can help prepare you for your future no matter what you major in or which career path you follow. Most likely whatever you choose to do for a living, you will work in a group. You will be part of an organization (business, school, facility) and need to cooperate with others (employees, supervisors, clients, and suppliers) to accomplish your tasks. If you want to be successful (and who doesn t that is part of our American Dream), you will need to understand how group interaction works how does the group and context influence the individual, and how can an individual influence or change the group. I urge you to pay close attention this semester. Each chapter and each exercise in MySocLab will contain life lessons that savvy students will use to their advantage. You may even decide to test some of these insights now. For example when you learn about Erving Goffman s presentation of self, you might begin bringing your text to each class and setting it in front of you where your Professor can clearly see it. No need to wait until you graduate to use your sociological perspective. Test it. See how artfully using key props can subtly influence how others perceive you. This semester you will have the opportunity to explore Sociology and learn a bit about the work we Sociologists at the University of Houston do with the additional faculty essays included in this edition of your SOC 1300 textbook. Given the international city we are located in, we have chosen Globalization as the theme for this edition. Looking at the differences in health patterns between nations, Professor Jarron Saint Onge discusses the how health is shaped through globalization in his essay. Professor Jessica Brown explores how nations seek to integrate immigrants through citizenship classes by looking closely at the German situation. Professor Alice Cepeda, with UH alumni Kathryn Nowotny, use interview data to better understand the situation of sex workers on the U.S. and Mexico border. From his fieldwork in Kerala, a state in southern India, Professor Menon contends that Love Jihad may be a means of not only increasing the percentage of one religious group over another, but a way to challenge traditional hierarchies within the caste system. Welcome to Sociology! Xavia Karner, PhD Chair and Associate Professor Department of Sociology xvi WELCOME TO THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON

2 Who We Are Amanda K. Baumle, PhD, is Associate Professor of Sociology at University of Houston. She serves as the Undergraduate Director for the department. Her research and teaching are focused in the areas of demography, social inequality, and the sociology of law. She employs both quantitative and qualitative methodologies in her research. Dr. Baumle s current research explores issues involving the demography of sexual orientation, voting rights and other issues related to immigration, and gender inequality in the legal practice. In these areas, she has authored and edited books, articles, and book chapters examining issues of inequality and discrimination, as well as the manner in which the law might be activated as a means to challenge existing inequalities. Professor Baumle teaches undergraduate courses in Gender and Society, Introduction to Social Statistics, and Sociology of Sexuality. Jessica Brown, PhD, joined the University of Houston Department of Sociology as an Assistant Professor in Fall Professor Brown conducts qualitative research in the areas of immigration, transnational sociology, gender, and race and ethnicity. Her dissertation examined the process of citizenship education for immigrants in the German city of Frankfurt am Main with a focus on how certain normative ideologies, emotions, and micro-level practices are used to draw the line between citizen and outsider. Her earlier work looked at British print media coverage of falling fertility levels in the UK and Europe and analyzed pronatalist appeals aimed at convincing nativeborn (white) women to increase their fertility so as to forestall the need for replacement migration. Professor Brown teaches undergraduate courses in Sociology of Immigration, Sociology of Marriage and the Family, and Qualitative Research Methods. Tim Brown, PhD, is a Lecture of Sociology at the University of Houston. His research interests include Criminology and Deviance. Professor Brown teaches undergraduate courses in Introduction to Sociology, Sociological Theory, Criminology and Social Problems. Alice Cepeda, PhD, is currently Associate Professor and Graduate Director in the Department of Sociology at the University of Houston where she is also Senior Researcher at the Office for Drug and Social Policy Research. Dr. Cepeda has authored articles on the relationship between drugs and violence, sex workers on the U.S./Mexico border, gang affiliated adolescent females and risks associated with transitioning to injecting heroin use. She has worked on various National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grants focused on substance use and related health consequences among minority populations including those of Mexican-origin (Mexican Americans and Mexicans). More recently, she is co-investigator of a NIDA funded R01 study examining how disaster related experiences associated with Hurricane Katrina impact changes in substance use and abuse