Backyard Fruit Production. Joel A. Reich Horticulture Agent CSU Extension- Boulder

Transcription

1 Backyard Fruit Production Joel A. Reich Horticulture Agent CSU Extension- Boulder

2 Fruit Groups Pome fruits- Apple, pear, quince Stone fruits (Drupes)- Peach, plum, apricot, cherry Cane berries- raspberries, blackberries, hybrids Vine fruits- Grapes, kiwis Shrub/bush fruits- Blueberries, currants, gooseberries

3 Tree Fruits

4 Planning an orchard Do a soil test at least one year prior and correct problems prior to plant Select certified (true to name, virus-free, and pathogen-free stock) Ideally, use one-year old stock Use dwarfing or semi-dwarfing rootstock

5 Cultural practices Site location: Full Sun On a slope Late spring frosts are biggest problem with backyard tree fruit production on the Front Range Rigid frame?

6 Cultural practices continued Soils well drained, loam is best Light Full sun for at least 8 hours per day Terrain gently rolling to allow air moderation and circulation Fact Sheet # 7.003, & 2.932

7 Wildlife considerations Rabbits Birds Deer Bears Trunk protection Fencing Netting

8 Pruning Objectives Develop desired tree shape Maintenance Ease of spraying Improved fruit quality Improved strength and induce branching Improved air circulation

9 Training and pruning systems Open Vase System Modified Central Leader Espalier Trellis Remember to remove weak and crossing wood. Shown is Modified Central Leader

10

11 20 Year old Standard Apple Open Vase System

12 Modified Central Leader Whip on arrival Yr. 1 & Yr. 2

13 Watch branch collar Fact Sheet 7.003

14 Flowering and thinning (7.002) Only need 7% of the available flowers to produce fruit Natural fruit drop first drop occurs 2 to 3 weeks after pollination; June drop Thinning agents cultivar specific; follow label instructions (bees & Sevin)

15 Propagation Terminology Cloning Mound layering Basket of Fruit Trench layering Grafting (Whip or T-bud)

16

17 Fruit Tree Nutrition P, K important in Fall (1:5:4) N important in Spring (5:1:1)

18 Tree Fruit Spurs

19 Apples Malus pumila or M. domestica Many uses including dessert, fresh and cooking Standard trees vs dwarf cultivars Usually a need for second cultivar

20 Apple cultivars (all are cloned) Acceptable: Gala Johnagold McIntosh Johnathan Winesap Rome Beauty Johnny Crisp Avoid: Yellow Delicious Delicious Granny Smith Mutsu Fuji And other cultivars with longer DTH

21 Apple pollination Fact sheet # 7.002

22 Coddling Moth Number 1 pest for backyard growers Proper thinning and pruning Pheromone trapping - 2 to 3 generations per year Utilize control measures as necessary never apply pesticides during bloom

23 Aphids Use dormant oils before leaf out, why? Utilized water spray to dislodge insects Utilize soap when appropriate Wooly apple aphid more difficult to control due to waxy honeydew Review Fact Sheets & do not use any systemic on edible products

24 Aphids Winged or wingless See Fact Sheet 5.511

25 Pears Pyrus communis European Pear P. serotina or P. pyrifolia Asian Pear Often bloom prior to apples 23 species of pears many long-lived in the environment

26 Pear cultivars Acceptable European: Bartlett Bosc d Anjou Acceptable Asian: Kieffer LeConte Garber Avoid: Hardy Comice Magness* Seckel* *Sterile needs pollinizer

27 Pear pollinators

28 Special needs for pears Use open vase, modified central leader or espalier Fruit is borne on previous years growth and spurs that are 2+ years old

29 Quince Cydonia oblonigata (Chinese quince) or Chaenomeles speciosa (Common Quince) Used as dwarfing rootstock for pears Maybe used in backyard production

30 Quince continued Common in Europe Graft incompatibility problems and other problems like apple and pear Use cutivars that are fireblight resistant Use as a landscape ornamental

31 Peaches and Apricots Relative hardiness Chilling requirement Intolerant of heavy soils and high ph Chlorosis Gumosis and Cystospora canker

32 Cherries Prunus cerasus Tart cherry Self-fruitful Use healthy one-year old whip, approx. 4 to 6 ft. tall, ½ caliper with good root system

33 Cherries continued Sweet cherries have similar hardiness problems as peaches Larimer County was #2 in USA in tart cherry production prior to 1951 Use open vase, modified central leader or central leader

34 Cherry cultivars (tart) Northstar Montmorency Meteor See Fact Sheet 7.002

35 Cultural care of cherries Self-fruitful Frost damage (may need protection) Avoid compaction and use mulch around cherries Watch for nitrogen deficiency

36 Biotic disorders of Cherries Powdery Mildew Cytospora / Gumosis often accompanies crown borer

37 Other diseases of Cherries Phytopthera Verticillium Wilt All usually accompany wounding and/or associated with wet soils.

38 Insects Peach crown borer Peach twig borer Aphid see previous notes Scales Dormant Oils prior to leaf-out Pear slug Use charcoal ash to dust the foliage Peach Twig Borer

39 Plums Prunus domestica European Plum P. salincina Oriental or Japanese Plum P. americana American or native plum

40 European / Oriental Cultivars Acceptable: Imperatrice (E) Green Gage (O) Yellow Egg (E) Lombard (E) Stanley (E) Avoid: Burbank Ozark Premier Explorer

41 Plums

42 Cultural care of plums Flowering characteristics thinning Prune in open vase (Oriental) or modified central leader (European) Fruits on spurs and previous years growth

43 Cultural care of plums Place in sheltered area within the landscape May require additional Nitrogen Clean and remove plant material, inc. fruit

44 Plum pollinators

45 Small Fruits

46 Strawberry Culture Fragaria x ananassa Cultivars are classed as June-bearing, everbearing, day neutral Have photoperiod response

47 Cultural Requirements Site selection: require at least 8 hours of sunlight and protection from wind Do not plant after solanaceous crops or raspberries Proper planting depth, mulch and rotation

48 Cultural Requirement: Irrigation: trickle or overhead Frost protection Row covers; weeds Harvest and post-harvest considerations

49 Junebearing cultivars Acceptable Honeoye Guardian Kent Gem Carskill Geneva Avoid Dunlap Fairfax Robinson Red Star

50 Everbearing Cultivars Acceptable Quinalt Ogallala* Ft. Laramie Avoid Ozark Beauty Rockhill

51 Day Neutrals Tribute Tristar Fern

52 Biotic Disorders Numerous Lygus (plant) bug is # 1 Aphids Slugs & Millipedes Diseases Follow good cultural control: remove debris, use certified pathogen-free stock & scout

53 Lygus bug Control weeds, alfalfa and legumes Utilize insecticidal soap avoid treating during bloom Use sweep nets Vacuum

54 Strawberry Nutrition N promotes excess growth and runners P and K are critical for good fruit set Fall fert. Is key to bud devel.

55 Planting Systems Matted row Hill system

56 Raspberry Culture Rubus ideaus or Red Raspberry R. occidentalis (Black Raspberry) R. neglectus (Purple Raspberry) Rubus odoratus Many other subspecies

57 Cultural Requirements Full sun Well-drained soil Support Proper pruning

58 Pruning and Training systems Floricane fruiting vs. Primocane fruiting Think of each cane as a biennial plant Any kind of trellis is better than laissez-faire heap

59 Red raspberry cultivars Acceptable Heritage Honey Queen September Red Fall Red Red Wing Fall Gold Pathfinder Trailblazer Avoid Latham Boyne

60 Ribes spp. Currants Gooseberries Jostaberries Woody perennial shrubs 3 to 6 Most are self-fruitful

61 Gooseberrries Thorny! Delicious! Self-fruitful Avoid growing white pine nearby

62 Gooseberry cultivars Acceptable Poorman Hinnomaki Yellow Welcome Hinnomaki Red Invicta Early Sulfur Red Jacket* Avoid Pixwell Downing Colossal Jostaberries Josta

63 Currants Red currants Red Lake Wilder Cherry Perfection Jhankeer Van Tets White Grape White Imperial Black currants Boskoop Giant Ben Nevis Brodtrop Consort Crusader Crandall*

64 Black Currant All Ribes do best in fertile, loamy soil with good drainage. Optimal ph of 6.2 to 6.5 is desired Plant on northern facing slopes & plant 1 to 2 LOWER than previously grown.

65 Red Currant

66 Sambucus canadensis Elderberry High in Vit.C; used in jellies & pies Plant 5 to 7 ft. on center pruning out wood after third year Landscape value for wildlife

67 Elderberry Tolerate most soil types and most drainage conditions Be careful tilling near roots!!! Partially self-fruitful

68 Elderberry Cultivars: Adams #1 Adams #2 Johns New York 21 Nova Scotia York

69 Grapes Vitis spp. Common problems include: Poor drainage Poor quality vine purchase Planting too late in the season Poor use of irrigation Inadequate control of weeds and diseases

70 Site preparation Remove all trees, stumps, rocks, wire, etc. Deep tillage maybe needed Soil test & space appropriately

71 Cultivars to consider Himrod Interlaken Lakemont Concord Niagara Stueben Golden Muscat Vanessa Reliance Canadice

72 Pruning Grapes

73 Pruning established grape vines

74 Grapes after pruning

75 Discuss Blackberries and Blueberries

76 Make Sure to have FUN!