PARTY. Finland I: Party membership,

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1 PARTY Finland I: Party membership, Year SDP CE CON FPDU GR CHR SW FRP/TF Total Sources Sundberg, Jan (1996): Partier och partisystem i Finland. Esbo: Schildts, pp Grönlund, Kimmo, Paloheimo, Heikki, Sundberg, Jan, Sänkiaho, Risto, & Wass, Hanna (2005): Kiinnittyminen politiikkaan, in Paloheimo, Heikki, ed., Vaalit ja demokratia Suomessa. Helsinki: WSOY, p Parties CE Center Party (Suomen Keskusta, KESK). Until 1962 the Agrarian Union, in 1983 including the Liberal Party. SDP Finnish Social Democratic Party (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) CON National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus) FPDU Left Alliance (Vasemmistoliitto). Until 1987 the Democratic League of the People of Finland; in 1987 incl. DEVA. GR Green League (Vihreä Liitto). In 1987 not as a party of its own. CHR Christian Democratic Party (Kristillisdemokraatit). Before 2001: Suomen Kristillinen Liitto (Christian League of Finland), CHR. SW Swedish People s Party (Svenska Folkpartiet/Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue) FRP/TF True Finns (Perussuomalaiset), was formed after the dissolution of the Finnish Rural Party in In 1962 and 1966 the Small Holders Party and until 1995 the Finnish Rural Party (SMP). FPDU Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto (Finnish People s Democratic Union) 1

2 PARLIAMENT Finland II: Left-right placement, party strength (in seats) and cabinet composition, Cabinet number Prime Based on election year FPDU SDL SDP GR Ce FRP/TF LIB CHR SW CON Other Effective number of legislative parties Cabinet strength 1 Paasikivi III * Pekkala * Fagerholm I * Kekkonen I * Kekkonen II * Kekkonen III * Kekkonen IV * Tuomioja * Törngren * Kekkonen V * Fagerholm II * Sukselainen I * Sukselainen II * Sukselainen III * von Fieandt * Kuuskoski * Fagerholm III * Sukselainen IV * Miettunen I * Karjalainen I * Lehto * Virolainen * Paasio I * Koivisto I * Aura I * Karjalainen II * Total number of seats 2

3 27 Karjalainen III * Aura II * Paasio II * Sorsa I * Liinamaa * Miettunen II * Miettunen III * Sorsa II * Sorsa III * Koivisto II * Sorsa IV * Sorsa V * Sorsa VI * Holkeri I * Holkeri II * Aho I * Aho II * Lipponen * Lipponen II * Lipponen III * Jäätteenmäki * Vanhanen * Vanhanen II * Sources Nousiainen, Jaakko (2003) Finland: The consolidation of parliamentary governance, in Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm,eds., 2 nd edition, Coalition governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press; updated from 1999 onwards by Tapio Raunio. Eduskunt ( ), Parties Ce SDP CON FPDU GR CHR SW Center Party (Suomen Keskusta, KESK). Until 1962 the Agrarian Union, in 1983 including the Liberal Party. Finnish Social Democratic Party (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) National Coalition Party (Kansallinen Kokoomus) Left Alliance (Vasemmistoliitto). Until 1987 the Democratic League of the People of Finland; in 1987 incl. DEVA. Green League (Vihreä Liitto). In 1987 not as a party of its own. Christian Democratic Party (Kristillisdemokraatit). Before 2001: Suomen Kristillinen Liitto (Christian League of Finland), CHR. Swedish People s Party (Svenska Folkpartiet/Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue) 3

4 FRP/TF LIB FPDU SDL Other True Finns (Perussuomalaiset), was formed after the dissolution of the Finnish Rural Party in In 1962 and 1966 the Small Holders Party and until 1995 the Finnish Rural Party (SMP). Liberal People s Party (Liberaalinen Kansanpuolue). Until 1948 the National Progressive Party, until 1966 the Finnish People s Party, until 1999 the Liberal Party. Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto (Finnish People s Democratic Union) Sosialidemokraattinen Oppositio (Social Democratic Opposition) Other parties Notes 1. Effective number of legislative parties: Index developed by Markku Laakso and Rein Taagepera which measures party system size. Both the number of parties and their relative size are taken into account. For an accessible introduction, see Lijphart, Arend (1984). Democracies. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2. Parties in bold formed cabinets. 3. * = Party with median legislator 4

5 Finland IIIa: Motions of confidence and no confidence directed at the cabinet, Finland Cabinet Number Cabinet Tenure Number of motions of no confidence Resigned after vote of no confidence Number of motions of confidence 1 Paasikivi III No n/d 2 Pekkala No n/d 3 Fagerholm I No n/d 4 Kekkonen I n/d 5 Kekkonen II n/d 6 Kekkonen III No n/d 7 Kekkonen IV No n/d 8 Tuomioja No n/d 9 Törngren n/d 10 Kekkonen V No n/d 11 Fagerholm II No n/d 12 Sukselainen I n/d 13 Sukselainen II n/d 14 Sukselainen III Yes n/d 15 von Fieandt Yes n/d 16 Kuuskoski n/d 17 Fagerholm III No n/d 18 Sukselainen IV No n/d 19 Miettunen I n/d 20 Karjalainen I No n/d 21 Lehto No n/d 22 Virolainen No n/d 23 Paasio I No n/d 24 Koivisto I No n/d 25 Aura I No n/d 26 Karjalainen I No n/d 27 Karjalainen II No n/d 28 Aura II n/d 29 Paasio II No n/d 30 Sorsa I No n/d 31 Liinamaa n/d 32 Miettunen II No n/d 33 Miettunen III n/d 34 Sorsa II No n/d 35 Sorsa III No n/d 36 Koivisto II No n/d 37 Sorsa IV No n/d 38 Sorsa V No n/d 39 Sorsa VI No n/d 40 Holkeri I No n/d 41 Holkeri II No n/d 42 Aho I No n/d 43 Aho II No n/d 5

