A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX

Transcription

1 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX 73 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Version 2.15e : August 7, 1994 Tetsuo Iwakuma y and Tetsuo Furukawa bear@hashi1.civil.tohoku.ac.jp furukawa@hagi.ces.kyutech.ac.jp Abstract People may not need to read this article any more if LATEX2 " has been completed. But since this is somehow transient period from LATEX v.2.09 to a new one, this kind of documents may be useful for those who are making documents every day and night. This is a concise guide for these people. Authors are hoping this may become a help to many users of LATEX. Contents 1 Introduction 75 2 Why Optional Style Files? Document size settings and personal macros Change of environments and macros : : Something is wrong with the : 76 3 Modification of Page Style Size of text : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Set the number of lines per page Set the number of characters per line : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Make landscape page : : : : : : : : : : Set header and footer : : : : : : : : : : Display the last page number : : : : : : Set the default font size be 8pt : : : : : Put line numbers : : : : : : : : : : : : Need ragged-right documents : : : : : : Show labels in draft manuscript : : : : : I don t like formatted documents : : : : Making similar letters to different addresses (mail-merge) : : : : : : : : : : Make a manual : : : : : : : : : : : : : Other style files : : : : : : : : : : : : : 78 4 Title Page empty won t kill page number at title page Make titles simpler : : : : : : : : : : : One-column abstract in two-column documents : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : One-column footnote by \thanks in twocolumn document : : : : : : : : : : : : Change of title layout : : : : : : : : : : 79 5 Table of Contents Change depth of table of contents : : : : Always need compilation three times? : Reference page in the table of contents : Table of contents in each chapter of bookstyle document : : : : : : : : : : : : : 79 6 Sections Cannot use a command in section title : Centering of section titles : : : : : : : : Adjust spacings above and below section titles : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Relax pagination system in book.sty : : Why no section number at subsubsection in book? : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 81 7 Main Body of Text Change expression of paragraphs : : : : Emphasize the beginning of paragraphs : : : : : : : : : : : : : Set indentation or margins of paragraphs : : : : : : : : : : : Make the shape of paragraph meaningful : : : : : : : : : : : Numbering of paragraphs : : : : Underlining : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Emphasis with underlines : : : Wavy underlines : : : : : : : : Double underlines : : : : : : : Multi-column documents : : : : : : : : Need one-column and doublecolumn mixed, or three-column documents : : : : : : : : : : : 81 y This an FAQ-like document was distributed on usenet in newsgroup comp.text.tex on September 1th, Any parts of contents including macros and examples printed on papers can be freely distributed and used. Source files and data files can also be distributed and used freely provided all the original files are present and are not modified so that no error occurs except the error due to installation of the site. Macros which are not displayed in.dvi file cannot be used without showing their references. In Japan, a serial publication of the similar contents by the same authors exists on a magazine. However since the editor of the magazine added his own information in this serial article, it is not allowed that the information appeared in the magazine but not in this document is copied into this package. Responsible for English translation. Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

2 74 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W Balance the last page in twocolumn documents : : : : : : : : : : : Side-by-side translation : : : : Ruby not diamond : : : : : : : : : : : Italic correction : : : : : : : : : : : : : German, French and Russian : : : : : : Umlaut in German : : : : : : : French documents : : : : : : : Russian documents : : : : : : : On verbatim environment : : : : : : : : \verb cannot span to multiple lines Make commands active even in verbatim environment : : : : : Draft and final, or neglecting many lines On footnotes : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Put footnotes and floats at the end of documents : : : : : : : : : : Short footnotes : : : : : : : : : Indentation for long footnotes : What happened to footnotes in tabular environment? : : : : : : Place all the footnotes in the right column : : : : : : : : : : : : : On hyphenation : : : : : : : : : : : : : Temporary change of line pitch : : : : : Program listings from separate files : : : Algorithm of program : : : : : : : : : Emphasis by thick rules : : : : : : : : : Other environments : : : : : : : : : : : 84 8 Mathematics Equation numbering : : : : : : : : : : Sub numbering of equations : : Set section number into equation numbers : : : : : : : : : : : : One equation number for a set of equations : : : : : : : : : : : : Leaders in flush-lefted equations : : : : Spaces at & are too wide in eqnarray environment : : : : : : : : : : : : : : On matrices : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Space between rows is small : : Alignment of quadratic forms : Simplification of matrices : : : Over and under braces to separate terms in equation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Height of parentheses and spaces in math mode : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Math commands of plain TEX : : : : : : Alignment of square root symbols Pile up : : : : : : : : : : : : : Matrices : : : : : : : : : : : : Cases : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Floating point calculation in the text : : Chemical formulas : : : : : : : : : : : Want to use variable-length arrows : : : Double bracket : : : : : : : : : : : : : Use symbols of AMS-TEXinLATEX documents : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Integral symbols : : : : : : : : : : : : Big and standing integral symbols A symbol BELOW multiple integral symbols : : : : : : : : : Closed surface integral : : : : : Blackboard style symbols : : : : : : : : Draw commutative diagrams : : : : : : Flow of proof : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Change style of newtheorem : : : : : : 88 9 Modification of list Environment Modification of itemize environments : Change of labels in enumerate environment : : : : : : : : : : Change labels in itemize environment : : : : : : : : : : : : Add a symbol to labels of enumerate environment : : : : : : Adjust vertical spacings near and in the list environment : : : : : : : : : : : : : Align indentation of description environment : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Write dialog : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Making Q & A : : : : : : : : : : : : : How about Figures, Tables and Photos? On captions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Change caption headers : : : : Indentation of long caption : : : Fragile commands cannot be used in captions : : : : : : : : : : : : Need line break within captions Want to place floats at specified place : : Put two figures side by side : : : : : : : Paragraph wrapping figure and table : : Tables longer than one page : : : : : : Drawings within the limit of picture environment : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Simple flow chart : : : : : : : : Flow charts : : : : : : : : : : : Draw tree diagrams : : : : : : : Draw bar-graphs : : : : : : : : Change attribute of rules of tables : : : Widen vertical spaces in tables : : : : : Align decimal points in tables : : : : : Tables with their total width specified : Improvement of array and tabular environments : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Diagonal line at the left-top corner of tables Subnumbering for floats : : : : : : : : Photo environment : : : : : : : : : : : Input figures and pictures directly : : : Within limit of LATEX : : : : : Driver-dependent methods : : : Too many unprocessed floats : : : : : : 96 Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

3 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX TEXintheBox Put a paragraph into a box : : : : : : : A box surrounding a minipage environment Strings in oval box : : : : : : : : : : : A box with title : : : : : : : : : : : : : Floats (Figs and Tables) in a box : : : : A box with shadow : : : : : : : : : : : Shading strings : : : : : : : : : : : : : Framed paragraphs that spans several pages Framing a page or list environment : : : Bibliography and Index Referring bibliography by 1);2) : : : : : Modification of bibliography list : : : : Sorting cite labels : : : : : : : : : : : : Bibliography listings for each chapter : Chicago style bibliography : : : : : : : Index for each section : : : : : : : : : Other Useful Macros Date and week : : : : : : : : : : : : : Time of compilation : : : : : : : : : : Put key words in the footnote : : : : : : Ordinal numbers : : : : : : : : : : : : Put a comma every thousands : : : : : : Want to write music : : : : : : : : : : Two pages side by side : : : : : : : : : Transparencies for OHP : : : : : : : : Make a poster : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Need to select pages to be output : : : : Fonts Available fonts : : : : : : : : : : : : : Want to use fonts not loaded : : : : : : New character without Metafont : : : : Use of non-standard fonts : : : : : : : : Manual fonts of TEX : : : : : : Calligraphic characters : : : : : Old-german fonts : : : : : : : : Symbol tables : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Creating undefined symbols : : : : : : Mathematics : : : : : : : : : : Encircled numerals : : : : : : : Cand=Y : : : : : : : : : : : : : Smiley : : : : : : : : : : : : : Logo symbols : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Other Things on TEX Programming Interactive input through keyboard : : : Macros with option : : : : : : : : : : : Choice by if : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Modification of \@tfor : : : : : : : : : Epilogue Where are style files? : : : : : : : : : : Samples to use style files : : : : : : : : Finally : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : To Draw Bar Graphs bar.sty 103 References Introduction This document was first released as an article on bbs of Tohoku University by the second author, titled LATEX style files: Q & A written in Japanese. The first author transferred it intoa LATEX document which can become a kind of manuals and indexes to show examples and samples of those style files. This one is an English-translationversion, but becomes much concise because the first author is not good at English and also because of time shortage. Many parts in the Japanese version have been discarded. Since a new version of LATEX, LATEX2 ", has been released, this kind of documents may not be necessary any more. But still many FAQ s for the old LATEX, LATEX209, are repeated on a Network News, for example comp.text.tex, and the new LATEX needs style files to attain some kinds of features. We here enumerate useful style files on LATEX209 and show examples. Most style files can be retrieved through many ftp servers, especially from CTAN. If you get a footnote saying foo.sty is not installed here., you must obtain foo.sty to show a sample. Choice of style files has been done by the first author, so still many other useful style files exist in the world. Some of style files introduced here were named by the first author not by their original creators, because they were posted on the network news systems and the creators did not give names. These files can be obtained from an ftp server in Japan, ftp.tohoku.ac.jp ( ) pub/tex/latex-styles/bear_collections/style-files/ Compilation has been checked by Big emtex on a personal computer under MS-DOS and TEX onunix 1. 2 Why Optional Style Files? 2.1 Document size settings and personal macros When you want to use your own macros and to change the page size, you put definitions and settings in the preamble. Among these macros and settings some may be almost always necessary for you to write documents, but it is cumbersome to put these definitions in the preamble every time you create a document file. In such cases, once you put all the necessary macros and settings in an optional style file, say mydoc.sty, you can use it in any documents by \documentstyle[11pt,mydoc]{article} \begin{document}... where the default font size is set 11pt of article.sty and mydoc.sty is read before processing so that you can use macros defined in mydoc.sty within the document. 1 UNIX is a licensed OS by AT & T and MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

