Music Objectives Planning in Prevailing Psychomotor Domain
|
|
- Debra Weaver
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Barbara Sicherl-Kafol, Olga Denac, Jerneja Denac, Konstanca Zalar Slovenia Music Objectives Planning in Prevailing Psychomotor Domain Abstract The paper presents the results of a study in which we analysed planning of musical objectives in the psychomotor domain prepared by 372 Slovenian general education teachers. The research results showed high share of objectives pertaining to the taxonomy category of speech behaviours, which was followed by the categories of gross bodily movements, finely coordinated movements and non-verbal communication. The above facts confirm that music objectives can be classified in the prevailing psychomotor domain and show the utilization of a chosen taxonomy model. The research results also indicate that Slovenian general education teachers are aware of the need for active approaches to music teaching although they pay less attention to music objectives planning in the category of non-verbal communication which exceeds the mere use of words and represents the basis for contemporary approach of music teaching through musical doing and making. Keywords: music education, music objectives, lesson plan, primary school, psychomotor learning domain Introduction In pursuit of a quality music education the teacher is faced with the question of what musical knowledge and skills enable higher quality of music teaching/ learning and how to achieve that. In line with process-objective curriculum guidelines and the humanistic-constructivist paradigm, we talk about holistic learning which presupposes a balanced
2 102 Barbara Sicherl-Kafol, Olga Denac, Jerneja Denac, Konstanca Zalar development of various learning domains. Thus, the quality of music education is conditioned by implementation of musical learning objectives in different learning domains through active acquisition of learning experience which represents the basis for the development of musical skills and knowledge. According to the process-objective curriculum guidelines of music education planning, fulfilment of musical objectives in different learning domains is very important. Within this framework, musical objectives in the psychomotor domain represent the basis for curriculum-as-practicum, which follows the principle that our musical knowledge is in our actions: our musical thinking and knowing are in our musical doing and making (Elliott, 1995, p. 56). Music education in Slovenian (especially) lower classes of primary school (pupils aged 6, 7, and 8) is based on the importance of active approaches to music teaching (Syllabus: Primary School Programme, Music Education, 2011). Music objectives in the psychomotor domain make part of the majority of musical activities, especially singing and playing instruments, as well as expressing musical experience with movement and art. They have an important influence on the formation of children s sound concepts. With movement they can concretize the abstract nature of musical parameters. In doing so, they develop the sensitivity and knowledge necessary for the transfer of musical experiences and concepts into motor expression. In the Slovenian syllabus for music education in primary schools, musical objectives in the psychomotor domain are defined as: development of musical abilities and skills with active forms and methods of work: motor-dance, dance, artistic and verbal expression of musical experience and notions (ibid, p. 5). As the impacts of musical objectives on learning development are complex, we categorise them according to the taxonomy of the prevailing affective, psychomotor and cognitive learning domains. In comparison to the taxonomy of the cognitive (an overview of which is provided in: Anderson et al., 2001) and affective (Krathwohl et al., 1964) domains, there are fewer models for categorization of education objectives in the psychomotor domain (Simpson, 1966; Harrow, 1972). Research Problem Many authors (Harrow, 1972; Kibler et al., 1970) state that in comparison to the cognitive and affective domains, little work has been done in the psychomotor domain. Due to the importance of active acquisition of music learning experience through motor response there is a need for a functional taxonomy of observable behaviours in this learning domain. In this paper we will refer to Kibler s et al. taxonomy (Kibler et al., 1970).
3 Music Objectives Planning 103 Research Focus Many studies confirm that teaching music is a major challenge for general education teachers as they do not have enough professional confidence (Holden & Button, 2006; Bamford, 2009; Taggart et al., 2004; Eurydice, 2009). It has also been recognised (Denac, 2002) that in the Slovenian preschool and early primary school, music education does not follow the active teaching approach. Based on the problems described, we analysed the extent to which Slovenian general education teachers follow the principles of music objectives planning in the psychomotor domain as a basis for an active music teaching approach. Research questions: What is the extent of musical objectives planned per lesson plan in the taxonomy for the prevailing psychomotor domain? Are there any differences between student teachers and in-service general education teachers with respect to the extent of musical objectives planned per lesson plan in the taxonomy for the prevailing psychomotor domain? Research Methodology Research sample The research was carried out in 2010 at the Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. It involved a sample of 372 Slovenian student teachers and in-service general education teachers who, working in pairs, prepared 186 lesson plans for music education. Collecting of data Data were collected by analysing 186 lesson plans for music education in the first four grades of Slovenian primary school (pupils aged between 6 and 9). 120 lesson plans (64.5%) were prepared by student teachers (full-time students of primary education) and 66 (35.5%) by in-service general education teachers (part-time students of primary education). Processing of data For data processing, frequency distribution of variables (f, f%) was used along with some descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation). For the comparison of arithmetic means of two groups a t-test was used.
