An Integrated Conceptual Design Process for Energy, Thermal Comfort, and Daylighting

Transcription

1 An Integrated Conceptual Design Process for Energy, Thermal Comfort, and Daylighting Prepared for: Jim Sweeney Director of the Precourt Institute for Energy Efficiency; Professor of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University Principal Investigator: John Haymaker, PhD, AIA, LEED AP Assistant Professor Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) Stanford University Research Staff: Benjamin Welle C.E.M., LEED AP, E.I.T. PhD Student Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) Stanford University June 1st, 2007

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SECTION 2 AN INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROCESS FOR ENERGY, THERMAL COMFORT, AND DAYLIGHTING...2 1

3 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The life-cycle energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting performance of buildings is substantially determined in the early stages of the design process. Performance-based analysis methods supported by product models have little opportunity to inform these early stage design decisions because current tools and processes do not support the rapid generation and analysis of alternatives. The goal of this research is to reduce the time required to complete such design iterations. We anticipate that this will allow design teams to formally investigate the energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting performance of many more alternatives during the conceptual design phase leading to improved built environments. To this end, we propose to (1) develop a framework to measure the effectiveness of multidisciplinary design (MDD) methodologies using time as the unit of analysis; (2) identify the critical conceptual design parameters and parametric relationships for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting; (3) implement methods and technologies including building information modeling (BIM), parametric modeling, and process integration and optimization (PIDO) to automate discipline analysis and process integration; and (4) measure the effectiveness of these new methodologies using the described framework. 1 1

4 2 AN INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROCESS FOR ENERGY, THERMAL COMFORT, AND DAYLIGHTING 2 GILROY HIGH SCHOOL 2.1 OBSERVED PROBLEM The vast majority of buildings today suffer from inadequate thermal performance, such as excessive energy consumption, thermal comfort issues, and insufficient daylighting. These deficiencies are often the result of an inability of the design team to consider a wide variety of design options for all these criteria in an integrated and systematic way due to budget, schedule, and technology constraints. Advancements in computer-based Building Information Modeling (BIM) and analysis methods now allow architects and engineers to simulate building performance in a virtual environment. However, the potential of this technology to inform the early stages of the design process has not been fully realized because current tools and processes do not support the rapid generation and evaluation of alternatives. Current building design and analysis tools fail to enable the user to easily evaluate design modifications to the building envelope (geometric or material), orientation, mechanical systems, and system operation, and quickly understand the impacts on energy consumption, thermal and visual comfort, and cost. The extensive amount of time required to generate and evaluate a design option using model-based methods means that very few, if any, options can be adequately studied during the conceptual design phase before a decision must be made. Consequently, the resulting building design frequently falls short of environmental, social, and economic performance goals. Removing these barriers will allow for cheaper, more resource efficient, and healthier built environments. The goal of this research is to identify and test a methodology that reduces the time required for architects and multidisciplinary engineers to complete a design iteration that evaluates sustainable design goals in the areas of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting. This methodology will leverage the technical capabilities of BIM, rapidly developing building analysis tools, and other relevant model-based design and communication applications. Following is our diagnosis of the problem to be addressed by this research Process Analysis We recently asked 50 engineers at a leading Building Engineering firm, how they spent their time during the conceptual design process. Figure 2-1 describes how we asked categorized an engineer s time for our survey, and Figure 2-2 shows the result of this survey. This preliminary research shows that architects and engineers spend the majority of their time managing design information (58%) and relatively less time specifying (6%) the processes to construct information, and executing (36%) the construction of this information. In all, it takes architects and engineers over one month to generate and analyze a design option using current building analysis models and, typically, less than three such iterations are completed during the conceptual design phase (Flager and Haymaker, 2007). These shortcomings are due to tool, process, and designer limitations. 2-1