patterns. Dr. Cepeda is also project director of a 5 year research project as part of the University of Houston Drug Abuse Research Development Program recently funded by NIDA. The research uses a network facilitation approach used to focus on the extent to which networks facilitate (or impede) injecting drug use and related risk behaviors among aging Mexican American heroin users in Houston. Professor Cepeda teaches undergraduate courses in Deviance, Criminology, Sociological Research Methods, and Drugs and Alcohol. Russell Curtis, PhD, has research interests in Organizations (human service organizations, including criminal justice settings, schools and other educational organizations; commitment mechanisms in social movements), Social movements and collective behavior, Social psychology (identity transformations especially in organizational settings; self-image; models of motivation). Socialization (identity acquisition and transformation in organizations and throughout the life-cycle) and Sociology of sport (contexts of individual and organizational sport activities). Professor Curtis teaches undergraduate courses in Alcoholism, Addiction, and Recovery, Social Movements and Collective Behavior, and Sociology of Sports. Patricia Dorsey, MA, is a UH alumni and a Lecture in Sociology. She primarily teaches Introduction to Sociology at the University of Houston. Anthony Gary Dworkin, PhD, is Professor of Sociology at the University of Houston, where he has been on the faculty since Dr. Dworkin s teaching and research have been in the areas of the sociology of education and race/ethnic relations, as well as sociological theory and quantitative research methods. He is a co-founder of the Sociology of Education Research Group (SERG), which conducts analyses of the factors that affect standardized test performance of public school students in Texas and assesses school climate factors for school districts. Dworkin and his colleagues at SERG have received grants and contracts from the U.S. Department of Education, the Texas Education Agency, the Houston Endowment, and several school districts in the Houston metropolitan area. The SERG team has presented their work on public school grade retention to the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., which published two of the studies conducted by the team. In 2001, Dworkin was a Visiting Fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra, conducting Who We Are xvii

3 research on a national survey of Australians and an assessment of teacher burnout. In the summer of 2010 Dworkin was elected President of the Sociology of Education Research Committee of the International Sociological Association, a UNESCO chartered organization with members from 167 nations. His term of office runs until summer Professor Dworkin teaches undergraduate courses in Sociological Theory, Sociology of Education, and Race and Ethnicity. Helen Rose Ebaugh, PhD, is Professor of Sociology at the University of Houston, where she has been on the faculty since Dr. Ebaugh has served as president of the national Association for the Sociology of Religion, helped organize and served as the first chair of the American Sociological Association s Section on the Sociology of Religion and is past president of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. Ebaugh received two consecutive research grants from the Pew Charitable Trusts to study religion and the new immigrants in the United States. With a major grant from the Lilly Endowment, Ebaugh studied inter-faith coalitions and their provision of social services. In addition to a national survey of these coalitions, she and her research team conducted fieldwork in coalitions across the country, with focus upon the interrelationships between coalitions and the religious congregations with which they partner in their joint effort to provide social services to the needy. Most recently (2009) Ebaugh published a book on the Gulen Movement, a transnational moderate Islamic movement devoted to education and interfaith dialog. Her next project will trace the growth of the movement worldwide. She routinely teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in the Sociology of Religion and the study of World Religions. Professor Ebaugh directs the Sociology Internship Program and teaches undergraduate courses in Religion and Society, Sociology of World Religions, and Religion and the New Immigrants. Stella Grigorian, PhD, is an Instructional Assistant Professor of Sociology and Graduate Advisor for the department. A qualitative researcher, her interests include the study of culture and ethnicity. Professor Grigorian teaches undergraduate courses in Introduction to Sociology, Sociological Theory, Sociology of Food, and Sociology of Culture. Xavia Karner, PhD, is the Department Chair and Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Houston. Dr. Karner uses visual technologies and resources to study the social construction and transformation of self and identity. She has explored these processes on the individual, social-cultural, organizational, and community levels in a variety of contexts, including hospitals, community service agencies, nationalist movements, and the mass media. An award winning teacher and a nationally-known expert in the field of qualitative sociology, she is the