4 104 Barbara Sicherl-Kafol, Olga Denac, Jerneja Denac, Konstanca Zalar Results and Discussion The results are presented in the following subparts according to the basic research questions. Representation of musical objectives planned per Slovenian lesson plan in the taxonomy of the prevailing psychomotor domain The following subpart presents the findings of the study relating to the music objectives planning in the prevailing psychomotor domain (Table 1). Table 1 contains the arithmetic means and standard deviations for musical objectives in the prevailing taxonomy categories of the psychomotor domain. Music objectives were analysed according to Kibler s et al. taxonomy (1970) with the following categories: Gross Bodily Movements, Finely Coordinated Movements, Non-Verbal Communication Behaviours, Speech Behaviours. The analysis of the average representation of musical objectives per lesson plan according to the taxonomy for the psychomotor domain (Kibler et al., 1970) shows that general teachers in this study population pay most attention to the objectives in the category of Speech Behaviours with the subcategories of Sound Production, Sound-Word Formation, Sound Projection and Sound-Gesture Coordination. Representation of musical objectives in the Speech Behaviours category shows that general education teachers are aware of the importance of developing performing skills among which formation, production and projection of sound are a very important part of the vocal technique. At the early primary school stage pupils need a lot of practice and training in formation of individual sounds and clear articulation, which could be obtained through musical objectives of rhythmic speech, breathing exercises, singing articulation, singing phrases, etc. Systematic and continuous objectives planning in this area is very important and requires accurate demonstration, a large amount of exercise and repetition as well as immediate feedback on articulation accuracy. The second most represented group of objectives pertains to the category of Gross Bodily Movements with the subcategories of Movements Involving the Upper Limbs, Lower Limbs and Movements Involving Two or More Bodily Units. Planning musical objectives in the category of Gross Bodily Movements involves interaction of movement with musical activities, such as singing, playing instruments, rhythmical articulation, listening to music, creating music and by music, all of which stimulates the development of musical abilities, skills and knowledge. Gross body movements (e.g. walking, hopping, running, etc.) can express various
5 Music Objectives Planning 105 Table 1. Average representation of musical objectives by the taxonomy categories for the psychomotor domain planned per lesson plan prepared by student teachers or in-service general education teachers. Domain Group n Arithm. Mean Standard Deviation GBM-ul GBM-ll GBM-mu FCM-hf FCM-heef FCM-cc NC SB-sp: SB-sw SB-sp ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT ST CT Legend: ST student teachers, CT in-service teachers, GBM-ul: gross bodily movements of upper limbs, GBM-ll: gross bodily movements of lower limbs, GBM-mu: gross bodily movements movements involving two or more bodily units, FCM-hf: finely coordinated movements hand finger movements, FCM-co: finely coordinated movements hand eye ear foot, FCM-cc: finely coordinated movements other combinations of hand foot eye ear movements, NC non-verbal communication behaviors, SB-sp: speech behaviors sound production, SB-sw: speech behaviors sound-word formation, SB-sp: speech behaviors sound projection. musical parameters (Kenney, 1997) and enable effective experience for musical development. Through gross body movements pupils concretize the abstract nature of musical parameters (e.g. indicate pitch with their hands, get to feel the metre and duration by stepping, express dynamics and tempo with movements of the entire body, etc.) and shape musical conceptions that form the basis of musical thinking.