4 76 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W 2.2 Change of environments and macros Sometimes you may want to change spacings above and below the itemize environment for your own special purposes. In such cases you must change the default definitions of the macros and environments possibly given in the file latex.tex. However you should NOT modify the macros in the files directly. You must first copy the necessary portion in the definition files into your own style file, say mydoc.sty, and then you can edit it. Most basic definitions are given in latex.tex, but several ones depending on the size or style of the document may be given in article.sty, art12.sty or book.sty etc. There are many style files which attain functions not available within the original LATEX. For example a style file called wrapfig.sty assists you to make a paragraph wrap around a figure smaller than the text width. In order to use it, you simply begin a document file with \documentstyle[12pt,wrapfig,mydoc]{jarticle} \begin{document}... You may insert as many style files as you like here. 2.3 Something is wrong with the When you look into definitions in latex.tex, you may notice many macro names include a This at symbol is a special mark within the LATEX document so that one cannot use it within the ordinary documents. It is probably used to avoid conflict of system macros with user-defined macro names. As long as the macros witch include this symbol are read as optional style files, you may not worry about any warnings and errors relating to this mark. However when you want to change a short macro temporarily in one document, it is not a good idea to put such a macro into your own style file. In such a case, one can do the followings: \documentstyle[11pt]{j-article} \makeatletter \def\thisisapen{\@ifnextchar \makeatother \begin{document}... % from here % through here where the portion between \makeatletter and \makeatother handles the as an ordinary letter. Or \catcode`\@=11 (=\makeatletter) and \catcode`\@=12 (=\makeatother) have the same functions. On the other hand, if \makeatother is used in the optional style files, you may get a lot of errors in compilation. For example, an optional style file wrong.sty includes such a command, \documentstyle[11pt,wrong,right,mydoc]{j-article} will read right.sty and mydoc.sty after wrong.sty has been executed. But since this command already makes the special, all the lines within the last two files cause errors in compilation. 3 Modification of Page Style 3.1 Size of text There are a few style files to set size of the text body. For example, A4 size used in Europe and Japan can be set by using a4.sty or a4wide.sty. But the simplest way is to define the sizes manually as \setlength{\topmargin}{-6mm} \setlength{\textheight}{30cm} \setlength{\textwidth}{20cm} % dviware dependent % B4 size \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{5mm} % dviware dependent \setlength{\evensidemargin}{5mm}% dviware dependent This document uses the following settings to save spaces. One line may be too long. \setlength{\topmargin}{-11mm} \setlength{\headsep}{20pt} \setlength{\textheight}{24cm} \setlength{\textwidth}{16cm} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{1.5mm} \setlength{\evensidemargin}{1.5mm} % A4 size If the dvi-driver can handle landscape printings, a command defined in mydoc.sty as \def\landscape{% \@tempdima=\textwidth \textwidth=\textheight \textheight=\@tempdima} will exchange the height and width of the document, although slight change of margins may be necessary. line control default line control default header \headrulewidth 0.4pt \plainheadrulewidth 0pt footer \footrulewidth 0pt \plainfootrulewidth 0pt Table 1: Default of Thickness of Rules book or (report + twoside) report article article + twoside \leftmark \chapter \chapter \section \section \rightmark \section \chapter \section \subsection Table 2: Default of \leftmark, \rightmark Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

5 3.1.1 Set the number of lines per page Since it is not a feature of TEX, it is almost impossible because glue will be inserted in proper positions. However as an average or an approximation, one can use the next command to set the number of lines. \def\linesparpage#1{ \baselineskip=\textheight \divide\baselineskip by #1} % lineheight = textheight / line# If one uses \linesparpage{20} in the preamble, it will reset \baselineskip so that the number of lines per page becomes approximately 20. However this command cannot be used before \maketitle, because \maketitle modifies \baselineskip. Moreover \baselineskip is frequently changed in many commands and environments, so that it is not usually appropriate to change it. The line pitch can be changed by setting \baselinestretch as \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.7} where 1.7 times default line-pitch is used everywhere in the document. Trial and error is necessary to set the number of lines by adjusting \baselinestretch. Since the method above changes all the spacings in the document, for example, footnotes and captions become ugly. One must set line pitch differently depending on the appearance of each environment. One can use doublespace.sty for that purpose. Usage is written in the style file. When the textheight must be adjusted by fixing the default line pitches, one can set it in the preamble of the document as \textheight=19\baselineskip \advance\textheight \topskip just like settings in art10.sty [7] Set the number of characters per line We do not know how to do it in non-japanese TEX. 3.2 Make landscape page It is easy to set all the pages in landscape direction by setting its width and height. But sometimes only one table must be in landscape direction within the documents in portrait direction. In this case, portland.sty can be used. Two commands, \portrait and \landscape switch the direction of the page, but it is necessary to check and set \paperheight appropriately. Default paper size is for A4 size paper. As switchings are recorded in.log file, one can change the settings of the dvi-drivers and printers accordingly. If the dvi-driver cannot handle page-wise output, a style file, selectp.sty in Section (p. 99) may be helpful. 3.3 Set header and footer A standard way of doing is to use the command \pagestyle{myheadings} [5], or a new style of the page can be easily defined [8]. 3.4 Display the last page number Suppose the total page number is fifteen, one may need to put each page number as 3/15. A hint is given in the book [8] and is used here. One way is to use \ref and \label. First you define in your own style file \let\thepageoriginal=\thepage \def\thepage{\thepageoriginal/\l@stp@genumber} % <--- this style \def\l@stp@genumber{\@ifundefined% {r@l@stp@genumber}{(last page)}{\expandafter% \@car\r@l@stp@genumber\@nil}} \def\lastpagenumber{\def\@currentlabel{% \arabic{page}}\label{l@stp@genumber}} Then rightbefore the line of \end{document} the command \lastpagenumber must be placed. Or even in the definitionof \end{document}, \lastpagenumbercan be inserted. This method generates desired page numbering in the second compilation, but the table of contents and output of \pageref become correct after the third compilation. This method will also generate \pageref to be the form of 3/15. If you do not want to change \pageref, you must re-define \label as \let\thepageoriginal=\thepage \def\thepage{\thepageoriginal/\l@stp@genumber} % <--- this style \def\l@stp@genumber{\@ifundefined{r@l@stp@genumber}% {(last page)}{\expandafter\@cdr\r@l@stp@genumber% \@nil}} \def\lastpagenumber{\label{l@stp@genumber}} \def\label#1{\@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}% \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string \newlabel{#1}{{\@currentlabel}% {\thepageoriginal}}}} \expandafter}\@tempa % <---- changed \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack} But still three-times compilation is necessary to make the table of contents right. In the table of contents, all the page numbers become the form of 3/15, because \thepage is re-defined in the preceding two methods. Here we show a simple method given in the reference [8] which modifies the page style. In the personal style file, one may define \def\ps@totalpagestyle{% \let\@mkboth=\@gobbletwo \def\@oddhead{}\def\@evenhead{} \def\@oddfoot{\hfill \thepage% /\pageref{lastpagenumber} \hfill} \def\@evenfoot{\hfill \thepage% /\pageref{lastpagenumber} \hfill}} \pagestyle{totalpagestyle} Note that this \thispagestyle{totalpagestyle} must be placed right after \maketitle when the document has a title section as will be written in Section 4.1 (p. 78). The last method is used to create an example of this page. This method is also used in nofm.sty. 77/110