recipient of an award from the American Sociological Association and of more than $2.7 million in grants to support her collaborative research projects. Dr. Karner has coauthored a textbook with Carol Warren, Discovering Qualitative Research: Field Methods, Interviews, and Analysis, 2nd Edition, (Oxford University Press, 2010). She has authored articles exploring visual and cultural perspectives with regard to gender, mental health, social policy, art aesthetics, ethnicity, and nationalist movements. Dr. Karner teaches undergraduate courses in Social Psychology, Visual Sociology and Sociology of Art. Samantha Kwan, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of sociology and a women s studies faculty affiliate. Professor Kwan conducts research in the areas of gender, body, and health, focusing on how cultural and social structures shape women s physical and emotional well-being. Her work focuses on beauty work practices, Christian weight-loss programs, and legal responses to appearance norm violations in the workplace. She is co-editor (with Chris Bobel) of Embodied Resistance: Challenging the Norms, Breaking the Rules (Vanderbilt University Press, 2011), an anthology that examines body outlaws who violate socially constructed body norms and conventions. She is currently working on a book (with Jennifer Graves) entitled Framing Fat: Aesthetics, Health, Social justice, and the Politics of Choice and Responsibility and is co-editing (with Rose Weitz) the fourth edition of The Politics of Women s Bodies: Sexuality, Appearance, and Behavior (Oxford University Press). Professor Kwan teaches undergraduate courses in Sociological Research, Sociology of Gender, and Sociology of Body. Jon Lorence, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Sociology and winner of the George F. Magner Award for Undergraduate Advising ( ) at the University of Houston. Dr. Lorence has research interests in determinants of academic achievement, teacher effectiveness, characteristics of effective schools, and educational measurement. Professor Lorence teaches undergraduate courses in Sociology of Work & Occupations and Social Stratification & Inequality. Shayne Lee, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Sociology. His research interests include Sociology of Religion, African American Religion, Sociology of Culture, Gender and Sexuality, Media, and Sociology of Scientific Knowledge. Dr. Lee is the author of three xviii WHO WE ARE

4 books, Erotic Revolutionaries: Black Women, Sexuality and Popular Culture (2011, Lanham, MD: Hamilton), Holy Mavericks: Evangelical Innovators and the Spiritual Marketplace (coauthored with Phillip Sinitiere, 2009, New York and London: New York University Press) and T.D. Jakes: America s New Preacher (2005, New York and London: New York University Press). Currently he is working on a book manuscript, Black Clergywomen: The Social Construction of Calling. Professor Lee teaches undergraduate courses in Sociology of Sexuality, Sociology of Culture, Mass Media, and Sociology of Religion. Sarath Menon-Chembottil, EdD, is a UH alumni and a Lecturer of Sociology at the University of Houston. His research interests include religious movements in India in addition to globalization factors. Professor Menon teaches Introduction to Sociology and Race and Ethnicity at the undergraduate level. Tatcho Mindiola, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at the University of Houston. Professor Mindiola s research, publications, and teaching areas are in race relations, with particular emphasis upon Mexican Americans. His current research deals with the relationship between Mexican and African Americans, a study of a interaction in a Mexican American cantina and the analysis of conflict and consensus in dreams. Professor Mindiola is also a political and social analyst and has appeared on various television programs and written a number of editorials for VIVA Magazine and the Houston Chronicle. As the director of CMAS, Professor Mindiola is credited for developing it into one of the premiere academic programs of its type in the country. Under his direction the center has developed a minor in Mexican American Studies, a visiting scholars program, research and graduate fellowships, leadership training, academic advising, community service, and a recruitment and retention component. The Center also publishes the University of Houston Series in Mexican American Studies and sponsors conferences and speakers on campus. Professor Mindiola teaches undergraduate courses in Race Relations through Film Mexican American Experience through Film and Hispanics in Houston. Jarron M. Saint Onge, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Sociology. In his research, Dr. Saint Onge applies advanced quantitative techniques to social epidemiologic phenomena. Substantively, his research falls in the area of medical sociology and social demography. He has extensive experience with several nationally representative data sets including the National Health Interview Survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. His principle research focus is on the social determinants of population health, with an emphasis on the role of health behaviors on health disparities by race/ethnic and socioeconomic status. He also has a continued interest in the role of biomarkers in social demographic research and has conducted research pertaining to stress, cardiovascular measures, and genetics. Saint Onge s research has included a number of health outcomes such as obesity, psychological distress, and mortality. His current research focuses on latent health patterns, physical activity, and social stressors. Professor Saint Onge teaches undergraduate courses in Social Statistics and Sociology of Health Care. Luis Salinas, Ph.D. is a Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Houston and a Professor of Sociology at Houston Community College, Southwest Campus. Professor Salinas primarily teaches Introduction to Sociology as well as undergraduate courses in Sociology of the Family, Race and Ethnicity, and Qualitative Research Methods. Who We Are xix