5 Figure 2-1 Framework for Measuring Process Effectiveness Figure 2-2 Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Design Process Metrics Figure 2-2: A typical AEC design process results in only a few design iterations, with the majority of the iteration time being spent on information management. A more streamlined design process will allow the design team to increase the average number of design iteration per project. The optimized design of building energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting performance ideally requires an iterative design process that currently does not take place. First, the design process often fails to begin with a sound understanding of the building science behind these three aspects of building performance important for conceptual design. Second, building analysis tools require design parameters that are not captured within traditional architectural and mechanical design tools. Third, designers have difficulties generating multiple design options and exploring solution spaces. Fourth, a lack of interoperability between building design and building analysis tools (e.g. for architecture to energy) significantly hinders the ability to leverage existing information. Finally, designers struggle to integrate the results of analysis tools and optimize the related parameters to meet their particular design goals. Figure 2-3 illustrates some of these issues. These five areas are discussed in further detail in the following section. Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 2

6 Figure 2-3 Current Model-Based Building Analysis Deficiencies Energy Simulation Application kwh, Therms Daylighting Simulation Application Lumens, Candelas Trade-Offs and Optimization? BIM Model Thermal Comfort Simulation Application Air Velocity, Temperature Distribution A B Figure 2-3: (A) Data transfer capabilities between BIM models and building analysis tools are typically restricted to geometric information, and even that design information is not transferred efficiently. (B) Additionally, there is a lack of methods to evaluate trade-offs and optimize the relevant design parameters between disparate building analysis applications. Insufficient Understanding of Building Science Energy performance, thermal comfort, and daylighting in buildings is the result of a complex set of interrelationships between the external environment, the shape and character of the building components, equipment loads, lighting, mechanical systems, building envelope, and air distribution strategies. Building optimization, achieving the greatest possible efficiency and environmental soundness with the least expenditure of resources, requires an understanding of these interrelationships and an integrated whole building design process. For example, enhancing daylighting performance often comes at a detriment to energy and thermal comfort performance and vice versa, and therefore the three should not be evaluated independently. Many projects fail to consider the appropriate design parameters and analyze their interrelationships and trade-offs in an efficient and effective manner. Energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting must be assessed in relation to each other, and few firms possess the knowledge and tools to adequately do so, particularly in the conceptual design phase where time and budget constraints are significant. Additionally, very often design parameters are considered and the resulting design options modeled during the conceptual design phase that take a considerable amount of effort but give minimal added value to the design iteration relative to other, more important parameters. These deficiencies often prevent design teams from meeting their sustainability goals. Figure 2-4 shows the building parameters that must be considered. Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 3

7 Figure 2-4 Building Design Parameters Figure 2-4: Building design parameters consist of both building element parameters (e.g. walls, windows, and equipment) and building space parameters (e.g. HVAC zoning and temperature setpoints). Both element and space parameters consist of attributes and configurations. Examples of each are shown. Difficulty Capturing Important Design Data in Building Design Tools In current practice, there is a disconnect between the use of building analysis tools for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting design and the primary building design tools used for architectural and mechanical building design. This is due to the inability of traditional CAE (computer-aided engineering) tools such as AutoCad to capture the information needed for energy and thermal analysis, such as material properties and space loads, in a usable format. Difficulty Generating Multiple Options to Explore the Solution Space Designers tools are intended to evaluate static design options rather than help them define and explore solution spaces. This limits the design team s ability to generate multiple design options, and establishes the need for parametric design. Minimal Interoperability between Building Design Tools and Building Analysis Tools Another problem is that when information is produced, little consideration is given as to how to represent that information to facilitate multidisciplinary analysis. If the architectural and mechanical building design tools contain information relevant to energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting building analysis tools, the transfer of this information between them is typically a manual process. The result of this interoperability is that frequently the pertinent information for building analysis is misinterpreted, overlooked, or simply ignored. Lack of Building Analysis Tool Integration and Optimization Design professionals spend much of their time managing design information, including manually integrating and representing this information in their task-specific format, and coordinating their solutions rather than exploring further design options. These limitations prevent a more complete and systematic Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 4