6 78 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W 3.5 Set the default font size be 8pt In LATEX the default font size is 10pt, while 11pt or 12pt can be chosen as an option. There exists a style file called xarticle.sty where 7pt, 8pt and 9pt can be used for the font size of the main body of text. art7[8,9].sty are necessary. \documentstyle[8pt]{xarticle} will do all. 3.6 Put line numbers For example, a draft may need such line numbers. numline.sty will put numbers every 5 lines. One may also be able to reset line number every page. 3.7 Need ragged-right documents You may sometimes need a ragged-right documents just like articles by type writers. However since the original \raggedright suppresses hyphenation, appearance becomes strange when the text width is set narrow. An improvement has been done by raggedri.sty. Acommand, \RaggedRight and FlushLeft environment are defined. The declaration, \RaggedRight, sets all and Flush- Left environment is similar to flushleft environment. may change a few words in the letter correspondingly to receivers and also one needs address labels for many receivers. A style file formlett.sty is a very fancy macro to do such things. Manual and samples are provided together with the style file Make a manual When one needs to create on-line-manual like documents on UNIX, one can use manpage.sty. Sample and manuals are provided Other style files We only enumerate several other files below. For school teachers to make problems, hints and answers, answers.sty and ans.sty will help a lot. Also exercise.sty will do the similar things. exam.sty is slightly different but is for preparation of examination. recipe.sty is for recipe of cooking, and resume.sty is for vita. As for vita, vita.sty can also be used. schedule.sty will create a simple table of personal schedule. 3.8 Show labels in draft manuscript Cross-reference in LATEX is the most valuable function, but one must remember all the labels while writing document. It is very helpful to show these labels on the pages in the phase of draft 2. showkeys.sty shows labels and ref s in the pages and margins. For example, \cite{total} of references will be shown as [6]. total \label{eq:sk} is printed as a n = 1` Z ` 0 f(x) exp( in!x) dx (1) eq:sk while its reference \ref{eq:sk} will be indicated as Eq. ( 1). eq:sk Margins are used to show definitions of equations and sections, but \label in the main body of the text will show the keys IN the paragraphs. 3.9 I don t like formatted documents It is the most cumbersome job to make a form like an applicationform for Graduate Schools by LATEX. But a style file fillform.tex may be helpful. It uses the picture environment and makes the page interactively. Another file is at.sty. Similar method is used and specification of the distance from the origin of the document must be given. For example \at(2cm,5cm){\parbox[t]{10cm}{this is a box}} will put the \parboxat 2cm right and 5cm below the origin Making similar letters to different addresses (mail-merge) As a business letter, we sometimes need to send almost the same letters to many different people. Copy machine can be used if completely the same letters are sent, but one 4 Title Page 4.1 empty won t kill page number at title page This is because the macro \maketitle includes \thispagestyle{plain} in it. Therefore to cancel this declaration one must put empty page style right after the \maketitle command as \maketitle\thispagestyle{empty} (from comp.text.tex or [8]). % No Line Break 4.2 Make titles simpler It is not necessary to make a personal memo with author, and only the title and date may be needed. Moreover spacing at \maketitle is too large for a simple article of a small meeting. A simple title making is possible by the following command: \def\makesimpletitle{% \def\@maketitle{\newpage\null\vskip.5em% \@ifundefined{@author}{{\large \@title}% \hfill(\@date)\par\vskip.5em}{\begin{center}% {\LARGE \@title} \end{center}\begin{flushright}% \@author~(\@date) \end{flushright}}% \par\vskip 1em}% \maketitle \let\makesimpletitle\relax} Instead of using \maketitle, one may use \makesimpletitle to display a simple title heading. If \author{...} is not defined, output will become simpler. This can be used in two-column documents. 2 Similar function can be attained by using draft.sty, but sometimes it will output warnings as too many unprocessed float. And since draft is a reserved option for the original LATEX, one must rename this style file or \string\input is needed. Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

7 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX One-column abstract in two-column documents Usual abstract environment will appear at the beginning of the left column in two-column documents. Several scientific journals ask authors to write abstract in one-column centered right below the title. This layout can be possible if \twocolumn[title... abstract...]... is used. Or the following change of \maketitle may be used. Define in your personal style file \def\abstract#1{\long\def\@abstract{#1}} \def\@abstract{} \let\@oldmaketitle=\@maketitle \def\@maketitle{ \@oldmaketitle \begin{center}\large\bf Abstract\end{center} \begin{quotation}\@abstract\end{quotation} \vskip 1.5em} and you can use as \title{this is THE title of my paper} \author{it's ME!} \abstract{we've discovered...} \maketitle If \parbox is used in place of quotation environment, the width can be set to a certain dimension. In such a case, \parbox must be inside a centeringenvironment. If \long is neglected in the definition of \def\abstract, blank line cannot be used, so that only one paragraph of the abstract is allowed. One may change the definition of \maketitle more drastically for more complicated layout, say, including affiliations and key words listing. This can be achieved by redefining \@maketitle andanexampleisgivenin 1-in- 2.sty where a sample is also included. 4.4 One-column footnote by \thanks in twocolumn document This may be attained by using multicol.sty in Section (p. 81), but is possible by cheating to put a fullwidth footnote in the left column. One simple method is to change the definitions of \par temporarily, so that the first paragraph in the right column of the very first page automatically put a blank footnote there. An example is included in 1-in-2.sty in Section 4.3 (p. 79). 4.5 Change of title layout Another example can be seen in jsce.sty 3,whichisa style file to write a paper for the Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers. In two-column article, the title and authors are centered and the \thanks will appear right below authors list. Abstract and key words of the paper is put below them. 5 Table of Contents 5.1 Change depth of table of contents A counter tocdepth determines the depth of table of contents. The larger this number is, the deeper the depth becomes. Corresponding number for the depth of the article style is shown in the table at the right. It indicates that subsubsection will be in the table of contents if one sets \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} in the preamble [7]. 0: chapter 1: section 2: subsection 3: subsubsection : Always need compilation three times? At the first compilation, no table-of-contents file, (.toc), exists. At the second compilation, it exists but it contains only the page numbers compiled without table of contents. This situation forces us to compile three times. However if one set separate page numbering system in the preface and main text body just like books, one can usually get proper page numbers in the second compilation. As an example, this document sets as follows: \pagenumbering{roman} \maketitle \hrule width \textwidth {\par\baselineskip=.8\normalbaselineskip \begin{quotation} \tableofcontents \end{quotation} \par} \vskip 1em \hrule width \textwidth \pagebreak \setcounter{page}{1}\pagenumbering{arabic} Namely the page numbers of the preface are displayed by roman numerals, but the counter for the page is reset at the end of preface so that the main body of the text begins with page number ONE. Page numbers are displayed in arabic numerals. (But please check.toc file every time you compile.) 5.3 Reference page in the table of contents If in the definition of thebibliography environment you add one line of \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname} it will write the page number of the reference listings into.toc file, so that the final output of the table of contents includes the page number of the list of references. The style of appearance depends on the second argument of the command \addcontentsline. 5.4 Table of contents in each chapter of bookstyle document When a couple of people get together to make a book, it is convenient to have table of contents in each chapter. This is easily attained if minitoc.sty is used. Commands are dependent on the document style, but when article style is used, \dosecttoc right before the table of contents and 3 This is available from ftp.tohoku.ac.jp at pub/tex/latex-styles/jsce. Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