6 106 Barbara Sicherl-Kafol, Olga Denac, Jerneja Denac, Konstanca Zalar However, these skills do not develop spontaneously in children, so they have to be systematically developed and enhanced (Logan et al., 2011). The third represented group of musical objectives pertained to the category of Finely Coordinated Movements with the subcategories: Hand-Finger movements, Hand-Eye Coordination, Hand-Ear Coordination, Hand-Eye-Foot Coordination and Other Combinations of Hand-Foot-Eye-Ear Movements. Among them the majority of objectives were planned in the subcategory of Other Combinations of Hand-Foot-Eye-Ear Movements, followed by the joint subcategories of Hand-Eye Coordination, Hand-Ear Coordination, Hand-Eye-Foot Coordination. The least represented is the subcategory of Hand-Finger Movements. The results show that the general education teachers in this study population follow the continuity psychomotor objectives planning which, in the early primary education period, gradually progresses from gross to fine movements. In accordance with other studies (Zachopoulou et al., 2004; Sicherl-Kafol, 2001) we point out that implementation of finely coordinated movements through the use of body percussion (clapping, stepping, etc.) and Orff instruments, has a positive influence on children s perceptions of musical parameters such as rhythm (Weikart et al., 1987; Zachopoulou et al., 2003), metre, tempo, etc. Based on the above-mentioned studies it is possible to conclude that movement-based approaches to music education enable progress in the cognitive learning domain through development of musical knowledge and skills. The results also show that the teachers in this study population pay the least attention to the objectives in the category Non-Verbal Communication Behaviors, which include facial expressions, gestures, bodily movements or a combination of the three. (Kibler et al., 1970, p.71). Since authentic musical teaching/learning is possible only through performing, listening and improvising in connection of sound and movement activities, the research results suggest that teachers should pay more attention to authentic (non-verbal) music objectives planning. Difference between Slovenian student teachers and in-service general education teachers regarding the representation of musical objectives in the taxonomy for the psychomotor domain Further on, we have examined the difference between the Slovenian student teachers and in-service general education teachers regarding the representation of musical objectives in the taxonomy for the psychomotor domain (Table 2). The analysis shows that statistically important differences in the subcategory of Other Combinations of Hand-Foot-Eye-Ear Movements are the in-service general
7 Music Objectives Planning 107 Table 2. Difference between student teachers and in-service general education teachers regarding the representation of musical objectives in the taxonomy for the psychomotor domain. Domain t- coefficient Degrees of Freedom Statistical Significance Level Mean Difference Standard Error of the Mean GBM-ul GBM-ll GBM-cm FBM-h/f FBM-co FBM-cc NC SB-fs: SB-fw: SB-sp: Legend: GBM-ul: gross bodily movements of upper limbs, GBM-ll: gross bodily movements of lower limbs, GBM-mu: gross bodily movements movements involving two or more bodily units, FCM-hf: finely coordinated movements hand finger movements, FCM-co: finely coordinated movements hand eye ear foot, FCM-cc: finely coordinated movements other combinations of hand foot eye ear movements, NC non-verbal communication behaviors, SB-sp: speech behaviors sound production, SB-sw: speech behaviors sound-word formation, SB-sp: speech behaviors sound projection. education teachers favourite, while in the Speech Behaviours subcategory of Sound Production they are the student teachers favourite. The in-service general education teachers also achieved statistically significant differences in planning objectives in the category of Non-Verbal Communication. Non-verbal communication, which includes objectives such as mimicking to express emotions and experiencing of music, movements of hands to translate musical messages and movements of the whole body to express musical experience and perceptions, requires implementation of specific non-verbal music teaching methods that exceed the mere use of speech. Taking into account the fact that there is a reciprocal relationship between teaching methods and learning objectives (Marentič Požarnik, 2000; Hus, Kordigel Aberšek, 2011) and that the teacher has to be able to use various different teaching methods, we can assume that the Slovenian in-service general education teachers have more methodological knowledge in this area due to years of experience in the practice of music teaching.