8 exploration and optimization of the design space based on multidisciplinary model-based performance analysis. 2.2 THEORETICAL POINTS OF DEPARTURE In this section we first describe the fundamental points of departure for our research and their limitations Thermal Performance Design Parameters and Parametric Relationships for Conceptual Design A significant body of research and best practices exists for the design of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting systems. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the US Green Building Council (USGBS) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), and the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) are just several of the organizations that provide research and design guidelines in these areas. However, this information is fragmented, fails to adequately address all the relevant design disciplines in a comprehensive manner, and is not presented in a manner easily managed by architects and engineers during the conceptual design phase. Further research into how these three sustainable design goals impact each other and should be modeled during the conceptual design phase is needed. Identification of high-priority design parameters and an understanding of how those parameters interact with each other are critical to enabling the maximum flexibility in evaluating multiple design options Building Information Modeling (BIM) BIM is a data-rich, object-based, intelligent digital representation of a facility which includes not only 3D geometric models (and, therefore are capable of directly generating 2D and 3D drawings), but also specific information on a wide range of building elements and systems associated with a building (e.g., wall constructions, material properties, spaces and thermal zones, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, geospatial information, space loads, etc.). This information can be used by other building analysis purposes, such as cost calculation, building code checking, clash detection, and, for the purposes of the proposed research, energy/thermal comfort simulation, and daylighting. Though the functionality of the most common BIMs (Autodesk Revit, Bentley Architecture, Graphisoft s ArchiCAD) have progressed significantly in the past few years, much of the potential of BIM remains largely untapped. Further work is needed to determine if the appropriate design information for use in energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting analyses can be captured within a building information model IFC and XML Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and Extensible Markup Language (XML) are task and schema specifications that provide standard ways to define information like that contained in BIM. IFC is an object-oriented data model developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) used to describe the relationships and properties of building specific objects. To date, its industry implementation is limited due to gaps in capturing the entire extent of AEC information (it is currently limited to geometric information) and the lack of software systems that support it. XML is a set of rules for designing text formats to structure information. Several industry-specific sets of rules of XML-based schemas are currently being developed for the AEC industry (aecxml, green building XML (gbxml), ecoxml, virtual environment XML (vexml)), but none have emerged to gain wide industry acceptance. Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 5

9 Both IFC and XML create a common language for transferring BIM information between different BIM and building analyses applications while maintaining the meaning of different pieces of information in the transfer. This reduces the need of remodeling the same building in each different application. It also adds transparency to the process. A wide variety of data specific formats are available to enable interoperability which can be customized to process specific needs, but more research is needed to establish how to apply these standards to conceptual building design for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting Building Analysis Tools Building Analysis Tools for the simulation and analysis of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting have varying degrees of functionality and interoperability with the IFC and XML schemas. The primary tools used in today s design environment for energy, thermal comfort (evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)), and daylighting are DOE2 (equest, VisualDOE, Riuska), EnergyPlus, IES, ECOTECT, Trane Trace, Flovent, and Fluent. These applications require a wide range of design parameters to be specified by the user, many of which can be captured within a BIM. Further research is needed to identify the required design parameters of these specific applications that may be captured in IFC and XML format, their current ability to do so, and the highest priority interoperability enhancements for the purposes of sustainable building design Process Integration and Design Optimization Process Integration and Design Optimization (PIDO) is an emerging line of software products developed in aerospace design that aims to give users the ability to integrate processes that utilize multiple digital design and analysis tools. These products allow software tools to be wrapped and published on a computing networks. This allows disciplines to keep ownership of their codes, maintain and upgrade them, and serve them from their preferred computing platform. PIDO tools also provide a graphical environment which permits users to select published components and graphically link their inputs and outputs as required to create an integrated multidisciplinary analysis (MDA) model. Among limitations of PIDO tools are the lack of support of various process components and a narrow problem focus that does not explicitly address multidisciplinary teams communication and coordination issues. Very little work has been done to date to test the effectiveness of these frameworks in the AEC domain, and whether or not the PIDO framework can effectively capture, analyze, and optimize the necessary design parameters of the specific building analysis tools listed above for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting Narratives Narratives [Haymaker, J., et. al. (2004)] are a process modeling language to describe and communicate the design process using an acyclic graph structure. Each node in the graph corresponds to a defined information representation, and the reasoning process which operates on inputs to produce this output. Narratives help AEC professionals communicate multidisciplinary design processes and the information models used in these processes. However, Narratives do not explicitly facilitate the exchange or coordination of information for the described process. While PIDO assists in process integration and optimization, Narratives assist in communication. 2.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following research questions will be addressed by our research: Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 6