8 80 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W \secttoc at each section will do everything. Manual and samples are included in the original package. Note that the style file must be modified when it is used on MS-DOS systems. And one always needs to compile three times. 6 Sections 6.1 Cannot use a command in section title A fragile command cannot be used in \section{...}. It may be something to do with timing of macro expansion [8]. To use such a command, one must put \protect before it. Within the command, \string may be used to escape special letters, and the space may be given explicitly by \space. However since these does not work if you want to make table of contents, you must use \section[...]{...} with no fragile commands in the bracket. 6.2 Centering of section titles One method is given in the reference [2] which is a modification of the macro in latex.tex \def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth... For example, as the section is the level 1 section in the article style, modification as... \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ \ifnum #2=1 \begin{center} \else \fi %<--- \begingroup #6\relax \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}% {\interlinepenalty \@M #8\par} \endgroup \ifnum #2=1 \end{center} \else \fi %<--- \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline... will center the section title. The chapter will be centered in the report style documents. Note that the glue spacing by center environment is added above and below the title. The same effect is possible if the macro as \def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-3.5ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}{2.3ex plus.2ex} {\reset@font\center\large\bf}} is added. Or \def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@} {-3.5ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}{2.3ex plus.2ex}% {\reset@font\centering\large\bf}} will give almost the same output. The difference may be (?) glue spacing. Another simple method is given in the TEX andtug NEWS ttn2n1.sty. \def\section{\@ifstar{\@section[2pt]}{\@section[\z@]}} % \def\@section[#1]#2{\ifdim #1<1pt% \refstepcounter{section}\fi% \section*{\centering \ifdim #1<1pt% \addcontentsline{toc}{section}% {\protect\numberline{\thesection}#2}% \thesection. \fi #2 \nopagebreak[4]}} This defines \Section{...} to center the title. Since \section* is used instead of \section, you must modify it if you need to show \thesection. In this case, \refstepcounter must also be used to increment \thesection and to reset \thesubsection etc. 6.3 Adjust spacings above and below section titles In submitting a camera-ready manuscript to proceedings of conferences, the default spacings near the section titles are a bit large enough to squeeze information in the article. These spacings can be adjusted through re-definition of \section in art12.sty etc. For example, art10.sty has the definition as \def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}% {\z@}{-3.5ex plus-1ex minus-.2ex}% {2.3ex plus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\bf}} The fourth and fifth arguments of \@startsection define the spacings. If the fourth argument is negative, it prohibits indentation at the beginning of the first paragraph. When it is modified as \def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {1.1ex plus.2ex minus.1ex}{1ex plus.2ex}% {\reset@font\large\bf}} spacings become small and the first paragraph has the same indentation as those succeeding paragraphs. The font size of the section titles is also changed into \large. Furthermore, if the fifth argument is set negative, the first paragraph will follow the title without carriage return. (Not that the string \reset@font is not used in the old version of article.sty and latex.tex.) When you want to change the display of section numbers to [1], you simply re-define \thesection as \def\thesection{[\arabic{section}]} 6.4 Relax pagination system in book.sty In the book style, the chapter begins in the odd page. The table of contents is also controlled by the same macros as \chapter, and begins in the odd page. For example, in bk10.sty, the definition of \chapter is given as follows: \def\chapter{ \cleardoublepage % make it into odd page \thispagestyle{plain} % and no header in THAT page \global\@topnum\z@ \@afterindentfalse \secdef\@chapter\@schapter} Therefore change of \cleardoublepage into \clearpage will stop output of white page and will start chapters from even page. Although it is not a good idea, it saves papers while making a draft. Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

9 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Why no section number at subsubsection in book? The section numbering is controlled by a counter secnumdepth which can be set just like tocdepth in Section 5.1 (p. 79). 7 Main Body of Text 7.1 Change expression of paragraphs Emphasize the beginning of paragraphs Some old books start the paragraph with the big first letter that spans a few succeeding lines. The style file named drop.sty will do this kind of fancy output 4. An example is from the manual of this style file. \drop{in} THE beginning... the earth.... darkness was beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Now the earth was unformed and void, INTHE and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters. Old German fonts in Section (p. 102) may be useful. Or dropcaps.sty doesthe same thingwithmore controls than drop.sty. Manual and samples are included in the original package Set indentation or margins of paragraphs A simple way is shown in the reference [6], but it is not in effect within verbatim environment. Another method may be to use list environment, but it is not easy to set spacings before and after the paragraph. A solution is to use \parshape,andtheindentation environment defined in indent.sty can be used Make the shape of paragraph meaningful For example, a paragraph in a message card for birthday or wedding may be in the shape of heart for strong impression. Or any kind of shape may be defined if you use shapepar.sty. \shapepar{\heartshape} This is an example of using heart shape paragraph defined in the original style file. There are a few more shapes defined in this style file. This is an example of using heart shape paragraph defined in the original style file. Thereareafewmore shapes defined in this style file Numbering of paragraphs While making a draft of a book with some other friends, it may be convenient for the discussion on telephone to have the number at each paragraph just like a sheet music. A style file numberpar.sty puts paragraph number at the beginning of each paragraph. 7.2 Underlining Emphasis with underlines Underlines do not seem to be recommended in TEX, and a command \underline{...} cannot span to multiple lines. If you really want to draw underlines for emphasis, you may use ulem.sty which allows underlines in multiple lines. Within this style file, if one decides to use extended functions, one can use wavy underlines, scratch-out and cross-out. This is an example of ulem.sty. When ulem.sty is used, the emphasized text by is under-lined unless is declared at the beginning. Note that the does not behave normally but needs. Other options are \uwave: underline, \sout: scratch out and \xout: cross / out. / wavy Wavy underlines This symbol may be used for proof-reading or type-setting to make the letter gothic. Vectors and tensors are sometimes indicated by this symbol on blackboard at school. A style file undtilde.sty can be used. It seems to use \tilde. Note that the name of this style file is set by us and that this is an article on comp.text.tex Double underlines This might have been used in proof-readings. uuline.sty utilizes the extended functions in ulem.sty to put double underlines. This file, uuline.sty, explains a method to put any kinds of strings underneath characters. 7.3 Multi-column documents Need one-column and double-column mixed, or three-column documents LATEX has two commands to switch one- and doublecolumn, which are \onecolumn and \twocolumn. Butthese always clear the page. When you want one-column part and double-column part in one page, you need multicol.sty, which also enables arbitrary multi-column documents. One big restriction is that one cannot use floats within columns. You will get a balanced portion of n-column beginning with \begin{multicols}{n} through the line of \end{multicols}. \begin{multicols}{3} [\section{...}] 4 drop.sty needs to be edited to set the font size before installation. Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

10 82 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W puts the section title in one-column and starts the section in 3-column format. Between columns, a rule with width of 0.4pt is inserted. The thickness is specified by setting dimension, \columnseprule, the default of which is 0pt. You may need BigTEX forcompilations Balance the last page in two-column documents In the ordinary twocolumn documents, the columns of the last page are not balanced so that the right column ends at the middle of the page while the left column reaches the bottom of the page. The style file multicol.sty in Section (p. 81) automatically controls this kind of output, but one can use a cheating in the ordinary twocolumn documents. If you put a blank footnote in the left column, you may force a part of text move into the right column. By trial and error, specification of the height of this blank footnote will eventually balance columns. This method is used in 1-in-2.sty in Section 4.3 (p. 79). (See Fig. 1) Side-by-side translation One may need instructions in English and Japanese side by side, for example, for graduate students in universities. The minipage environment is not easy to use and twocolumn style does not suit for this. A style file called multicolpar.sty may be used easily. It makes a two-column document with changing columns automatically at every paragraphs. Oops! multicol.sty may be input rather than multicolpar.sty. On MS-DOS, these files cannot be distinguished and multicolpar.sty may not be installed. =) Last Page 4. END 6? 16 cm Figure 1-a: Ordinary Output 6? 8cm Last Page \lastpagesettings \lastpagecontrolf8cmg 4. END ABSTRACT One needs to use \"u for ü, but it is cumbersome. A style file german.sty makes such codings easy enough;e.g. ü can be input by "u. Other examples are: "`"u"' becomes ü ; "<"a"> outputs ä. \lastpagesettings 7.4 Ruby not diamond A macro in the reference [7, 8] will help but NTT JTEX supplies a style file called ruby.sty in the package. If proper font name is chosen in ruby.sty, ASCII Nihongo TEX can process it. Usage is written in comment lines. Or nruby.sty is in public. The font size of ruby is set to \tiny. 7.5 Italic correction When italic font is used in the roman documents, \/ is usually needed at the end of the italic strings. A file italic.sty put it automatically, but \ital{...} and \slant{...} must be used in place of \it and \sl. 7.6 German, French and Russian Umlaut in German Figure 1-b: Cheated Last Page Figure 1: Balancing the Last Page French documents Similarly to german.sty, french.sty is prepared. We did not try yet, but it is used to create a format file (.fmt) by initex Russian documents I am afraid that the documents are written in Japanese, but sscyr.sty uses cyrillic fonts of AMS-TEX to write documents in Russian. 7.7 On verbatim environment \verb cannot span to multiple lines For example, a long path-name on UNIX may not be displayed in one line, so that the \verb cannot be used. As has been pointed out in the reference [8], if \tt and \slash are used in place of \verb and /, one can write a long string. But path.sty accepts line break at any kind of Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