5 Majoring in Sociology The University of Houston is a state university with a student body of over 30,000. Ranked as the fourth largest city in the nation, Houston provides a natural laboratory for social research. Eleven full-time sociology faculty engage in a variety of research projects concerning such policy-relevant topics as public education, health, religion, culture, and sports. Faculty members have received support for their research from various sources including the National Institutes of Health, the Ford Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, U.S. Census Bureau, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Lilly Foundation, and local foundations and agencies. These projects provide research experience and financial support for students, as well as employment opportunities for graduates. Our undergraduate program offers majors a foundation in sociological theory, research methods, and both qualitative and quantitative methods. Our unique internship program also provides students with invaluable experience and skills that will prepare them for the workforce upon graduation. Students may take the internship program during their senior year. We also offer a minor in Sociology which allows students to take the courses that are most appropriate to coordinate with their major and career aspirations. Sociology is the study of human life within group contexts, varying from small, intimate groups to large, complex organizations and societies. Since group interaction is a part of every individual s life, sociology is considered part of a student s liberal education. Courses in the Department of Sociology emphasize an understanding of a broad range of subjects: the family, socialization, gender roles, work and occupations, deviance, minority groups, urban life, and so forth. In addition to these courses, students majoring in sociology receive a rigorous grounding in statistics and social research methodology, including experimental designs, sample survey designs, qualitative procedures stressing participant observation, and the application of methods to the study of concrete social problems. With both graduate and undergraduate members, the UH Sociology Students Association is an active student-run campus organization. The UHSSA organizes regular events including film screenings, community fund-raising, panel discussions, and much more. You can find more about our programs and department news at our website, Advising in Sociology Students interested in the Sociology degree programs are encouraged to meet with Mr. Landis Odoms, the program advisor, early in their educational process. His phone number is or Advising Schedule Office hours are open for walk ins and flexible for appointments. Students are advised in either office. 252 McElhinney: PGH: Monday 7:30 AM 12:00 PM 467 PGH 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 252 McElhinney Tuesday 7:30 AM 4:00 PM 467 PGH Wednesday 7:30 AM 4:00 PM 467 PGH Thursday 7:30 AM 4:00 PM 252 McElhinney Friday 7:30 AM 4:00 PM 252 McElhinney xx MAJORING IN SOCIOLOGY

6 SOCIOLOGY Areas Employers Strategies Human Services Counseling Community service agencies Gain experience and develop helping skills through Case Management Advocacy groups volunteer positions. Advocacy Federal, state, and local government Spend summers working at camps, YMCA s, or other Mental Health Services United Way agencies social service agencies. Programming Local branches of national non-profit organizations Gain experience working with diverse populations. Administration Religiously-affiliated service organizations Develop excellent communication skills. Private foundations Concentrate course work in an area of interest such as Adoption and child care agencies youth, gerontology, or poverty Nursing homes and retirement communities Learn a second language in order to interact with non- Hospitals and wellness centers English speakers and increase marketability. Halfway houses Serve as a peer mentor, resident assistant, or other Vocational services student leader. Educational information services Earn a master s degree in social work, counseling, or other Insurance companies related field to increase employment opportunities. Most states require licensure or certification for positions involving the direct provision of therapeutic services to clients. Criminal Justice Corrections Correctional institutions Gain practical experience via part-time or summer jobs, Rehabilitation Court systems internships, or volunteer work. Law Enforcement