6 44 Lipponen I No n/d 45 Lipponen II No n/d 46 Lipponen III No n/d 47 Jäätteenmäki No n/d 48 Vanhanen No n/d Sources Raunio, Tapio and Wiberg, Matti (2003). Finland: Polarized Pluralism in the Shadow of a Strong President, in Strøm, Kaare, Müller, Wolfgang C. and Bergman, Torbjörn, eds. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press Updated from 1999 by Tapio Raunio with data from the Information service of the Eduskunta. General notes As votes of No Confidence we have recorded only those votes that have been directed at the PM and the cabinet as a whole, not those directed at an individual only. In previous work, D&A 2003, we applied a very strict crow-national counting rule. However, in this table the definition of a motion of confidence is based on a country specific counting rule. 6

7 Finland IIIb: Interpellations in the Eduskunta, Year Interpellations Interpellations per decade Annual average interpellations per decade II

8 Source Information service of the Eduskunta. 8

9 CABINETS Finland IV: Cabinet formation, Cabinet number Prime Cabinet composition Number of parties in parliament Number of failed formation attempts Parties involved in incomplete bargaining rounds Number of days required for cabinet formation 1 Paasikivi III FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW Pekkala FPDU, SDP, CE, SW (1) FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW (2) FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW 18 3 Fagerholm I SDP FPDU, SDP, CE, SW 28 4 Kekkonen I CE, LIB, SW FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW 16 5 Kekkonen II CE, SDP, LIB, SW FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 0 6 Kekkonen III CE, SDP, SW Kekkonen IV CE, SW Tuomioja Non partisan Törngren SW, SDP, CE (1) CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (1) SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) SDP, CE, CON (1) SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) CE, LIB, SW, CON (3) SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (4) SDP, LIB, SW, CON 10 Kekkonen V CE, SDP Fagerholm II SDP, CE, LIB, SW Sukselainen I CE, LIB, SW SDP, CE, LIB, SW 6 13 Sukselainen II CE, LIB Sukselainen III CE, SDL, LIB SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 0 15 von Fieandt Non partisan (1) SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (3) SDP, CE, LIB, SW (4) FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 42 (5) SDP, CE, LIB, SW (6) SDL, CE, LIB, SW 16 Kuuskoski Non partisan SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 8 17 Fagerholm III SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (1) FPDU, SDL, SDP (2) SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (3) SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (4) SDL, SDP, CE 54 (5) FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (6) SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 18 Sukselainen IV CE SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON Miettunen I CE (1) SDL, CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) SDL, CE, LIB, SW, CON

10 20 Karjalainen I CE, LIB, SW, CON Lehto Non partisan (1) FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) CE, LIB, SW, CON (3) CE, LIB, SW, CON (1) SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (2) FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON (3) CE, LIB, SW, CON (4) FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 22 Virolainen CE, LIB, SW, CON FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 0 23 Paasio I SDP, FPDU, SDL, CE FPDU, SDL, SDP, CE, FRP, LIB, SW, CON Koivisto I SDP, FPDU, SDL, CE, SW Aura I Non partisan Karjalainen I CE, FPDU, SDP, LIB, SW (1) FPDU, SDP, CE, FRP, LIB, SW, CON (2) FPDU, SDP, FRP, LIB, SW, CON (3) FPDU, SDP, FRP, LIB, CON (1) FPDU, SDP, CE, FRP, LIB, CHR, SW, CON (2) FPDU, SDP, CE, FRP, LIB, SW 27 Karjalainen II CE, SDP, LIB, SW Aura II Non partisan Paasio II SDP (1) FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW (2) FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW Sorsa I SDP, CE, LIB, SW (1) SDP, CE, LIB, SW (2) SDP, CE, LIB, SW Liinamaa Non partisan Miettunen II CE, FPDU, SDP, LIB, SW (1) FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW (2) CE, LIB, SW Miettunen III CE, LIB, SW Sorsa II SDP, FPDU, CE, LIB, SW Sorsa III SDP, FPDU, CE, LIB FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW Koivisto II SDP, FPDU, CE, SW (1) FPDU, SDP, CE, FRP, LIB, CHR, SW, CON (2) FPDU, SDP, CE, FRP, LIB, CHR, SW, CON Sorsa IV SDP, FPDU, CE, SW Sorsa V SDP, CE, LIB, SW Sorsa VI SDP, CE, FRP, SW FPDU, SDP, GR, CE, FRP, CHR, SW, CON Holkeri I CON, SDP, FRP, SW FPDU, SDP, GR, CE, FRP, CHR, SW, CON Holkeri II CON, SDP, SW Aho I CE, CHR, SW, CON Aho II CE, SW, CON Lipponen I SDP, FPDU, GR, SW, CON Lipponen II SDP, FPDU, GR, SW, CON Lipponen III SDP, FPDU, SW, CON Jäätteenmäki CE, SDP, SW Vanhanen CE, SDP, SW

11 49 Vanhanen II CE, CON, GR, SW Sources Nousiainen, Jaakko (2003) Finland: The consolidation of parliamentary governance, in Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm,eds., 2 nd edition, Coalition governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Updated from 1999 by Tapio Raunio. General notes The party listed first under each incomplete bargaining round has been designated as the driving force at each occasion. This often involves a difficult judgement call, but we have to the best of our ability designated this role on the basis of available sources. Party labels: See Finland table II. 11

12 Finland V: The number of s and ministries, Cabinet number Prime Number of ministries Number of cabinet s 1 Paasikivi III Pekkala Fagerholm I Kekkonen I Kekkonen II Kekkonen III Kekkonen IV Tuomioja Törngren Kekkonen V Fagerholm II Sukselainen I Sukselainen II Sukselainen III von Fieandt Kuuskoski Fagerholm III Sukselainen IV Miettunen I Karjalainen I Lehto Virolainen Paasio I Koivisto I Aura I Karjalainen I Karjalainen II Aura II Paasio II Sorsa I Liinamaa

13 32 Miettunen II Miettunen III Sorsa II Sorsa III Koivisto II Sorsa IV Sorsa V Sorsa VI Holkeri I Holkeri II Aho I Aho II Lipponen I Lipponen II Lipponen III Jäätteenmäki Vanhanen Source Information service of the Council of State. General notes PM office is counted as ministry. Prime is counted as cabinet member. 13

14 Age Male 0 / Female 1 Party Prior cabinet position Parliamentary experience (years) Prior party high rank position Prior youth party high rank position Major prior appointment within parliament Major prior elected offices at local/ regional level Formal education level Any prior employment within the public sector Any prior employment within the private sector / Trade union or business organization experience Any prior salary employment in party Member of parliament at the time of appointment Finland VI: Cabinet member background, Cabinet number Portfoli o within cabinet Name Prior employment before MP or 1 2 3, 11, 17 4, 5, 6, 7, , 13, 14, , 32, 33 Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Paasikivi 75 0 N Yes 6 Yes No Yes Yes 5 Yes Yes No No Pekkala 56 0 FPDU Yes 14 Yes No Yes No 4 Yes Yes No No Director General of State Treasury Counsellor of Forestry at Pellervo (Confederation of Finnish Cooperatives) Fagerholm 47 0 SDP Yes 12 No Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes No Yes Journalist Kekkonen 50 0 CE Yes 9 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Tuomioja 42 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Törngren 55 0 SW Yes 10 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Sukselainen 51 0 CE Yes 6 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes von Fieandt 67 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes Yes No No Kuuskoski 51 0 N Yes 0 No No No Yes 4 Yes No No No Miettunen 54 0 CE Yes 6 Yes No Yes Yes 4 No Yes Yes No Junior ial secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Governor of the Bank of Finland Teacher of Economics at Åbo Akademi / treasurer Professor of Economics Governor of the Bank of Finland Director of KELA (the Social Insurance Institution of Finland) Adviser to the Central Board and District Secretary of 14

15 20, 26, , 29 24, 36 25, 28 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Karjalainen 39 0 CE Yes 0 Yes No No No 5 Yes No Yes No Lehto 65 0 N No 0 No No No No 5 Yes Yes No No Virolainen 50 0 CE Yes 11 No Yes Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Paasio 63 0 SDP Yes 16 Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 No Yes / Trade union official Koivisto 45 0 SDP Yes 0 No No No Yes 5 Yes Yes No No Aura 58 0 N Yes 0 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes No No No Sorsa 42 0 SDP Yes 2 Yes No Yes No 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Liinamaa 46 0 N Yes 0 No No No Yes 4 Yes Yes / Legislativ e secretary of the Central Organisati on of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) the Rural Party Permanent Secretary and Government Counsellor at the Ministry of Trade and Industry Chief of the Division at the Ministry of the Interior / Farmer Yes Yes Chief Editor No No Managing Director of a bank Lord Mayor of Helsinki / Party Secretary Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Labour 40, 41 Chief Editor / Prime Holkeri 50 0 CON No 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 No Yes Yes No Party Secretary 42, 43 Municipality Prime Aho 37 0 CE No 8 Yes Yes Yes No 4 Yes No No Yes Trade Promoter 44, 45, Prime Secretary to Lipponen 54 0 SDP No 8 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes 46 the PM Legislative Secretary to 47 Prime the Jäätteenmäki 48 1 CE Yes 15 Yes No Yes No 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Parliamentary Group of the Center Party 48 Prime Vanhanen 48 0 CE No 12 Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 No Yes No Yes Chief Editor 15

16 1 2 3, 5 4, , Tuomioja Sakari 34 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Törngren 47 0 SW Yes 8 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Deputy / Governor of the Bank of Finland Teacher of Economics at Åbo Akademi / treasurer Hiltunen 53 0 SDP Yes 17 Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Shop Manager Sukselainen 44 0 CE No 2 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Rantala 59 0 SDP No 29 No No Yes Yes 1 No Yes Yes Yes Niukkanen 65 0 CE Yes 21 Yes No Yes Yes 2 No Yes No Yes Farmer Junnila 43 0 CON No 2 Yes No No No 5 Yes Yes Yes Yes Tervo 53 0 SDP Yes 7 No No Yes Yes 2 No Yes Yes Yes Simonen 43 0 SDP Yes 3 Yes No Yes Yes 5 Yes Yes No Yes Meinander 47 0 SW Yes 11 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes Yes Yes Miettunen 50 0 CE Yes 6 Yes No Yes Yes 4 No Yes Yes Yes Hietanen 55 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 2 Yes Yes No No Nurmela 55 0 N No 0 No No No No 4 No Yes No No Professor of Economics Secretary of Suomen Sosialidemokra atti (newspaper) Member of the Board of Governors of KOP (bank) Financial Manager Director of Suomen kaupunkiliitto Teacher of Economics of Swedish School of Economics Adviser to the Central Board and District Secretary of the Rural Party Commercial Manager Director General of Kesko (firm) Lawyer / Chief Accountant 17, 25, Hetemäki 45 0 CON Yes 12 Yes No Yes No 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes 28 18, 19 Sarjala 58 0 CE Yes 10 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes District Adviser Managing 20 Karttunen 40 0 CON No 0 No No No No 5 No Yes No No Director 21, 33 Rekola Esko 44 0 N No 0 No No No No 5 Yes Yes No No Chief of the 16

17 22 23, , , 34, 35 36, 37, 38, , 43, 44 45, 46 47, 48 Kaitila 55 0 LIB Yes 11 Yes No No Yes 5 Yes Yes Yes Yes Koivisto 43 0 SDP No 0 No No No Yes 5 Yes Yes No No Division at the Ministry of Professor and Deputy Headmaster of Business Economics of Turku School of Economics and Administration / Chief Editor Managing Director of a bank Raunio 59 0 SDP No 29 No No Yes Yes 1 No Yes Yes Yes Office Manager Tallgren 43 0 SW No 9 No Yes Yes No 4 Yes Yes No Yes Virolainen 58 0 CE Yes 15 Yes Yes Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Tuominen Heikki 55 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Paavela 44 0 SDP No 0 No No No No 5 Yes Yes No No Secretary to Åbo Akademi Foundation Chief of the Division at the Ministry of the Interior / Farmer Director General of Railroad Administration Pekkala Ahti 55 0 CE No 9 Yes No Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes No Yes Bank Manager Liikanen 37 0 SDP No 15 Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 No No No Yes - Louekoski 49 0 SDP Yes 6 No No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Viinanen 47 0 CON No 8 Yes No No Yes 4 No Yes No Yes Special Tasks for the Government Private entrepreneur Niinistö 48 0 CON Yes 8 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Lawyer Kalliomäki 56 0 SDP Yes 16 Yes No Yes Yes 2 Yes No No Yes PE Teacher 1, 2, 3 4, 5 6 Enckell 69 0 N Yes 0 No No No Yes 4 Yes Yes No No Gartz 62 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 No Yes No No Tuomioja 50 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Managing Director Deputy Director of A.Ahlström Oy (firm) Governor of the Bank of 17

18 9 7, 8, 11, 18 10, 12, 13, 14, 17 15, , 22, 23, 24, , 26, 27 28, 31 29, 32, , 35, 36, 39, 42 37, 38 Kekkonen 52 0 CE Yes 9 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Törngren 54 0 SW Yes 10 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Virolainen 40 0 CE Yes 7 No Yes Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Hynninen Paavo 74 0 N No 0 Yes No No No 4 Yes Yes Yes No - Sukselainen 55 0 CE Yes 7 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Karjalainen 38 0 CE Yes 0 Yes No No No 5 Yes No Yes No Merikoski 57 0 LIB No 0 No No No No 5 Yes No No No - Hallama 46 0 N No 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Leskinen 53 0 N Yes 14 Yes No Yes Yes 2 No Yes Yes No Mattila 53 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Sorsa 42 0 SDP No 2 Yes No Yes No 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Korhonen 42 0 CE No 0 No Yes No No 5 Yes Yes No No Väyrynen 31 0 CE Yes 5 No Yes No Yes 5 Yes No Yes Yes Stenbäck 41 0 SW Yes 9 Yes Yes Yes No 4 Yes Yes No Yes Finland Junior ial secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Teacher of Economics at Åbo Akademi / treasurer Chief of the Division at the Ministry of the Interior / Farmer Professor of Economics Minister of Trade and Industry Permanent Secretary and Secretary of State at the Ministry of Affairs Organisation Secretary (SDP) Chief of the Division at the Ministry of Affairs Party Secretary Professor of Political History at the University of Helsinki Vice Party Leader Minister of Education / Director of the Hanasaari Swedish- Finnish 18

19 , 45 46, 47, 48 Paasio 50 0 SDP No 10 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Haavisto 58 0 CE No 0 No No No No 4 No Yes No No Halonen 52 1 SDP Yes 12 No No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No / Labour union lawyer (SAK) Yes Cultural Center Director of Employment Service Agency Chair of the Board of the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) Tuomioja 54 0 SDP Yes 16 No No Yes Yes 5 Yes Yes No Yes TV- journalist Lawyer 1, , 6, 7 8 9, , 13, Leino 48 0 FPDU Yes 0 No No No No 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Simonen 35 0 SDP No 0 Yes No Yes Yes 5 Yes Yes No No Kekkonen 50 0 CE Yes 9 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes Sukselainen 45 0 CE Yes 2 Yes No Yes No 5 Yes Yes No Yes II Minister of Social Affairs Director of Suomen kaupunkiliitto Junior ial secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Professor of Economics Kannisto 55 0 LIB Yes 7 No No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No No Mayor of Oulu Leskinen 37 0 SDP Yes 4 Yes No Yes Yes 2 No Yes Yes Yes Väyrynen Vilho Party Secretary / Chief Editor 44 0 SDP No 8 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Lawyer Kyttä 45 0 N No 6 No No No Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Aura 45 0 N Yes 0 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes No No No Kiukas 55 0 N No 0 No No No Yes 4 Yes Yes No No Pakkanen 46 0 CE Yes 9 Yes Yes No No 4 Yes Yes No Yes Official of Turku Court of Appeal Chief General Manager of a bank Administrative Counsellor and Supreme Chief of Police at the Ministry of the Interior Executive Director of the 19

20 , , 27 33, 34, 35, 36 28, , 38, 39 Palovesi 55 0 CE Yes 19 Yes No Yes Yes 2 No Yes No Yes Luukka 68 0 CE Yes 19 No No No No 2 Yes Yes No Yes Erkkilä 53 0 CE Yes 8 Yes No No Yes 1 No Yes Yes Yes Ryhtä 57 0 CE No 15 No No Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes No Yes Adviser Hannus 43 0 N No 0 No No No No 4 Yes Yes No No National Youth Organisation of the Center Party Agricultural Adviser / Farmer Municipality Clerk / Farmer Executive Director of a District Organization of the Rural Party / Farmer Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of the Interior Viitanen 53 0 SDP No 0 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes No No No City Manager Väyrynen Onni Hiltunen Teemu 51 0 SDP No 5 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Deputy economic inspector of Oulu 46 0 N No 0 No No No Yes 4 Yes No No No City Manager Jämsén 45 0 CE No 16 Yes No Yes Yes 2 No Yes Yes Yes Uusitalo 47 0 CE No 16 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Tuominen Heikki 51 0 N Yes 0 No No No No 4 Yes No No No Executive Director of a District Organisation of the Rural Party Farmer / Agricultural Adviser Chief General Manager of a bank Koski 35 0 N No 0 No No No Yes 5 Yes No No No City Manager Tiilikainen Paavo 52 0 SDP No 5 No No Yes Yes 1 Yes Yes No Yes - Ahde 37 0 SDP No 12 Yes No Yes Yes 2 No Yes Yes Yes Official of the National Youth Organisation of the Social Democratic Party Rantanen 40, SDP No 0 No No No Yes 2 No Yes No No City Manager Jarmo Pekkarinen 44 0 CE No 12 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Political 20

21 , 48 Enestam 48 0 SW Yes 3 No No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Secretary at the Ministry of the Interior / Executive Director of a District Organisation of the Center Party Special Adviser to the Defense Minister Häkämies 43 0 CON Yes 10 Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes No No No City Manager Itälä 41 0 CON No 5 Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Lawyer Rajamäki 55 0 SDP No 20 No No Yes Yes 4 Yes No No Yes Research Secretary Source Data compiled by Tapio Raunio from the information services of the Eduskunta and the Council of State. General notes All of the calculations presented in this section are retrieved from a dataset which contains data of s that get their portfolios at the beginning of a new cabinet. A new cabinet is here defined as a cabinet that fulfill at least one of three conditions; any change in the set of parties holding cabinet membership, any change in the identity of the prime or any general election (see Müller and Strøm 2003:12). With this definition nine intra cabinet reshuffles, six finance s and three s of foreign affairs, are left out of the sample. The table shows the number of cabinets in which the served in that position. Prior parliamentary experience (in full years) does not include the years that a person has been in cabinet. That is, for systems that allow for the holding of simultaneous cabinet and parliamentary positions, we only count parliamentary experience for the years that the MP does not also has a cabinet position. (The latter is coded as prior cabinet experience: Yes or No). If the total parliamentary experience (service as MP) sums to less than six months, we count that as zero (0) years of experience. Prior party high rank position = Any of the following: party leader, party secretary, member of the party national board or head of local or regional board. Prior youth party high rank position = The corresponding merits as in Prior party high rank position (youth organization). Major prior appointment within parliament = Any of the following: Speaker (President of Parliament or chamber/sub-division), group leader, vice group leader, committee chairman or vice committee chairman. Major prior elected offices at local/regional level = Any of the following: head of municipality, head of region, member of local or regional elected assembly. Formal education level: 1 = Primary (or less), 2 = Secondary (high school, Swedish gymnasium), 3 = any enrollment in post-secondary education (such as technical college, nurse school, college, university) but no degree, 4 = Any undergraduate degree at technical college, nurse school, college or university (2-4 years in length) that is post-high school or gymnasium, 5 = Post graduate degree (licensiat, huvudfag, Ph.D) 21

22 Prior employment refers to the employer, that is to say the one paying the salary. Salary by the party does not include elected offices, only jobs (such as a party ombudsman). The three categories (public, private, party) are not mutually excluding categories (as they in combination speak to a 's general career pattern). Private employment includes people employed in tradeunions and other non-governmental organizations. The coding, "Member of Parliament at the time of appointment" only has one possible answer (yes or no). The category (column): "Prior employment before Member of Parliament (MP) or " is an open coding. It describes the job that the had when he/she first became a or an MP (whichever came first), in English. is defined as the heading the ministry in control of the state budget. is defined as the heading the ministry in control of the police force. Party labels: See table Finland II. 22

23 Finland VII: Cabinet background, summary for first appointment, four core portfolios, N (unique number of s) Age, mean Female s, % Prior cabinet position, % Parliamentary experience (years) Prior party high rank position, % Prior youth party high rank position, % Major prior appointment within parliament, % Major prior elected offices at local/regional level, % Formal education level, mean Any prior employment within the public sector, % Any prior employment within the private sector, % Any prior salaried employment in party, % Member of parliament at the time of appointment, % Source Data compiled from the information services of the Eduskunta and the Council of State. 23

24 Finland VIII: Budget accommodations No table 24

25 Cabinet number Prime Year of termination 1. Regular parliamentary election 2. Other constitutional reason 3. Death of Prime Minister 4. Early parliamentary election 5. Voluntary enlargement 6. Cabinet defeat in parliament Policy Personal 8. Intra-party conflict 9. Elections (nonparliamentary) 10. Popular opinion shock 11. International or national security event 12. Economic event 13. Personal event Policy areas Finland IX: Cabinet termination, Cabinet Technical Mechanisms of cabinet termination Discretionary Terminal events 7. Conflict between coalition parties Comments 1 Paasikivi III 1946 X X Presidential election 2 Pekkala 1948 X 3 Fagerholm I 1950 X X Presidential election 4 Kekkonen I 1951 X s X 5 Kekkonen II 1951 X 6 Kekkonen III 1953 CE, SPD 2 New majority coalition formed Lowering of cost of production 7 Kekkonen IV 1953 X Housing policy 8 Tuomioja 1954 X 9 Törngren 1954 SW, SDP Early election to solve parliamentary deadlock 2 Stabilization policy 10 Kekkonen V 1956 X X Presidential election 11 Fagerholm II 1957 CE, SPD SDP;L 2 12 Sukselainen I 1957 SW, CE 2,5 13 Sukselainen II 1957 X 14 Sukselainen III 1957 X CE, LIB 2 15 von Fieandt 1958 X 16 Kuuskoski 1958 X 17 Fagerholm III 1958 CE, SDP 3 PM Fagerholm defeated in party convention Swedish s resigned Minority coalition enlarged Interpellation on economic policy Dissatisfaction with a nonpartisan government Crisis in Finno-Soviet relationships 25

26 18 Sukselainen IV 1961 X X 19 Miettunen I 1962 X 20 Karjalainen I Lehto 1964 X 22 Virolainen 1966 X CE, CON 2 PM Sukselainen sentenced for malfeasance Soviet note, parliament dissolved Conflict over increased taxation New partisan coalition formed 23 Paasio I 1968 X X Presidential election 24 Koivisto I 1970 X 25 Aura I 1970 X 26 Karjalainen I 1971 FPDU, CE New partisan government formed 2 Price decontrol 27 Karjalainen II 1971 CE, SDP 2,10 Agricultural policy Early election to solve 28 Aura II 1972 X parliamentary deadlock Single-party 29 Paasio II 1972 X X government replaced by a coalition 30 Sorsa I 1975 CE, SDP 2 Regional policy 31 Liinamaa 1975 X 32 Miettunen II Miettunen III 1977 X FPDU, SDP Early election to solve parliamentary deadlock 2 Budget Minority coalition enlarged 34 Sorsa II 1978 X X Presidential election 35 Sorsa III 1979 X 36 Koivisto II 1982 X X Presidential election 37 Sorsa IV Sorsa V 1983 X 39 Sorsa VI 1987 X 40 Holkeri I Holkeri II 1991 X FPDU, SDP FRP, CON 2,8 Defense budget 2,5 Conflict over budget 42 Aho I 1994 CHR, CE 3 EU membership 43 Aho II 1995 X 44 Lipponen I 1999 X 45 Lipponen II 2002 GR 14 Energy policy (nuclear power) 26

27 46 Lipponen III 2003 X 47 Jäätteenmäki 2003 X CE, SDP 1 48 Vanhanen n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d Personal dispute between the PM and SDP about the conduct of the election campaign that had taken place in spring that year Sources Nousiainen, Jaakko (2003) Finland: The consolidation of parliamentary governance, in Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm,eds., 2 nd edition, Coalition governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press Updated from 1999 by Tapio Raunio. General notes Party labels: See table Finland I. 27

28 Finland X: Duration of Cabinets, Cabinet number Prime Minister Date in Duration in days Maximum possible duration in days Relative duration, per cent 1 Paasikivi III ,8 2 Pekkala ,0 3 Fagerholm I ,3 4 Kekkonen I ,8 5 Kekkonen II ,0 6 Kekkonen III ,7 7 Kekkonen IV ,8 8 Tuomioja ,0 9 Törngren ,6 10 Kekkonen V ,2 11 Fagerholm II ,0 12 Sukselainen Ic ,9 13 Sukselainen Ib ,8 14 Sukselainen Ic ,0 15 von Fieandt ,9 16 Kuuskoski ,0 17 Fagerholm III ,9 18 Sukselainen IV ,9 19 Miettunen I ,2 20 Karjalainen I ,7 21 Lehto ,7 22 Virolainen ,0 23 Paasio I ,4 24 Koivisto I ,0 25 Aura I ,4 26 Karjalainen Iia ,9 27 Karjalainen Iib ,0 28 Aura II ,0 29 Paasio II ,9 30 Sorsa I ,6 31 Liinamaa ,0 32 Miettunen II ,3 33 Miettunen III ,0 34 Sorsa II ,8 35 Sorsa III ,0 36 Koivisto II ,0 37 Sorsa IV ,7 38 Sorsa V ,0 39 Sorsa VI ,0 40 Holkeri a ,5 41 Holkeri b ,0 42 Aho a ,9 43 Aho b ,0 28

29 44 Lipponen ,0 45 Lipponen II a ,9 46 Lipponen II b ,0 47 Jäätteenmäki ,2 48 Vanhanen ,0 49 Vanhanen II N/D N/D , mean , mean , ,4 Sources Nousiainen, Jaakko (2003) Finland: The consolidation of parliamentary governance, in Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm,eds., 2 nd edition, Coalition governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press; updated from 1999 onwards by Tapio Raunio. Sundberg, Jan (2004) Finalnd i Political Data Yearbook, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 43 Issue 7-8, p 1001 Zárate s Political Collections (ZPC), visited Keesings Record of World Events, p Statsrådet ( ), See Table 1 29

30 Coalition agreement Agreement public Election rule Conflict management mechanism The most common conflict management mechanism The conflict management mechanism used for the most serious conflicts Coalition discipline in legislation Coalition discipline in other parliamentary behaviour Freedom of appointment Policy agreement Non-cabinet positions COALITION CABINETS Finland XI: Coalition governance, Cabinet number Coalition 1 FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW 1945 PRE,POST Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 N 1 Y 2 FPDU, SDP, CE, SW 1946 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 N 1 Y 4 CE, LIB, SW 1950 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 N 1 Y 5 CE, SDP, LIB, SW 1951 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 1 Y 6 CE, SDP, SW 1951 POST Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 1 Y 7 CE, SW 1953 IE Y N IC, CaC CaC IC 3 3 N 1 Y 9 SW, SDP, CE 1954 POST Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 1 Y 10 CE, SDP 1954 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 2 Y 11 SDP, CE, LIB, SW 1956 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 2 Y 12 CE, LIB, SW 1957 IE Y N IC, CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 1 Y 13 CE, LIB 1957 * IE Y N IC IC IC 3 3 Y 1 Y 14 CE, SDL, LIB 1957 * IE Y N IC, CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 1 Y 17 SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON 1958 POST Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 2 Y 20 CE, LIB, SW, CON 1962 POST Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 N 2 Y 22 CE, LIB, SW, CON 1964 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 1 Y 23 SDP, FPDU, SDL, CE 1966 POST Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 2 Y 24 SDP, FPDU, SDL, CE, SW 1968 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 3 3 Y 2 Y 26 CE, FPDU, SDP, LIB, SW 1970 IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 2 2 Y 3 Y 27 CE, SDP, LIB, SW 1971* IE Y N CaC CaC CaC 2 2 Y 3 Y 30 SDP, CE, LIB, SW 1972 POST Y N CaC, IC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 32 CE, FPDU, SDP, LIB, SW 1975 POST Y N CaC, PCa PCa PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 33 CE, LIB, SW 1976 IE Y N IC, CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 1 Y 30

31 34 SDP, FPDU, CE, LIB, SW 1977 IE Y N IC, CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 1 Y 35 SDP, FPDU, CE, LIB 1978 * IE Y N IC, CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 1 Y 36 SDP, FPDU, CE, SW 1979 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 37 SDP, FPDU, CE, SW 1982 IE Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 38 SDP, CE, LIB, SW 1982 * IE Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 39 SDP, CE, FRP, SW 1983 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 40 CON, SDP, FRP, SW 1987 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 41 CON, SDP, SW 1990 * POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 42 CE, CHR, SW, CON 1991 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 43 CE, SW, CON 1994 * POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 44 SDP, FPDU, GR, SW, CON 1995 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 45 SDP, FPDU, GR, SW, CON 1999 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 46 SDP, FPDU, SW, CON 2002* POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 47 CE, SDP, SW 2003 POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y 48 CE, SDP, SW 2003* POST Y N CaC, PCa CaC PCa 2 2 Y 3 Y Sources Nousiainen, Jaakko (2003) Finland: The consolidation of parliamentary governance, in Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm,eds., 2 nd edition, Coalition governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Updated from 1999 by Tapio Raunio. General notes * The intra cabinet rules of the game and the coalition agreement remained valid under a changed party composition of government. PRE Pre electoral written coalition agreement POST Post electoral written coalition agreement IE Written coalition agreement in the case of coalitions formed during the parliamentary term (not immediately following elections) IC Inner cabinet: a subset of cabinet s which is not issue-specific and which is stable over time CaC Cabinet committee(s): typically issue-specific; they may include cabinet s, junior s, and/or civil servants PCa Combination of cabinet members and parliamentarians N No Y Yes n/d no data There are no junior s in Denmark, Finland and Iceland. Coalition discipline in legislation: Answer to the question: Is the coalition based on the understanding that there will be coalition discipline in parliamentary votes on legislative proposals? 1 Yes, always 2 Yes, on all policies except those explicitly exempted 31

32 3 No, except those policies explicitly specified 4 No Coalition discipline in other parliamentary behaviour: Answer to the question: Is the coalition based on the understanding that there will be coalition discipline in other parliamentary behaviour (e.g. questioning of s, investigative committees and appointments)? 1 Yes, always 2 Yes, on all matters except those explicitly exempted 3 No, except those matters explicitly specified 4 No Policy agreement: Answer to the question: Is the coalition based on a substantial and explicit policy agreement? 0 No explicit agreement 1 On few selected policies 2 On a variety of issues, but not comprehensive 3 Comprehensive policy platform Party labels: See table Finland II. 32

33 Finland XII: Size and content of coalition agreements, Cabinet number Coalition Size of agreement (approx. words) General procedural rules (in %) Policy specific procedural rules (in %) Distribution of offices (in %) Distribution of competences (in %) 1 FPDU, SDP, CE, LIB, SW FPDU, SDP, CE, SW CE, LIB, SW CE, SDP, LIB, SW CE, SDP, SW CE, SW SW, SDP, CE CE, SDP SDP, CE, LIB, SW CE, LIB, SW CE, LIB CE, SDL, LIB SDP, CE, LIB, SW, CON CE, LIB, SWE, CON CE, LIB, SWE, CON SDP, FPDU, SDL, CE SDP, FPDU, SDL, CE, SW CE, FPDU, SDP, LIB, SW CE, SDP, LIB, SW SDP, CE, LIB, SW CE, FPDU, SDP, LIB, SW CE, LIB, SW SDP, FPDU, CE, LIB, SW SDP, FPDU, CE, LIB SDP, FPDU, CE, SW SDP, FPDU, CE, SW SDP, CE, LIB, SW SDP, CE, FRP, SW CON, SDP, FRP, SW * CON, SDP, SW Policies (in %) 33

34 42 CE, CHR, SW, CON * CE, SW, CON * SDP, FPDU, GR, SW, CON SDP, FPDU, GR, SW, CON SDP, FPDU, SW, CON CE, SDP, SW CE, SDP, SW Sources Same sources as for table Finland XII. General notes * The intra cabinet rules of the game and the coalition agreement remained valid under a changed party composition of government. Party labels: See table Finland II. 34

35 Finland XIII: Distribution of cabinet s, coalition cabinets only, Cabinet number Cabinet 1 PM Interior 5 Social affairs 6 Trade and industry 1 Paasikivi III N LIB/SW, SDP N, FPDU, N FPDU, CE SDP, SDP/CE, SDP, FPDU N/SDP CE 2 Pekkala FPDU SW, SDP N,/ FPDU, SDP FPDU, CE FPDU, CE/SDP SDP FPDU 3 Fagerholm I SDP SDP, SDP N, SDP SDP, SDP SDP, SDP, SDP SDP,/SDP SDP 4 Kekkonen I CE CE, SW N, LIB CE, CE SW, CE, CE/LIB LIB LIB 5 Kekkonen II CE SDP, SW N CE CE, SDP, SDP SDP LIB 6 Kekkonen III CE SDP, CE N/CE,/SW CE SW/SDP, CE, SDP SDP SW 7 Kekkonen IV CE CE, SW SW CE N, CE N SW 8 Tuomioja N N, N N, N N N, N, N N, N N 9 Törngren SW CE, CE CE SDP SDP, CE, SDP SDP N 10 Kekkonen V CE SDP, CE CE SDP SDP, SDP, SDP SDP N 11 Fagerholm II SDP SDP, CE SW SDP LIB, SDP, SDP CE SDP/N 12 Sukselainen I CE SW, CE CE LIB LIB LIB N 13 Sukselainen II CE CE, CE CE LIB LIB, LIB LIB N 14 Sukselainen III CE CE, LIB CE N SDL, SDL LIB, N N 15 von Fieandt N N, N N N N, N N N 16 Kuuskoski N N N N N N N 17 Fagerholm III SDP CON, CE CE/ CE SDP, SDP SDP, CON SW 18 Sukselainen II CE CE, CE N/CE CE CE, CE CE/N N/CE 19 Miettunen I CE CE, CE CE CE CE, CE N CE 20 Karjalainen I CE CON, N/CE LIB,/N CE N, CON CON SW 21 Lehto N N, N N N N, N N, N N 22 Virolainen CE LIB, CON CE CE LIB, N CON SW 23 Paasio I SDP SDP, FPDU CE SDP FPDU, CE SDP SDL 24 Koivisto I SDP SDP, FPDU CE SDP FPDU, CE SW, SDP SDL 25 Aura I N N N N N, N N N 26 Karjalainen II CE SW, SDP SDP CE FPDU, CE LIB, SDP FPDU 27 Karjalainen III CE SW, SDP SDP CE SDP, CE LIB, SDP SDP 28 Aura II N N, N N, N N N N N 29 Paasio II SDP SDP, SDP SDP SDP SDP, SDP SDP, SDP SDP 30 Sorsa I SDP CE, SDP,/N CE N SDP, CE SW, SDP SDP 31 Liinamaa N N, N N N, N N, N N, N N 7 35

36 32 Miettunen II CE SDP, N SDP SDP, FPDU LIB, SDP SDP, N SW 33 Miettunen III CE N, CE CE CE LIB, CE LIB, SW SW 34 Sorsa II SDP SDP, N CE CE SDP, CE SDP LIB 35 Sorsa III SDP SDP, N CE CE SDP, CE SDP LIB 36 Koivisto II SDP CE, SDP CE CE, SDP SDP, CE SDP, N SW 37 Sorsa IV SDP CE, SDP SW SDP, CE SDP, CE CE, N SW 38 Sorsa V SDP CE, SDP SW SDP, CE SDP, CE CE, LIB SW 39 Sorsa VI SDP CE, FRP CE SDP, SDP CE, SDP SDP, SDP SW 40 Holkeri a CON SDP, CON SDP SDP CON, SDP CON, CON SDP 41 Holkeri b CON SDP, CON SDP SDP CON, SDP CON, CON SDP 42 Aho a CE CON CE, CHR CE CE CE, CON CE 43 Aho b CE CON CE/N CE CE CE, CON CE 44 Lipponen I SDP CON, SDP SDP SW, SDP SDP, FPDU SDP, SW CON 45 Lipponen II SDP CON, FPDU SDP CON CON, SW SDP SDP 46 Lipponen III SDP CON, FPDU SDP CON CON, SW SDP SDP 47 Jäätteenmäki CE SDP, SW SDP, CE SDP SDP, CE CE SDP 48 Vanhanen CE SDP, SW SDP, CE SDP SDP, CE CE SDP 36

37 Cabinet number Cabinet 8 Defence 9 Education 10 Agriculture 11 Public works and transport 12 Labour 13 Supply 14 Environment 15 Minister at the prime 's office 1 Paasikivi III FPDU FPDU CE, CE SDP, FPDU/CE/SDP CE, SDP, SDP/SDP FPDU/SDP/SDP 2 Pekkala SDP, FPDU FPDU/CE CE, CE CE, SDP CE, FPDU, SDP SDP/FPDU 3 Fagerholm I SDP SDP SDP, SDP SDP, SDP,/SDP SDP/SDP SDP 4 Kekkonen I CE CE CE, CE CE, CE, CE 5 Kekkonen II SDP CE CE, SDP SDP, CE, SDP CE 6 Kekkonen III SDP SDP CE, SDP, CE SDP, CE, SDP 7 Kekkonen IV CE CE CE N, CE 8 Tuomioja N N N, N N, N 9 Törngren SDP CE CE, SDP CE, SDP 10 Kekkonen V SDP CE CE CE, SDP 11 Fagerholm II SDP CE CE, CE CE, SDP CE 12 Sukselainen I CE CE CE, SW CE, SW SW 13 Sukselainen II CE CE CE CE, CE LIB 14 Sukselainen III LIB CE CE, SDL CE, SDL SDL 15 von Fieandt N N N N, N N 16 Kuuskoski N N N, N N, N N 17 Fagerholm III CON LIB CE, CON CE, SDP 18 Sukselainen IV CE CE CE, CE CE, CE 19 Miettunen I CE CE CE, CE CE/,CE 20 Karjalainen I CE LIB CE, SW CE, N/CE 21 Lehto N N N N N/ 22 Virolainen CE CON CE, CE SW, CE 23 Paasio I CE SDP CE, SDP FPDU, CE 24 Koivisto I CE CE CE FPDU, SDP SDP 25 Aura I N N N N N 26 Karjalainen I SW LIB, SDP CE FPDU SDP N 27 Karjalainen II SW LIB, SDP CE SDP SDP N 28 Aura II N N, N N N N 29 Paasio II SDP SDP, N SDP SDP SDP SDP 30 Sorsa I SW SDP/N/SDP, CE CE LIB SDP 31 Liinamaa N N N N N N 37

38 32 Miettunen II SW CE, FPDU CE FPDU FPDU CE 33 Miettunen III LIB CE CE SW CE CE 34 Sorsa II CE SW, FPDU CE FPDU FPDU 35 Sorsa III CE LIB, FPDU CE FPDU FPDU 36 Koivisto II CE SW, FPDU CE FPDU FPDU 37 Sorsa IV CE FPDU, SDP CE FPDU FPDU 38 Sorsa V CE SDP, SDP CE SDP SDP 39 Sorsa VI CE SDP, SW CE SDP FRP SDP 40 Holkeri I SW SW, SDP CON FRP SDP SDP CON 41 Holkeri II SW SW, SDP CON CON SDP SDP 42 Aho I SW CON, CE CE SW CON CON, CON 43 Aho II SW CON, CE CE SW CON CON, CON 44 Lipponen I CON CON N CON SDP GR 45 Lipponen II SW SDP, CON N CON SDP GR, FPDU 46 Lipponen III SW SDP, CON CON CON SDP SDP, FPDU 47 Jäätteenmäki CE SDP, CE CE SDP SDP SW, CE 48 Vanhanen CE SDP, CE CE SDP SDP SW, CE Sources Nousiainen, Jaakko (2003) Finland: The consolidation of parliamentary governance, in Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm,eds., 2 nd edition, Coalition governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press Updated from 1999 by Tapio Raunio with data from the information service of the Council of State. General notes There are no junior s in Denmark, Finland and Iceland. In contrast to other countries the Finnish table includes cabinet reshuffles. These are indicated by the sign slash (/). Party labels: See Table Finland II. 38

39 CIVIL SERVANTS, MEDIA AND INTEREST GROUP DATA Finland XIV: Government commissions that include interest group representatives No table Finland XV: Number of party affiliated newspapers The share of the market among newspapers that are published between 3 and 7 days a week according to their party-political affiliation (%) Neutral 34,8 50,3 57,4 68,3 69,6 74,1 90,6 94,9 94,7 96,6 Non-left newspapers 49,8 36,9 30,4 23,5 22,7 19,8 7,3 3,3 3,5 1,5 Left-wing newspapers 15,4 12,8 12,2 8,1 7,3 6,2 2,1 1,8 1,8 1,9 Sources Mediaryhmä, Sanomalehtien Liitto, Suomen Mediatarkastus Oy; Jyrkiäinen, Jyrki & Savisaari, Eero (2003): Sanomalehdistön nykytila, in Nordenstreng, Kaarlo & Wiio, Osmo A.., eds., Suomen mediamaisema. Helsinki: WSOY, p. 71.

40 Finland XVI: Union membership, Year The confederation of unions for academic professionals in Finland (AKAVA) The Finnish confederation of salaried employees (STTK) The central organisation of Finnish trade unions (SAK) The central union of agricultural producers and forest owners (MTK) Trade union density (%)