11 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX 83 delimiters. Note that if you want to use it with TEX ofold version; i.e. before ver.3, a numeral 255 in this file must be changed into Make commands active even in verbatim environment In theverbatimenvironment, \ is treated as a string. Hence no command is active within this environment. But if you use alltt.sty, output is written in Typewriter Type font, while \ and {} remain to be TEX sspecial characters. Therefore you can change fonts inside this environment. \begin{alltt} This is an example of... \large `alltt.sty'. \tt This \scriptsize This is the end... \end{alltt} This is an example of the environment `alltt.sty'. This is... Yes. you have this style file... Usage is given in the comment lines of the file... This is the end of example. Similar function is possible by astyped.sty. 7.8 Draft and final, or neglecting many lines While making draft, we want to write down many things as memos but do not want to output these lines. In the final manuscript, we may need some parts of these lines. Or you may need to neglect many lines temporarily. version.sty can be used for these purposes. If you want to neglect lines, then put \begin{comment} at the beginning of the lines and \end{comment} at the end. If you declare \includeversion{draft} and \excludeversion{final}, all the portion within draft environment will be output but final environment will be neglected. Exchange of \includeversion and \excludeversion reverses the output. version.sty is used in this package to decide whether examples can be shown or not depending on existence of the corresponding file. comment.sty is also used to comment out many lines. 7.9 On footnotes Put footnotes and floats at the end of documents One may need to gather all the figures and tables or footnotes at the end of documents. endnote.sty will help it. Or endnotes.sty can be used. As for tables and figures, endfloat.sty can be used Short footnotes When there are many footnotes in one page but they are short, one may want to list them sideways. fnpara.sty will do this Indentation for long footnotes You may like indented footnotes like those in TEXBook [9]. A creator of JaWaTEX, Dr. Watanabe 5 modified footnote macros as \long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\noindent \hbox to 2em{\hss$^{\@thefnmark}$~}% \@tempdima\columnwidth\advance\@tempdima-2em% \parbox[t]{\@tempdima}{#1}} to do so. This modification is employed in this package. Other methods are collected in hanging.tex What happened to footnotes in tabular environment? In the manual, \footnotemark and \footnotetext{...} and \addtocounter{footnote}{??} must be used. But if you use ftn.sty,\ftn{...} instead of \footnote will output footnotes in tabular environment properly Place all the footnotes in the right column ftnright.sty in the Mainz package does this, but multicol.sty in Section (p. 81) cannot be used at the same time On hyphenation TEX itself has a rule for hyphenation but it is not always correct especially for proper nouns. In such cases, one must specify the rule as \hyphenation{man-u-script man-u-scripts......} or you may find several rules in many ftp sites Temporary change of line pitch For example a program listingin the manual may be printed out with smaller line pitch just like this document. If \baselineskip is changed, this becomes active only when \cr is encountered. Therefore english environment in this document is defined as \def\english{\par\baselineskip=.7% \normalbaselineskip\vskip.4286% \baselineskip\noindent\ignorespaces} %.4286=(1-.7)/.7 \def\endenglish{\par} to use \begin{english} Programs may be put here \end{english} \noindent where... 5 watanabe@akiu.gw.tohoku.ac.jp Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

12 84 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W Note that \begin{english} always breaks line without indentation but that \end{english} breaks line with indent. Therefore an explicit usage of \noindent is necessary to continue statement without indentation after this environment. If \baselinestretch is changed inside the document, it does not seem to function. This is because this correction is active only when size-change commands are executed. (Here make the pitch twice.) It is written in TEX and TUG NEWS (Vol.2, No.3 June 1993 ttn2n3.tex ) that the change of the pitch becomes active if you change temporarily font size;i.e. \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2}\tiny\normalsize will change the pitch twice with normal font size. (Here we return to the ordinary line pitch.) Note that the spacings above and below this changes must be adjusted manually Program listings from separate files For example, verbatimenvironment can be used with small line pitch as \newenvironment{program}% {\begin{quote} \addtolength{\baselineskip}% {-0.8ex}} {\end{quote}} where quote environment is used to add indentation. But it is not realistic to include all the lines of program directly into your document file. If you use the stylefile verbatimfiles.sty, \verbatimfile{filename} reads filename in and outputs the lines in verbatim environment. If \verbatimlisting{filename} is used, the line number will be output. Oops! verbatim.sty may be input instead of verbatimfiles.sty. It is a problem of the length of file names in MS-DOS. verbatimfiles.sty may not be here. cprog.sty will input and beautify C programs. There is a program to convert files of FORTRAN or Prolog into text files for LATEX with font change of key words. lgrind converts into LATEX file, while plain TEX sources can be obtained by tgrind. About 25 kinds of source files likec, FORTRAN, CSH and Mlisp can be converted. Note that the spaces in comment lines must be replaced by ~ for proper display Algorithm of program Just like the theorem environment, the flow of programs sometimes needs to be displayed with variable fonts. algorithms.sty is the one to do so. There is a completely different file algorithm.sty for another purpose Emphasis by thick rules In TEX and TUG NEWS (Vol.2, No.4 Oct ttn2n4.tex ), a fancy usage of rules was seen. We here modify it. TODAY S TOPIC Photo Contest of Beautiful Bridges Today the meeting will be held on 15:00 at a conference room on the 5th floor. One of the big topics to discuss is about judges. Everyone must prepare the following items. 1. Eyeglasses 2. Pens and cakes is output of the following announce environment. \def\reyrule{\hbox to 2cm{\leaders\hrule height 3pt% \hfill}}\newbox\reybox\def\announce#1{% \setbox\reybox=\hbox{\reyrule\quad% {\LARGE\bf #1}\quad\raise3pt\REYrule}% \gdef\reybigrule{\hbox to \wd\reybox% {\leaders\hrule height 3pt\hfill}}% \vspace{1em}\centerline{\raise3pt\reyrule\quad% {\LARGE\bf #1}\quad\raise3pt\REYrule}} \def\endannounce{\par\centerline{\reybigrule}} An example above starts with \begin{announce}{today's TOPIC} Other environments algorithm.sty is for algorithm display of programs. program.sty helps display of programs. 8 Mathematics 8.1 Equation numbering Sub numbering of equations LATEX automatically put numbers sequentially using only one counter, equation. One may need to put sub number as (3-a) especially in the eqnarray environment. subeqn.sty seems to be the one for that purpose. This also allows text between equations. Or subeqnarray.sty may have the similar function. But using these style files, we cannot specify \label s properly. Here we made a simple macro for the purpose. manyeqns.sty uses a new counter for sub number within a new manyeqns environment. The sub number can be changed manually, so that one can put text between two consecutive manyeqns environments. Cross-reference by \ref and \label can be set for each equation as well as all the set. Since subeqnarray.sty does have a problem about \label, another style file is introduced which is similar to \case in plain TEX. cases.sty defines a macro. Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

