Advanced Computer Networks
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1 Advanced Computer Networks cs 538 fall 2011 Brighten Godfrey Fall 2011 slides by Brighten Godfrey except photographs (from Computer History Museum) and unless otherwise noted
2 Today Course Overview Internet History Your Future
3 This course is instructed by Brighten Godfrey 3128 Siebel) takes place Tue & Thu, 3:30-4:45 pm, in 1302 Siebel comes with FREE office hours: currently, Tuesdays after class and by appointment has a web site: courses/cs538fa11/
4 Your instructor Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, 2009 Dissertation on improving resilience and performance of distributed systems by taking advantage of heterogeneity Research interests: Reliable, flexible, and efficient networked systems Algorithms for and analysis of distributed systems
5 Course goal Prepare ourselves to perform high-quality research advancing the field of networking
6 Course components Networking literature The classics The challenges The latest Research project How to read, criticize, and present research
7 Major topics Core architecture Classic Internet architecture Congestion control Forwarding Routing Naming Making it work well Reliability, scalability, selfishness, security Domain-specific networks Enterprise, data center, P2P, wireless
8 Requirements & grading Project (45%) Midterm presentation (10%) Final paper (20%) Final poster presentation (15%) Assignments, quizzes (15%) Paper reviews (15%) Paper presentations (15%) Class participation (10%)
9 1. Project Research project that could be developed into a conference submission Work alone or in groups of two Project topics Explore your own ideas Next lecture: some suggestions Steps Project proposal (3 weeks from now) Midterm presentation Final poster presentation and paper
10 2. Readings Generally one or two papers per lecture Submit a review on the wiki by 11:59pm the night before we discuss the paper For each paper, a review is At least 2 comments About one paragraph (longer is not better) Don t just repeat what we already read in the paper!
11 3. Topic presentations 20 minute presentation on one topic in the course 10 minutes of depth on one paper, including key concepts, techniques, results, and your criticism 10 minutes of breadth comparing to 2-3 other papers and the required reading 20 minutes of discussion during/after At least 2 days before it happens, meet with me to show me your presentation
12 4. Assignments 2-3 homeworks or quizzes during the semester
13 5. Class participation Comment, question, and interact! Discuss on the course wiki
14 Today Course Overview Internet History Your Future
15 Visions Vannevar Bush, As we may think (1945): memex J. C. R. Licklider (1962): Galactic Network Concept of a global network of computers connecting people with data and programs First head of DARPA computer research, October 1962 Bush Licklider
16 Circuit switching 1920s [Getty Images] 1967 [US Air Force]
17 : Packet switching Circuit Switching Physical channel carrying stream of data from source to destination Datagram packet switching Message broken into short packets, each handled separately Three phase: setup, data transfer, tear-down Data transfer involves no routing One operation: send packet Packets stored (queued) in each router, forwarded to appropriate neighbor
18 : Packet switching Leonard Kleinrock: queueing-theoretic analysis of packet switching in MIT Ph.D. thesis ( ) demonstrated value of statistical multiplexing Concurrent work from Paul Baran (RAND), Donald Davies (National Physical Labratories, UK) Kleinrock Circuit switching Packet switching: multiplexed Time Time Baran
19 1965: First computer network Lawrence Roberts and Thomas Merrill connect a TX-2 at MIT to a Q-32 in Santa Monica, CA ARPA-funded project Connected with telephone line it works, but it s inefficient and expensive confirming motivation for packet switching Roberts
20 The ARPANET begins Roberts joins DARPA (1966), publishes plan for the ARPANET computer network (1967) December 1968: Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) wins bid to build packet switch, the Interface Message Processor September 1969: BBN delivers first IMP to Kleinrock s lab at UCLA An older Kleinrock with the first IMP
21 ARPANET comes alive Stanford Research Institute (SRI) LO Oct 29, 1969 UCLA
22 ARPANET grows Dec 1970: ARPANET Network Control Protocol (NCP) 1971: Telnet, FTP 1972: (Ray Tomlinson, BBN) 1979: USENET ARPANET, April 1971
23 ARPANET grows
24 ARPANET to Internet Meanwhile, other networks such as PRnet, SATNET deveoped May 1973: Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn present first paper on interconnecting networks Concept of connecting diverse networks, unreliable datagrams, global addressing,... Cerf Became TCP/IP Kahn
25 TCP/IP deployment TCP/IP implemented on mainframes by groups at Stanford, BBN, UCL David Clark implements it on Xerox Alto and IBM PC 1982: International Organization for Standards (ISO) releases Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model Design by committee didn t win January 1, 1983: Flag Day NCP to TCP/IP transition on ARPANET Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical OSI Reference Model s layers