10 1. What processes and information are required for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting performance-based conceptual building design? This research question seeks to define what are the critical design parameters and parameter interactions that should be considered, how, when, and by whom. 2. What technologies can best manage these processes and information to achieve the highest performance designs? This research question seeks a methodology that enables professionals to most effectively use model-based design and analysis information for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting. It seeks to understand how this information be exchanged more effectively between a BIM and building analysis tools, and how can the functionality and results of disparate analyses be integrated and optimized in these three areas. 2.4 RESEARCH METHODS Our research methods can be broken down into two concurrent parts, one dealing with strategy and problem exploration and the second dealing with implementation and testing. Part one consists of five stages: (1) development of a framework to measure MDA process effectiveness, (2) evaluation of current MDA process used by a leading mechanical design firm, (3) identification of the critical design parameters and their interrelationships that must be considered to effectively evaluate energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting sustainable design goals, (4) Research on the potential of current building information models to capture the necessary design parameters, and (5) exploration of data schema interoperability between building information models and several popular building analysis tools for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting. Part two, implementation and testing, consists of two stages: (1) incorporation of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting modeling into proposed MDA processes and (2) process integration and automation. We also will measure the effectiveness of each of our proposed interventions to current practice and document detailed comparison studies. We describe all of the stages in detail below Development of our Framework Relying on work done within the areas of systems engineering, workflow management and AEC we will continue to expand our framework to measure methodology effectiveness (see Figure 2-1) to precisely characterize the challenges faced by teams of multidisciplinary professionals on AEC projects. In addition to using this framework to assess the methodologies we will implement as part of this proposal, methodologies found within AE and parallel industry and academia will be speculatively evaluated within our framework. These speculative predictions will be used to propose future work and formulate specific problems that address challenges faced within AE design Evaluation of Current MDA Process We will analyze the current MDA process used by the leading mechanical design firm Taylor Engineering. Taylor Engineering is nationally recognized as one of the most progressive energy efficient and sustainable mechanical design firms in the country. In particular, their process will be evaluated in the context of the Stanford Green Dorm Project, for which Taylor Engineering is the mechanical design firm. The Green Dorm is an ideal case study for this research since design goals in energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting will all be considered. We will work close with Allan Daly, a principal at Taylor and the current project manager on the Green Dorm project, and the current lecturer for CEE256-Building Systems, as well as other Taylor Engineering principals. Their MDA process applied to several other on- Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 7