13 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Set section number into equation numbers \theequationneeds to be modified to include section number and to reset every sections. For example \@addtoreset{equation}{section} \def\theequation{\arabic{equation} of Sec. \thesection} F = Z sin zdz (2 of Sec. 8) A command \@addtoreset{ca}{cb} resets a counter ca every time another counter cb changes One equation number for a set of equations Of course, one can get such output using \nonumber in the eqnarray environment, but it does not look good when the number of equations is even. A simple method is to use array environment in the equation environment. Since the default style in array environment is \textstyle, one must explicitly declare \displaystyle when \sum and/or \int are included. \begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} {\displaystyle I=\sum_{i=1}^N a_i\,b_i} \\ \noalign{\vskip 1ex} {\displaystyle f=\int_0^\ell g(x)\,\sin x\, dx} \end{array} \end{equation} NX I = a i b i i=1 Z ` f = g(x) sin xdx 0 Moreover, as shown here, \noalign may be necessary to control spacings when high symbols like \int must be used (See Section (p. 85) ). 8.2 Leaders in flush-lefted equations When an option of fleqn.sty is used, space between equation and equation number becomes wide so that some kind of leaders may be necessary. Macros introduced here are defined by Mr. Isozaki[8] and Dr. Watanabe. doteqn-f.sty is the name of a style file and puts leader in the eqnarray environment. The equationenvironment can have such a leader. It is defined in dot-eqns.sty included in thepackage of manyeqns.sty above. 8.3 Spaces at & aretoowideineqnarray environment This spacing has been set at the definition of eqnarray environment[7].... $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@{##}$&\global\@eqcnt\@ne (3) \hskip 2\arraycolsep \hfil${##}$\hfil %^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ \hskip 2\arraycolsep$% % ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ \displaystyle\tabskip\z@{##}$\hfil \tabskip\@centering&\llap{##}\tabskip\z@\cr} The portions underlined are to be modified as $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@{##}$&\global\@eqcnt\@ne \hfil$\;{##}\;$\hfil &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@{##} $\hfil\tabskip\@centering&\llap{##}\tabskip\z@\cr} to get the following example. In the reference[7], the part between these two & is also changed to be \displaystyle.! F = G = Z F = G= Z 1X n=0 1X n=0 sin zdz a n t n sin zdz a n t n 8.4 On matrices Space between rows is small Especially when displaystyle \frac is in the element of a matrix, rows become too close to each other. In order to separate them, \noalign{\vskip...} can be used[4]. \left\{\begin{array}{c} f_1\\ f_2\\ f_3 \end{array}\right\}= \left(\begin{array}{ccc} A & 0 & B \\ \noalign{\vskip 1.2ex} % < & \displaystyle{\frac{ea}{\ell}} & -\displaystyle{\frac{ea}{\ell}}\\ \noalign{\vskip 1.2ex} % <----- B & -\displaystyle{\frac{ea}{\ell}} & \displaystyle{\frac{ea}{\ell}} \end{array}\right)\left\{ \begin{array}{c} u_1\\ u_2\\ u_3 \end{array}\right\} 8 < : f 1 f 2 f = ; = is a typical example. A 0 B 0 B EA ` EA ` EA ` EA ` 1 8 < C A: u 1 u 2 u 3 9 = ; Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

14 86 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W Alignment of quadratic forms There are a few methods to align a row vector to the top line of the matrix in quadratic forms. One method by Mr. Daniel H. Luecking is a modification of the plain TEX command. \def\tpmatrix#1{ } \setbox\z@=\vtop{\normalbaselines\m@th } \ialign{\hfil$##$\hfil&&\quad\hfil$##$\hfil\crcr } \mathstrut\crcr \noalign{\kern-\baselineskip} #1\crcr \mathstrut\crcr \noalign{\kern-\baselineskip} \dimen\z@=\dp\z@ \setbox\z@=\vbox to \ht\z@{ } \hbox{$\displaystyle \left(\,\vcenter{\unvbox\z@}% \,\right)$}\vss \dp\z@=\dimen\z@ \box\z@ will generate \pmatrix{x & y & z} \tpmatrix{a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \cr } a_4 & a_5 & a_6 \cr a_7 & a_8 & a_9 \cr \tpmatrix{b \cr c \cr d} 0 10 ( x y z a 1 a 2 a 3 A a 4 a 5 a 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 Another one by Mr. Donald Arseneau is \newbox\matbox b c d 1 A \vtop{\normalbaselines\m@th % set the matrix in \ialign{\hfil$##$\hfil&&\quad\hfil$##$% \hfil\crcr % a \vtop so the \mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip} % first baseline #1\crcr\mathstrut\crcr\noalign{\kern-\baselineskip}}} % lines up. % get twice difference between baseline % and centerline of inner matrix: \dimen255=\dp\matbox \advance\dimen255% by -\ht\matbox % Center matrix and surround with parentheses: \setbox\matbox=% \hbox{$\left( \,\vcenter{\box\matbox}\,\right)$} % Correct for difference between baseline and % centerline of parentheses: \advance\dimen255 by -\dp\matbox% \advance\dimen255 by \ht\matbox % Lower centered matrix back to its proper baseline: } \lower0.5\dimen255\box\matbox will be used to get \pmatrix{x & y & z} \topmatrix{a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \cr } a_4 a_7 & a_5 & a_6 \cr & a_8 & a_9 \cr \topmatrix{b \cr c \cr d} 0 10 ( x y z a 1 a 2 a 3 A a 4 a 5 a 6 a 7 a 8 a b c d 1 A The last one by Mr. Bruce Ikenaga is the easiest method \matrix{ A = \cr \vphantom{ 0 } \cr \vphantom{ 0 } \cr} \matrix{ \pmatrix{a & b & c\cr} \cr \vphantom{ 0 } \cr \vphantom{ 0 } \cr} \pmatrix{ 1 & 0 & 0 \cr 0 & 1 & 0 \cr 0 & 0 & 1 \cr} \pmatrix{b \cr c \cr d} 0 10 A =(a b A and in LATEX we can write as follows: \begin{array}{ccc} \lfloor\quad a & b & c \quad\rfloor \\ \vphantom{0} \\ \vphantom{0} \end{array} \left(\begin{array}{ccc} a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \\ a_4 & a_5 & a_6 \\ a_7 & a_8 & a_9 \end{array}\right) \left\{\begin{array}{c} x \\ y \\ z \end{array}\right\} b a b c c a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 a 7 a 8 a Simplification of b c d 18 < A : 1 A x y z 9 = ; Alignment in matrices or cases is one of the most cumbersome inputs in LATEX. delarray.sty may make it a bit easy. Manual and samples are included in the original package, but always another stylefile array.sty is needed. Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

15 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Over and under braces to separate terms in equation It was an article on comp.text.tex. We made this article to be a style file called ovudbraces.sty without creator s consent. The creator is Mr. Donald Arseneau. The question is how to output x,--^--, y,--^--, a+b+c+d+e+f + g+h+i+j+k+l + m = \pi r^2 `-----v-----' in LATEX documents. z 8.6 Height of parentheses and spaces in math mode Spaces must be set manually in math mode. Here we enumerate an example to refer. g=\int_a^b\int_c^e f(x,y)\,dx\,dy g=\int_a^b\!\!\!\int_c^e f(x,y)\,dx\,dy 8.7 Math commands of plain TEX Alignment of square root symbols a &=& \sqrt{g}+\sqrt{h} b &=& \sqrt{\mathstrut g}+\sqrt{\mathstrut h} Pile up {a \atop b} + c a \atopwithdelims<> b a \atopwithdelims\{. b a b + c; a = p g + p h b = p g + p h a b ; a b g = g = Z b Z e f(x; y) dx dy a c Z b Z e f(x; y) dx dy a c Matrices A=\pmatrix{ a & b \cr c & d \cr } A= \left[ \matrix{ a & b \cr c & d \cr } \right] f(x)=a x + b f(x)=a\,x + b f(x)=a\:x + b f(x)=a\;x + b a b A = ; A = c d a c b d f(x) = ax + b f(x) = ax+b f(x) = ax+b f(x) = ax+b Also variable-height parentheses are listed below: \left\{\sqrt{1+\frac{\pi}{\omega}} \Biggl[\biggl(\Bigr \bigr](a+b)\right\} (r 1+!" ) (a+b) Sometimes we need a pile-up of symbols. There are several ways but a few from the reference[4] are shown below: g\stackrel{\rm def}{=}\sin(x)... \sum_{{\scriptstyle j=1} \atop{\scriptstyle i\neq j}}^n \mathop{\bf Res}_{\Im z>0}\,f(z) \mathop{\sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{j=1}^m}% _{i+j=\mbox{\scriptsize even}} g def = sin(x):::; nx j=1 i6=j ; Res f(z); =z>0 nx mx i=1 j=1 i+j=even (4) Cases x =\cases{ x & (if $x$ $\ge$ 0) \cr -x & (otherwise) \cr } jxj x (if x = 0) x (otherwise) 8.8 Floating point calculation in the text TEX itself carries out all the calculation by integer variables probably because of its historical reasons. But a style file by Mr. Isozaki, eclarith.sty enables us to calculate real numbers or even to use trigonometric functions. 8.9 Chemical formulas In LATEX it is a very difficult task, but it becomes a little easy if one uses AMS-LATEX. There is a package called ChemTEX to handle these chemical formulas, in which chemtex.sty and manual are included 6. As for reaction equations, a style file dchem.sty can be used. New environmentsliketheequation and eqnarray onesinmath mode are prepared. Another file to be used in plain TEX is called chemstruct.tex. We don t use it, though. 6 In compiling on UNIX, it is necessary to correct file names in the manual, because upper-case letters are used while the actual file names are in lower-case letters. Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