Federal, state, and local government (especially Volunteer to work with troubled youth. Judiciary law enforcement agencies) Obtain a graduate or law degree for advancement. Consider obtaining experience in a branch of the military. Education What can I do with this major? Teaching Public and private schools Obtain certification/licensure to teach grades K-12. Research Colleges and universities Become certified to teach multiple subjects and age Adult education providers groups for increased job opportunities. Earn a graduate degree for post-secondary teaching opportunities. Assist a professor with research. Take extra courses in research and statistics. Develop exceptional written and oral communication skills. Volunteer as a tutor. Secure strong personal recommendations, particularly from professors. Reprinted from Career Planning Staff of Career Services at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville (1994, 2002, 2004), University of Tennessee Knoxville. (Continued) Majoring in Sociology xxi

7 SOCIOLOGY (Continued) Areas Employers Strategies Government Social Statistics Federal departments and agencies such as: Supplement curriculum with coursework in statistics Demography Departments of Agriculture, Education, and social research. Public Administration Interior, Commerce, Defense Develop exceptional computer, communication, and Policy Analysis Health and Human Services research skills. Research Drug Enforcement Administration Gain work experience via government internships, Program Development Environmental Protection Agency part-time jobs, or summer work. Human Services Housing and Urban Development Develop a specialty such as aging, family, criminal City Planning Veteran s Administration justice, or healthcare. Law Enforcement National Institutes of Health Learn the federal job application process. National Institute of Aging Obtain a graduate degree for advanced positions. State and local government Consider beginning a career with the government Peace Corps by joining the military. Social Science Research Research Universities Develop exceptional quantitative, statistical, and writing Data Analysis Government agencies skills. Demography Research institutes Learn to use statistics software packages as well as Market Research Non-profit agencies database, spreadsheet, and desktop publishing Information Sourcing Community organizations programs. Private industries Volunteer to help a professor with a research project. Advertising and marketing firms Obtain an advanced degree in sociology for research Consulting organizations administration positions. Information brokers Earn certification in applied social research by The Newspapers, magazines, news agencies American Sociological Association. Public opinion research polls Network with professionals working in areas of interest. Gain experience working on teams. Environment and Society Waste management firms Health agencies Local planning agencies Environmental advocacy groups Environmental periodicals Federal government Regional, state, and local agencies Consulting firms Private industry Enhance curriculum with courses in ecology, environmental science, and statistics. Join environment-related student organizations. Volunteer to work on environmental clean-up projects. Find a related internship, part-time, or summer job. Obtain a graduate degree for advancement. (Continued) xxii MAJORING IN SOCIOLOGY

8 SOCIOLOGY (Continued) Areas Employers Strategies Business Human Resources Insurance firms Earn a minor in business or supplement Training and Development Retail stores curriculum with courses in general business, Recruiting Staffing agencies accounting, and finance. Management Banks Gain business experience through part-time Sales Manufacturing companies jobs, summer work, and internships. Marketing Service industries Develop excellent computer skills. Public Relations Non-profit organizations Learn to use software applications such as Office Administration Healthcare organizations spreadsheets, databases, and word processing. Hone written and oral communication skills. Join related professional associations. Seek leadership roles in student organizations. GENERAL INFORMATION Many transferable skills such as analytical, organizational, research, interpersonal, computer, leadership, teamwork, and oral/written communication are associated with the sociology degree. Internships, part-time jobs, summer jobs, and/or volunteer experiences are critical. An undergraduate degree is sufficient for many entry-level positions in business, industry, and government; however, a graduate degree is likely to be more desirable in a competitive market. An undergraduate degree in sociology is great preparation for graduate or professional education in sociology, law, counseling, psychology, social work, medicine, education, college student personnel, higher education administration, and other related fields. Research pre-requisites for graduate or professional programs of interest. To enhance graduate or professional school opportunities, maintain a high grade point average, secure strong faculty recommendations, join student or professional organizations, and gain relevant experience outside of the classroom through work, internship, volunteer, and research opportunities. A Ph.D. is required for teaching at the four-year university level. For human or social service positions, gain experience with a population of interest (i.e., children, college students, elderly adults) and develop multicultural sensitivity and understanding. Talk with professionals working in areas of interest The University of Tennessee Prepared by the Career Planning staff of Career Services at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. (1994, Revised 2002, Revised 2004) UTK is an EEO/AA/Title VI/Title IX/Section 504/ADA/ADEA Employer Majoring in Sociology xxiii