11 going projects will be evaluated as well. In addition to the analysis-based components of their MDA process, we will document and analyze additional important parameters such as the appropriate coordination, feedback, and decision-making loops that must take place to ensure the project meets its sustainable design goals. A second MDA process evaluation will then be implemented on one of the several Stanford University projects slated to begin the feasibility/conceptual design phase later next year Identify Critical Conceptual Design Parameters and Parametric Relationships for Energy, Thermal Comfort, and Daylighting Design We will evaluate the critical design parameters and their parametric relationships for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting analysis using 4 methods to assure generality. As described above, we will observe and consult with a leading mechanical design firm, Taylor Engineering, on the important conceptual design phase parameters that must be considered for efficient design of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting. Second, we will work with the energy consulting firm KEMA/Xenergy, a leader in both existing building and new construction building thermal performance, on similar issues. Third, we will consult with a leading Title 24/energy/Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) consulting firm in the San Diego area, Brummitt Energy Associates, which has extensive experience in energy and daylighting design. Benjamin Welle, the research staff for this project, worked as an energy engineer at KEMA/Xenergy for 5 years and has also assisted Brummitt Energy Associates on several LEED projects. Finally, we will evaluate current published research and design principals in these three areas Incorporate BIM and Energy, Thermal Comfort, and Daylighting Analyses into MDA Process Though the Green Dorm Project will be used as a case study for documenting a current MDA process, we shall start to apply new strategies to the project concurrently. Multiple building information models of the Stanford Green Dorm will be constructed in Autodesk Revit, Bentley Architecture, and Graphisoft s ArchiCAD and evaluated as to how the added functionality of the models and the appropriate building analyses could be integrated into the process and design iterations of Taylor Engineering to support the project s goals. Multiple design options will be generated and evaluated using the BIM applications and the appropriate building analysis tools. The BIM models created for Green Dorm project will be analyzed to identify weaknesses and limitations of the current BIM tools in capturing and utilizing the required design parameters needed for analysis and solutions will be proposed. Our proposed process path will then be implemented on one of the several Stanford University projects slated to begin the feasibility/conceptual design phase later next year Research Potential of BIM to Capture the Necessary Design Parameters We will evaluate the potential of the three most popular building information models, Autodesk Revit, Bentley Architecture, and Graphisoft s ArchiCAD to capture and utilize the appropriate design parameters needed to meet energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting sustainable design goals. We will work closely with the United States General Services Administration s (GSA) Office of the Chief Architect s (OCA) National 3D-4D-BIM Program on this task. Benjamin Welle is currently a CIFE Visiting Fellow at the GSA OCA s National 3D-4D-BIM Program. Unparalleled access to case studies, BIM software vendors, and GSA project team members is available to our project team through our relationship with the OCA s 3D-4D-BIM Program Manager, Calvin Kam, Ph.D., a former Stanford CIFE student. We will also leverage working relationships with Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES), a leading software developer of integrated energy, CFD, and daylighting applications. IES has recently joined teams with Autodesk in integrating the leading BIM application, Autodesk Revit, with their suite Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 8

12 of building analysis tools. Benjamin Welle has a strong working relationship with Chiensi Harriman, the West Coast Technical Manager for IES and a former Stanford student. With a primary goal of application integration and interoperability and being a leader in that field, the opportunity to work with IES will greatly contribute to our research efforts. The Autodesk Revit product development and management team has also recently expressed interest in collaborating in our research Explore Data Schema Interoperability The directed interviews described above, as well as collaboration with the GSA and IES, will be used to identify the existing structure and format of IFC and XML information that is exchanged on the selected projects. Benjamin is in the process of developing the GSA s BIM Guide Series 05-Energy Performance and Operations. His research is focused on the interoperability of BIM models with energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting analysis tools. He is working with vendors, national and international AE firms and organizations, and other BIM industry leaders in the development of BIM Guide Series 05, and this research will be leveraged for the purposes of our research. He will work closely with the IAI (in particular with their buildingsmart initiative projects, such as the Information Delivery Manual (IDM) methodologies), the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), the Construction Specification Institute (CSI), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This research will be coupled with literature review of data schemas currently researched in the AEC and parallel industries. This information will be studied to recommend an existing or infer a new data schema to facilitate interoperability. We will then specify the format and structure of information to be exchanged for the selected projects, establishing information transfer protocols between building information models and building analysis tools for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting Process Integration and Automation Two stages will be considered for this second phase. The first stage entails automating the data extraction from the created building information models for use within the selected building analysis software tools. Such process integration will enable designers to quickly understand the multidisciplinary performance of a particular design, and to manually generate design modifications to understand their impacts. The second stage involves using commercial PIDO software to automate the modeling and analyses portions of the MDA processes. The parametric relationship research will be used to generate design options, and we will evaluate the effectiveness of the optimization algorithms used in the PIDO software for thermal performance design. An exploration of the design space will be conducted with resulting design performance improvements documented. This research will be conducted for both the Green Dorm project, and a second selected case study. 2.5 RESEARCH IMPACT Contribution to Research The proposed research will document the critical design parameters and parametric relationships that must be considered in the effective design of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting systems during the conceptual design phase. The research will specify how to implement the process and analysis methodologies, building information modeling, and building analysis tools in support of sustainable design goals in energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting. Automated discipline analysis and multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) will be performed. We will provide a framework and measurements to scientifically assess the proposed methodologies compared to current AEC practice using time and number of design and analysis iterations as the units of analysis. This research will lead to Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 9