16 88 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W 8.10 Want to use variable-length arrows Even not in math mode, one may need an arrow with explanation above it. The style file dchem.sty introduced above has a couple of definitions for such arrows. For example \Yields can be used in math mode Length can be explicitly specified as \Yields[3cm]. Double arrow with explicit length is used by \Eqbm Double bracket In TEX and TUG NEWS (Vol.1, No.2 May 1992 ttn1n2.tex ), we found a macro defined by Mr. Michael Barr (McGill Univ., Montreal, barr@math.mcgill.ca)as \newdimen\argwidth \def\[[#1\]]{% \setbox0=\hbox{$#1$}\argwidth=\wd0 \setbox0=\hbox{$\left[\box0\right]$}% \advance\argwidth by -\wd0 \left[\kern.3\argwidth\box0% \kern.3\argwidth\right]} This P helps us to use $\[[\sum_{i\in I}A_i=A\]]$ to output i2i A i = A. In the ordinary displaying math mode, \displaystyle can be used within these brackets. is an example. "" X i2i A i = A 8.12 Use symbols of AMS-TEXinLATEX documents AMS-TEX has many varieties of mathematical symbols and macros. Among such features, one can use symbols by using amssymbols.sty Integral symbols Big and standing integral symbols The integral symbol is a variable-height symbol, but the maximum height is limited. And some people dislike that slanted integral symbol. bigint.sty defines a new integral symbols probably using \lmoustache etc. \bigint[overlap symbol] [_lower][^upper] {integrand} is a typical usage where the parts in brackets are options. ## (5) A symbol BELOW multiple integral symbols Usually a volume integral is indicated by putting V rightbelow three integral symbols. But sometimes a domain likev needs to be placed below the integral symbols. multiint.sty will output such symbols automatically Closed surface integral I Even AMS-TEX does not have this symbol. In order to output with two integral symbols, one may use Ointint.sty Blackboard style symbols There exists a font set of this kind in a separate package or in AMS-TEX. But one can cheat to get similar symbols in the ordinary LATEX byusing pmbb-sym.sty Draw commutative diagrams There are style files called cd.sty and diagram.sty 7. cd.sty draws rather simple diagrams. On the other hand, diagram.sty can help drawing complicated diagrams. A sample is shown from the original manual. \resetparms \square[a`b`c`d;\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}`g`h`\psi^a_k] g A C? P 1i=1 - - A k Another style file is diagrams.tex, which can be used in both LATEX and plain TEX. Manual and samples are included in the original package, but it can output Postscript and TPIC codes by user s choice. B D h? 8.16 Flow of proof proof.sty draws such a tree in proof Change style of newtheorem If you want to change Theorem 4.1 into Theorem 4-1, you simply re-define as \def\@thmcountersep{-} See latex.tex. 9 Modification of list Environment 9.1 Modification of itemize environments Change of labels in enumerate environment Since labels and symbols of each depth are stored in the following pairs, they can be changed by modification of these[1]. \labelenumi \labelenumii \labelenumiii \labelenumiv \labelenumv \theenumi \theenumii \theenumiii \theenumiv \theenumv For example, if the first enumeration needs to begin with symbols as A), B), one can set as \def\labelenumi{\theenumi)} \def\theenumi{\alph{enumi}} where arabic numerals can be obtained by \arabic{enumi}, while roman numerals are by \roman{enumi}. 7 It used to be catmac.sty. Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

17 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Change labels in itemize environment Similarly this can be done by modifying \labelitemi etc. For example, the next definition changes the second deep itemize symbol to a solid diamond shape. \def\labelitemii{$\diamond$} Add a symbol to labels of enumerate environment There are several style files to add a mark to labels of enumerate environment. One is called outline.sty, style and string for the label can be specifies as an option. \begin{enumerate}[{\bf Problem 1.}] \item Solve... \item Explain... \begin{enumerate}[{h{i}nt. a}] \item Let... \item Suppose... \end{enumerate} \item Calculate... \begin{enumerate}[{h{i}nt. i}] \item Let... \item Suppose... \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} Problem 1. Solve... Problem 2. Explain... Hint. a Let... Hint. b Suppose... Problem 3. Calculate... Hint. i Let... Hint. ii Suppose... Note that the braces in options as H{i}nt or {i} are necessary to distinguish these characters and specification of numbering style. A and I are used to set the numbering to be upper-case letters and upper-case roman numerals respectively. Another file is enumspec.sty, and it simply put a symbol at the left of numerals. 9.2 Adjust vertical spacings near and in the list environment A bit wide space is inserted before and after the itemize and enumerate environment. And also space between \item s becomes wider than the ordinary line pitch. In a personal memo or private report, this space need not be so wide. To change these, one has to edit definitions of list environments. For example, the following modification kills all the extra spacings above and below each environment. \def\enumerate{\ifnum \@enumdepth >3 \@toodeep\else \advance\@enumdepth \@ne \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral% \the\@enumdepth}\list{\csname label\@enumctr \endcsname}{\usecounter{\@enumctr} \def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}% \parsep\z@ \itemsep\z@ \topsep\z@}\fi} % ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ \def\itemize{\ifnum \@itemdepth >3% \@toodeep\else \advance\@itemdepth \@ne \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral% \the\@itemdepth}% \list{\csname\@itemitem\endcsname}% {\def\makelabel##1{\hss\llap{##1}}% \parsep\z@ \itemsep\z@ \topsep\z@}\fi} %^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ \def\description{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@% \itemindent-\leftmargin \let\makelabel% \descriptionlabel \parsep\z@ \itemsep\z@% %^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ \topsep\z@}} This kind of settings has been also done in a style file called jeep.sty. 9.3 Align indentation of description environment The descriptionenvironment fixes the amount of indent to a certain width no matter how the argument becomes long. One method to specify this width by hand is introduced in the reference[4]. Example follows: \begin{namelist}{this length} \item[first item] This is the first one. \item[second item] the next one. \item[last one] finally the last one. \end{namelist} Time Place Materials Today after midnight That place near church This book and that pencil 9.4 Write dialog The list environment can be used for this purpose. \newenvironment{dialog}{% }{% \begin{list}{}{% }% \setlength{\labelwidth}{3cm} \setlength{\labelsep}{1cm} \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt} \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5cm} \end{list}} \def\character#1#2{\def#1{\item[{\bf #2:}]}} \def\naration#1{\item \par \medskip\hspace{-\leftmargin} \parbox{0.98\textwidth}{\it #1} \smallskip} is the definition of dialog environment. Then \begin{dialog} \character{\turtle}{turtle} \character{\bear}{bear} \naration{bear is peeping into a room of Turtle} \bear Hi, Turtle. Where in the world have Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

18 90 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W you been last night? \turtle Well. After finishing my routine job, I stopped by... \bear Oh, Yeah? What...? \end{dialog} will output the followings: Bear is peeping into a room of Turtle Bear: Hi, Turtle. Where in the world have you been last night? Turtle: Well. After finishing my routine job, I stopped by... Bear: Oh, Yeah? What...? 9.5 Making Q & A The enumerate environment can be used with slight modification. Numbers must be changed every two \item s. For example, \def\qanda{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\bf ~Q.99~:~}}% \labelwidth\wd\@tempboxa \leftmargini\labelwidth \advance\leftmargini\labelsep \def\labelenumi{\theenumi~:~} \enumerate} \let\endqanda\endenumerate \def\qitem{\@ifnextchar [{\@item}% {\@noitemargtrue \@item[\@qitemlabel]}} \def\@qitemlabel{{\bf Q.\@itemlabel}} \def\aitem{\@ifnextchar [{\@aitem}% {\@noitemargtrue \@aitem[\@aitemlabel]}} \def\@aitemlabel{{\bf A.\@itemlabel}} \def\@aitem[#1]{\addtocounter% {\@listctr}{-1}\@item[#1]} will define a new environment so that we can use \begin{qanda} \Qitem Why... How...? \Aitem Because... In order to... \Qitem Then...? \Aitem Yes \end{qanda} Q.1 : Why... How...? A.1 : Because... In order to... Q.2 : Then...? A.2 : Yes How about Figures, Tables and Photos? 10.1 On captions Change caption headers One may want to change the default style of Figure 1 :... into, say, Fig of the caption header. Look into the definition of \def\fnum@figure, \def\fnum@figure{\figurename \thefigure} to find out that modification of \figurename is necessary. Namely \def\figurename{fig.} changes the header. Similar definition exists for tables. We can set as \def\tablename{tab. --} As for the font and delimiter as : can be changed in the definition of \long\def\@makecaption. For example, \long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% \vskip 10\p@ % \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{#1: #2}%<--- original \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\bf#1}\ \ #2}% \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize % #1: #2\par %<--- original \fi} {\bf#1}\ \ #2\par \else \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}% will make the font be \bf. Furthermore font size of the caption can be changed in the definition of \long\def\@caption in latex.tex. In the article style, the numbers of figures and tables are monotonically incremented throughout the entire document. If one needs to make these number to have the section number and to reset them in each section, a command \@addtoreset{figure}{section} works similarly to the case in Section (p. 85) Indentation of long caption Automatic indentation can be achieved by the next method by Mr. Watanabe as \long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% \vskip 10\p@ \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\bf #1}\ \ }% \@tempdima\hsize\advance\@tempdima-\wd\@tempboxa \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\bf #1}\ \ #2} \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa <\hsize \fi} \hfil {\bf#1}\ \ #2\hfil\par \else \hbox to\hsize{\hfil {\bf #1}\ \ \parbox[t]% \@tempdima{#2}\hfil}% where \parbox in LATEX is used after the check of the width of caption. By this macro, long captions span to the entire width of the text. On the other hand, hangcaption.sty can be used to put appropriate margins with indented captions. When this style file is used, \hangcaption{...} is used instead of \caption{...} Fragile commands cannot be used in captions This is the same situation as those in \section{...},and \protect will solve problems (See Section 6.1 (p. 80) ). Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands

19 Bijlage W A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Need line break within captions A simple method is to use \vtop. The original definition of \caption does not allow line break. It can be circumvented by usage of \usebox as \newsavebox{\@parc@ption} \def\parcaption#1{% \sbox{\@parc@ption}{\shortstack[l]{#1}}% \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\csname fnum@% \@captype\endcsname}\@tempdima\columnwidth% \advance\@tempdima-\wd\@tempboxa \@tempdimb.8\@tempdima %<-- maximum length is set here \ifdim\wd\@parc@ption>\@tempdimb% \@tempdima\@tempdimb \else\@tempdima\wd\@parc@ption\fi \sbox{\@tempboxa}{\parbox[t]{\@tempdima}{#1}}% \caption{\usebox{\@tempboxa}}} Using this macro, we can write \begin{figure} \vspace{?cm} \parcaption{this is a long caption\\ \end{figure} with line-break.} to put line break within \parcaption{...} Want to place floats at specified place Since they are float, it is not designed to put figures and tables at the place specified. However, one can ask LATEX to try the best by the following settings: Try to specify the position by the option as \begin{figure}[hbtp]. Move the floats slightly backward. Relax the limits of floats. To do this, one must change parameters as topnumber etc.[4, 5] These parameters limit the number of floats in one page. In this document, we set \def\textfraction{.08} \def\topfraction{.9} \def\floatpagefraction{.99} \def\dbltopfraction{.9} \def\dblfloatpagefraction{.99} to put many tables in one page. Or here.sty may be used. With this style file, \begin{figure}{h} can be used as an option to force that figure HERE. But of course you must take care of the position of page break manually by yourself Put two figures side by side Mr. Watanabe taught me how. It is simply possible if one uses the minipage environment. \begin{figure}[htbp] \vspace{3cm} % Left Figure \caption{figure in the left.} \vspace{3cm} % Right Figure \caption{figure in the right.} \end{figure} will is the solution. An example is shown in Fig. 1 (p. 82) Paragraph wrapping figure and table The minipage environment can handle this situation, but one must adjust many things by hands. A style file wrapfig.sty does it semi-automatically. This file is modified to handle tables and it is named wrapfloat.sty. You usually need to give the width of figure or table, but sometimes you further need to specify its height. It is the case when epsf.sty is used. Moreover you must take care of the position of page break by yourself. Similar output can be obtained if picinpar.sty isused. It is to open windows inside a paragraph. And also cut.sty has almost the same function as wrapfloat.sty. There is a style file called floatfig.sty, but it seems to have bugs. Samples in the original package cannot be compiled properly, but we do not know why. Comparisons are made in Table 3. Another one is picins.sty which seems to be the best. The style file picins.sty defines a macro of \parpic to wrap floats at the beginning of paragraphs. One can use four kinds of frames. ~4 This example output figure framed by a boxshaped lines. upper-right of this frame, Figure 2: Wrapped figure a symbol ~4 is places. One can write more than two paragraphs in the following parts. Caption is given in \piccaption. If the caption is outside the frame as shown above, one need to put \piccaptionoutside. Specification can be done as \parpic(width,height)(x_offset,y_offset)% [option][position]{picture} and the example above is output by \piccaptionoutside \piccaption{figure Caption} \parpic(8.2cm,1cm)[xr][tr]{\picinsymbol} where offset sets offset from the origin; option is used to choose frames. Please read manual in German for more information, sorry, I am not good at German either. As is the case with other style files, flush-lefted equations and verbatim environment cannot be used Tables longer than one page There are a couple of style files. One is supertab.sty. Manual and samples are distributed with the style file. This can be used in twocolumn documents. Another one has better controls of spacings than supertabular environment. It is longtable.sty but cannot be used in twocolumn documents. The package also includes manuals and samples. In the latter style file, the caption is set Table 1:. If you want to change this into expressions in other languages, you must re-define the following macros in preamble: Dutch TEX UsersGroup (NTG), P.O. Box394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov1994

20 92 A Guide to use Macros and Style Files in LATEX Bijlage W \def\lt@c@ption[#1]#2{% \LT@mkcaption{{\bf Table \thetable:} #2}% <----- \def\@tempa{#1}\ifx\@tempa\empty\else {\let\\\space \addcontentsline{lot}{table}{\protect% \numberline{\thetable}{#1}}}% \fi} \def\lt@@c@ption#1{% \LT@mkcaption{{\bf Table \thetable:} #1}% <----- {\let\\\space \addcontentsline{lot}{table}{\protect% \numberline{\thetable}{#1}}}} where \bf is added. Function cut.sty wrapfig.sty picinpar.sty Width Need spec Need spec Automatic but narrow Lines Need spec Semi automatic Automatic Starting Paragraph top Top Free Location Left/Right L/R L/R and Center Table Yes Yes with wrapfloat.sty Yes Equation (centered) Yes Yes Need $$ Equation (left) No number No number No number New paragraph Use \Par Blank line works Blank line but no indent Usage of \verb No Yes Yes Table 3: Comparison of float-wrapping paragraph A style file called bigtabular.sty is the one for the same purpose Drawings within the limit of picture environment Simple flow chart Although picture environment has a lot of restrictions, simple charts may be drawn within such restrictions. A style file smallgrf.sty helps to draw simple flow charts with arrows Flow charts It is difficult to draw them by hands within picture environment. A style file Flow.sty assists to draw flow charts. It supports while and if, but does not write flows with goto jumps. A sample is included in the original package of the style file. A style file fchart.tex helps writing somehow different flow charts. Besides these style files, there exists a program to convert an input file in some format to a flow chart in picture environmentoflatex. The name is flow writtenin C, so that it can be used on both UNIX and MS-DOS. Onesample is given in Fig. 3 where \ is not used deliberately to avoid font replacement. Note that \verb may not be used Draw tree diagrams There are many kinds of tree diagrams. Vertical trees can be drawn by using a style file[8], which has the name of ecltree.sty. Anextended picture environment in epic.sty is needed, and a better output may be obtained if your system supports eepic.sty. Among samples in the original documents, an example is chosen in Fig. 4. The file eepic.sty is not used here. Many other styles of tree diagrams can be drawn by this style file. Oval Documents by LaTeX Box Edit source files Tilt Compile by TeX Tag Choice. Yes. No Error in compilation Tag Left 1 Up 7 Right 1 * ToTag Down Box dvi file Tilt preview Choice. Yes No. Errors in logic and layout Tag Right Tilt Output in public Down Oval Output ToTag Left 1 Up 11 * ToTag Right SetTrack line Box LaTeX macros user's macros SetTrack none Up 1 TxtPos [l] [l] Text documentstyle... title... author... date... begin... maketitle... Down 6 Text <- the most <- cumbersome <- here Down 3 Text <- need <- big display <- for clear <- preview Reprint MAPS#13 (94.2); Nov 1994 Dutch TEX Users Group (NTG), P.O. Box 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, The Netherlands