26 Growth from Ethernet Ethernet: R. Metcalfe and D. Boggs, July 1976 Spanning Tree protocol: Radia Perlman, 1985 Made local area networking easy Metcalfe Perlman
27 Growth spurs organic change Early 1980s: Many new networks: CSNET, BITNET, MFENet, SPAN (NASA),... Mockapetris Nov 1983: DNS developed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris (USC/ISI), Craig Partridge (BBN) Postel 1984: Hierarchical routing: EGP and IGP (later to become ebgp and ibgp) Partridge
28 NSFNET 1984: NSFNET for US higher education Serve many users, not just one field Encourage development of private infrastructure (e.g., backbone required to be used for Research and Education) Stimulated investment in commercial long-haul networks NSFNET backbone, : ARPANET ends 1995: NSFNET decommissioned
29 Explosive growth! In hosts
30 Explosive growth! In networks Internet forwarding table size (Colors correspond to measurements from different vantage points) Year [Huston 10]
31 I 14 0E N A U 15 E 0E,A C [Huffaker, claffy, Hyun, Luckie, Lyu, CAIDA] I o k, TH ey E A A E, SG A CN U dn g, R,R JP W K ok Sy i, T l, st o, 0 13 a, ID iji n ip e ou vo di ky S po r e kart Be Ta la Se V To 12 0E E
32 I P v 4 & I P v 6 I N T E R N E T T O P O L O G Y M A P J A N U A RY , IN b ay AE i, E E ab CN I Dh A 60 E,R R S u E 20 Ab W K ok U JP E Delh g, i, T l, st A E 50 E A I,A U 1 ey 5 E 0E dn A N E 40 Sy U,R L,I os iv TR v M l A r a, T e nka A A v, U, ZA e a Ki to r i e FI Pr k i, lsin, BG e H f ia L So s a w, P r a SE W l m, kh o Stocnna, AT Vie n, DE B erl i NO Oslo, furt, DE k n a r F w co 14 0E o, 90E 100E B om iji n ip e ou vo di ky i, I N o k, TH Bangk e, SG ap o r Sing, ID art a Ja k Be Ta la Se V To 1 AS-level INTERNET GRAPH 20E I O 8395(COMSTAR) C P 16 0E 10026(Asia Netcom) 2516(KDDI) R R 7575(AARNET) 170E FU O C E 30 A E 4755(TATACOMM) 9304 (Hutchison) (NXGNET) A 10 E 20485(JSC) 180E/W E 170 W W (Road Runner) 577(Bell Canada) 1 W 50 US 20 W lu, Dublin, IE Alges, PT 10W H lu on o 0W W O U 13 0W H 12 0W S A Houston, U S E 100W I R US 90W M ver, A De n 80W H 11 0W S T,U A R US C nix AR Pho e O se 70W I,U C R N o, s, re ie g Ai Sa nd E os Jo A W M 60 en, US n, U S CA to, CA ingto wa, ton Sa n W 50 T Bu B os Otta T oron W ash Chicago, US [Huffaker, claffy, Hyun, Luckie, Lyu, CAIDA] 40 W S R io de Brussels, BE Paris, FR London, UK (Deutsche Telekom) 8928(Interoute) 1299(TeliaNet) 702(MCI) 1273(CW) 5459(London IX) 3356(Level 3) 3549(Global Crossing) 701(UUNET) 1239(Sprint) 12989(HWNG) 2914(NTT) 2828(XOXO) 6677(ICENET) 3561(Savvis) 4320(Embratel) 7714(TelstraClear) Ja ne ir o, B R
33 Explosive growth! In complexity Autonomous System BGP router LAN ethernet segment hub switch IP router LAN Routing protocols ebgp, ibgp MPLS, CSPF,... OSPF, RIP,... spanning tree + learning broadcast
34 Explosive growth! In devices & technologies 65 million times as many devices Link speeds 200,000x faster NATs and firewalls Wireless everywhere Mobile everywhere Tiny devices (smart phones) Giant devices (data centers)... In applications Morris Internet Worm (1988) World wide web (1989) MOSAIC browser (1992) Search engines Peer-to-peer Voice Radio Botnets Social networking Streaming video The results of your class projects!
35 Huge societal relevance Routing instabilities and outages in Iranian prefixes following 2009 presidential election Affected prefixes Friday June Saturday June 13 Sunday June 14 [James Cowie, Renesys Corporation]
36 Huge societal relevance Routing instabilities and outages in Georgian prefixes following 2008 South Ossetia War Affected prefixes (%) Fri, Aug 8, 2008 [Earl Zmijewski, Renesys Corporation]
37 Huge societal relevance Reachability to Lybia Reachable prefixes July - August 2011 [James Cowie, Renesys Corporation]
38 Top 30 inventions of the last 30 years Compiled by the Wharton U Penn, Internet/Broadband/World Wide Web 2. PC/Laptop Computers 3. Mobile Phones DNA Testing and Sequencing/ Human Genome Mapping 6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 7. Microprocessors 8. Fiber Optics 9. Office Software 10. Non-Invasive Laser/Robotic Surgery 11. Open Source Software and Services 12. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 13. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 14. GPS 15. Online Shopping/E-Commerce/ Auctions 16. Media File Compression 17. Microfinance 18. Photovoltaic Solar Energy 19. Large Scale Wind Turbines 20. Social Networking via Internet 21. Graphic User Interface (GUI) 22. Digital Photography/Videography 23. RFID 24. Genetically Modified Plants 25. Biofuels 26. Bar Codes and Scanners 27. ATMs 28. Stents 29. SRAM/Flash Memory 30. Anti-Retroviral Treatment for AIDS
39 So we re done!... right? Core protocols changed little, but the context has... Criminals and malicious parties Everyone trying to game the system Incredible growth Constant mobility Extreme complexity...and fixing the net involves fundamental challenges It s distributed Components fail Highly heterogeneous environments Must get competing parties to work together
40 Today Course Overview Internet History Your Future
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