13 an improved understanding of both the current AEC design process and a methodology that engages the important stakeholders, technologies, and information in that process Contribution to Professional Practice The goal of this research is to reduce the amount of time required to generate and evaluate a design option in the area of energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting using model-based methods. A methodology will be developed that architects and engineers may use to reduce the simulation cycle time, and to formally investigate many more design alternatives within a given project timeline. This work will improve building performance in terms of initial cost, sustainability, and overall quality. Figure 2-5 PIDO Integration with Energy, Thermal Comfort, and Daylighting Analysis Tools Figure 2-5: This figure represents a vision of how all of these methods could be integrated into a collaborative methodology. The enhanced execution, visualization, and communication of the project team s analyses will allow for improved decision-making and, ultimately, better buildings. 2.6 REFERENCES Flager, F., Haymaker, J. (2007). A Comparison of Multidisciplinary Design, Analysis and Optimization Processes in the Building Construction and Aerospace Industries. EG-ICE conference in Maribor, Slovenia, June Haymaker, J., et. al. (2004). Engineering test cases to motivate the formalization of an AEC project model as a directed acyclic graph of views and dependencies, ITcon Vol. 9. Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 10

14 2.7 SCHEDULE, DELIVERABLES, AND BUDGET Schedule and Deliverables Deliverables for both case studies include, but not limited to: Narratives (process diagrams): We will develop detailed Narratives to document the people, tools, reasoning, information used, and information constructed at each step in the process. Measurement of current MDA practice: Documented framework together with data representing our findings of challenges within current MDA practice. A survey of effective approaches for interoperability compatible with considered processes. The survey will document advantages and disadvantages of the approaches reviewed. A comprehensive evaluation of the current state of BIM design tools as applied to our research and a roadmap of recommended software modifications to resolve the identified weaknesses. A non-automated but integrated process simulating project team design generation and analysis tasks with the intervention of BIM technology and our chosen data schema approach, followed by an integrated and automated process simulating the project team design generation and analysis tasks. A comprehensive report detailing the critical design parameters and parametric relationships for energy, thermal comfort, and daylighting conceptual design, the methodology for determining those factors, and how that information should be integrated with the BIM and PIDO applications. A comprehensive report documenting the results of all 8 quarters of research, including a comparison of methodology impacts between the two case studies. Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 11

15 2.7.2 Budget Project: CEE-FY Haymake Proposal to PIEE Department: Civil Engineering Principal Investigator: HAYMAKER, JOHN (Asst Prof) - CE Administrator: S. Bergman Proposal Budget Period 1 Period 2 All Periods 01/01/08-12/31/ /01/09-12/31/ /01/08-12/31/09 % Amount % Amount Total Amount Haymaker, John (Asst Prof) acad 0 0 smmr Graduate Students 2008, RA Pre-Quals, GRAD (Res Asst) acad 50 21, ,639 44,619 smmr 50 7, ,472 14,726 Other Staff Programmer, to be named (Programmer) cal 15 12, ,484 24,604 Total Salaries 41,354 42,595 83,949 Benefits Graduate 1,111 1,144 2,255 Staff 3,600 3,708 7,308 Total Salaries and Benefits 46,065 47,447 93,512 Travel, Domestic Travel 5,000 5,000 10,000 Capital Equipment 1 computer 5,000 5,000 Tuition Student Tuition 21,113 21,958 43,071 Total Direct Costs 77,178 74, ,583 Modified Total Direct Costs 51,065 52, ,512 University IDC Costs Total IDC Costs Annual Amount Requested 77,178 74, ,583 Rates Used in Budget Calculations Benefit Rates Graduate: UFY %; UFY %; UFY %; Staff: UFY %; UFY %; UFY %; Indirect Cost Rate Special Rate: UFY %; UFY %; UFY %; Haymaker_Welle Research Proposal 2 12