9 The Implications of Globalization for Health and Disease Jarron M. Saint Onge University of Houston There are clear and established differences in health patterns between nations. Developed countries such as the United States, France, and Japan are characterized by high levels of life expectancy (e.g. a newborn child can expect to live more than 75 years), low levels of childhood and mother deaths, and access to high quality health care. Conversely, less developed countries have low levels of life expectancy (as low as 40 years in parts of sub-saharan Africa), high levels of child and maternal deaths, as well as a heightened risk of death from infectious diseases that rarely lead to death in more developed countries. Many of these differences are due to standards of living and social inequalities. Developing countries are now attaining improved health at an earlier time in their economic development than previously found in history. These advances are due in part to the process of globalization. Globalization, simply defined, is the integration of trade and innovation throughout the world s economies. This complex economic and ideational force brings with it a myriad of benefits, compromises, and problems that are only recently emerging and will require creative analysis over the emerging decades. In particular, globalization has major implications for health and disease across multiple populations around the globe. Both developed and developing countries are faced with a new variety of health and disease issues that are associated with a more interconnected world. Courtesy of Getty Images USA, Inc. So, how is health shaped through globalization? Health behaviors, types of disease, and health care technologies and systems are all impacted through continued global connectedness. The effects of globalization on health can operate both directly and indirectly and can be either positive or negative. Direct impacts on health may occur through explicit trade regulations or the incorporation of new health information or health care technologies, while more indirect impacts could be related to the improvements in infrastructure (i.e. transportation, electricity, and sewage), job safety requirements, communication, or access to clean water. An example of globalization having direct impacts on health is the North America Free Trade Agreement set in place by 1994 eliminated barriers to trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The direct impact of this policy was that it increased manufacturing along the borders and compromised the health of border citizens. These increased job opportunities in factories along the Mexican border tended to have fewer safety regulations that protect workers than those in the U.S. Trade with developing countries has also been linked to the increased production of pollution and environmental wastes from those countries, due to less stringent environmental laws. Pollution does not respect international borders and has global repercussions. Increased incidents of hospitalized asthma cases along both the Canadian and Mexican borders have been linked to increased levels of factory emissions and traffic pollution. Recent emission produced in China has been tracked across multiple countries including Japan and Korea and as far as the Western United States. In other instances, the removal of trade barriers and unequal partnerships between countries have also lead to the dumping of toxic materials in developing countries which have been linked to disrupted water sources, illnesses, and even deaths in some extreme cases. For example, in 2006, 15 people died and over 100,000 individuals became nauseous from the disposal of over 500 metric tons of European gasoline waste in the Ivory Coast. Trade implementations have also been directly linked to health by reducing access to affordable prescription drugs in developing countries through the increase in patent time expirations and the extension of patent rights across borders. Disease patterns across the developed and developing worlds look very different. In industrialized countries, individuals typically die of chronic or non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, or Alzheimer s disease. In developing countries, there are higher risks of infectious or communicable diseases such as diarrheal diseases, measles, malaria, HIV/Aids, and tuberculosis. Indeed, it is rare for an individual to die from measles or malaria in developed countries. While globalization is not necessarily the cause of these differences in disease patterns, it has been linked to some of the persistence in disease patterns. For example, one explanation for the alarming spread of HIV/ Aids in Africa has been linked to xxiv THE IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE