Estimating Bleaching Severity
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1 Estimating Bleaching Severity
2 Why Do We Need To Measure Bleaching? 1. To make timely and effective management decisions 2. To communicate/educate 3. To answer questions from stakeholders, media, government, concerned public.. How bad is it? What are the impacts to the reef? What will it mean for the local stakeholder community?
3 Bleaching is Variable Bleaching varies at all scales (regions, reefs, sites, species, colonies) Numerous sources of variation (exposure, depth, location, etc.) History Acclimatization Shift towards resistant species M. Johnson
4 Corals Show Different Susceptibilities General Susceptibility Gradient High susceptibility to bleaching Low susceptibility to bleaching Species vary in susceptibility Broad pattern of resistance Taxonomic patterns are diagnostic
5 Bleached Coral: Distinguishing Characteristics Porites Current bleaching Coral tissue still present/alive Pale, fluorescent or completely white appearance Areas of pale/white tissue across exposed parts of whole colony (rather than starting from tips or base) Numerous colonies over large reef area S. Siderea L. Benvenuti Previous bleaching: harder to distinguish May be due to other factors (salinity, freshwater, etc.) R. Ginsberg
6 Recognizing the Severity/Degree of Bleaching Low Pale (discoloration of coral tissue) Bleaching Severity Partially Bleached (patches of fully bleached or white tissue Bleached (tissue is totally white, no zooxanthellae visible) High
7 Paling Polyps that have either just started to bleach or are recovering from bleaching. Close-up pale bleached
8 Partially Bleached Patches of fully bleached or white tissue Close-up Partially Bleached S. Zea P. Dustan Partially bleached Montastraea faveolata
9 Fully Bleached Tissue is totally white, no zooxanthellae visible E. Bartels Healthy vs. Bleached
10 Fully Bleached (Pastel) Some bleached corals glow pale, purple, pink,or blue! Partially Bleached Fully Bleached M. Johnson R. Ginsberg Siderastrea siderea
11 Distinguishing Bleaching From Other Issues Growth Tips Disease E. Bartels Fish Bites J. Lang Predation
12 Confusing Bleaching With Growth Tips Bleached corals are often confused with corals that have fast growing tips such as Acropora spp. Growth tips do not have zooxanthellae, appearing white
13 White and Black Band Disease Black Band Disease Black mat (a few mm to cm wide) Moving across the surface of the skeleton Leaving behind bare white skeleton White Band Disease Tissue peels or sloughs off the skeleton Progressing from the base of the branch towards the tip Band can be 5 to 10cm wide Several mm per day Don t confuse with new growth at the tips!
14 What s going on here? Bleaching + recent death from black-band disease
15 P. Dustan G. Schmahl, FKNMS White Plague No band at the interface between polyps and recently dead skeleton. Polyps die relatively quickly. Most common in massive corals. Close-up Colpophyllia natans Dichocoenia stokesi
16 Parrotfish Bites Tissue loss and skeletal scarring in patches or strips Montastraea annularis stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) biting Montastraea annularis
17 Damselfish Bites Look for small, circular (<1cm diameter) lesions in the coral Stegastes planifrons (threespot damselfish) damselfish bites in Montastraea
18 Predation by Fireworms (Hermodice carunculata) Dr. C. Mark Eakin (NOAA) H. carunculata on M.faveolata H. carunculata on M. faveolata with white plague
19 Predation by Coralliophilia spp. Look along tissue margins; can be hard to find as often camouflaged by algae Tissue margin algae on shell foot Feeding on A. cervicornis L. Benvenuti L. Benvenuti Coralliophila abbreviata
20 J. Lang Distinguishing Bleaching from Recent Mortality Polyps are translucent (nearly colorless) and distort the appearance of the skeleton below. Corals with large, thick polyps are conspicuous, even when they are bleached. Close-up Montastraea cavernosa
21 Distinguishing Bleaching from Recent Mortality When coral polyps have just been killed, the freshly exposed, white skeleton may look bleached. turf algae recently dead live Colpophyllia natans
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