8 108 Barbara Sicherl-Kafol, Olga Denac, Jerneja Denac, Konstanca Zalar Conclusion Even though it is difficult to generalise, given the limited research sample in this study, we can nevertheless sum up that: music objectives in the prevailing psychomotor learning domain could be classified according to the taxonomy of the psychomotor domain; Kibler s et al. (1970) taxonomy of the psychomotor domain enables effective classification of music objectives; according to Slovenian Syllabus for Primary School Programme (2011) Slovenian general education teachers are aware of the necessity to use active approaches to music teaching through music objectives planning in the psychomotor domain, however, they should pay more attention to music objective planning in the category of non-verbal communication, which exceeds the mere use of words, in order to promote musical teaching/learning through action and within action by means of practical orientation of music education (Elliott, 1995, 2005). A detailed analysis of psychomotor music-objectives planning showed which objectives are the most commonly planned by the Slovenian general education teachers. In the classification of musical behaviours they pay the most attention to the category of Speech Behaviours, which is followed by the categories of Gross Bodily Movements, Finely Coordinated Movements and Non-Verbal Communication. Compared to the student teachers, the in-service general education teachers plan more objectives in the category of Finely Coordinated Movements and category of Non-Verbal Communication, while the student teachers plan more objectives in the category of Speech Behaviours. On the basis of the study results we can conclude that Slovenian in-service general education teachers have advantage over student teachers as regards the realization of musical objectives of Non-Verbal Communication, which require more pedagogical-didactic knowledge and skills. Thus, we can assume that more years of teaching practice have a positive influence on didactic competences for music teaching. But the results also show that both study groups pay the least attention to musical objectives planning in Non-Verbal communication. This raises the question whether they are aware enough of and trained enough for specific demands of teaching music through authentic music teaching strategies which require the use of non-verbal teaching strategies. If we agree that music education should follow an overall concept of the music curriculum-in-action (Elliott, 1995, p. 259) as well as that authentic musical problems should be solved through active (non-verbal) music making, then the teachers in this
9 Music Objectives Planning 109 study population should pay more attention to music objectives planning in the category of Non-Verbal Communication. The analysis of musical objectives by Kibler s et al. taxonomy (1970) for the psychomotor domain also confirmed the applicability of the model for musical objective planning as it provides psychomotor behaviours which are observable and can be objectively measured in music education. There are some doubts and criticism regarding this taxonomy. Harrow (1972) points out that according to Kibler s et al. taxonomy (1970) some behaviours would be difficult to categorize into particular domains. However, on the basis of this study we can conclude that this model enables effective classification of musical objectives in the psychomotor domain. By this model musical objectives of performing, listening and improvising activities raise from lower to higher classification levels, i.e. from gross to fine body movements and from non-verbal (through sound and movement) to speech communication (talking about music). It is necessary to emphasise that music education planning in motor fields represents an essential basis for musical development in the cognitive domain including musical understanding and knowing. In Elliott s words (1995, p. 61) we can say that verbal concepts about musical works and music making ought to emerge from and be discussed in relation to ongoing efforts to solve authentic musical problems through active music making. Although we can sum up that Slovenian general education teachers are aware of active approaches to music teaching through music objectives planning in the psychomotor domain, we must be aware of the limitation of the research results. The quality of music education is not limited by music objectives planning, but it also involves the quality of their realization through teaching/learning strategies and other didactic elements (content, music activities, etc.). Therefore, the results opened up possibilities for further research that could consider whether the objectives of the psychomotor domain are mutually connected with authentic music teaching/learning strategies and to what extent their interaction represents a stimulating and active learning environment for the development of musical skills and knowledge in the cognitive learning domain as well as emotional and social responses in the affective domain.
10 110 Barbara Sicherl-Kafol, Olga Denac, Jerneja Denac, Konstanca Zalar References Anderson, L.W., D.R. Krathwohl, P.W. Airasian, K.A. Cruikshank, R.E. Mayer, P.R. Pintrich, J. Raths & M.C. Wittrock (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing A Revision of Bloom s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman. Bamford, A. (2009). The Wow Factor: Global research compedium on the impact of the arts in education. Berlin: Waxmann Verlag. Denac, O. (2002). Music and holistic development of child s. Ljubljana: Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo. [In Slovenian] Elliott, D. (1995). Music Matters: A New Philosophy of Music Education. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Elliott, D. (2005). Praxial Music Education; Reflections and Dialogues. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Eurydice (2009). Arts and Cultural Education at School in Europe Curricula and initiatives.brussels: EACEA P9 Eurydice. Harrow, A. (1972). A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives. New York: David McKay. Holden, H., Button, S. (2006). The teaching of music in the primary school by the non-music specialist. British Journal of Music Education, 23 (1), Hus, V., Kordigel Aberšek, M. (2011). Questioning as a mediation tool for cognitive development in early science teaching. J. Balt. sci. educ.10 (1), Kenney, S. (1997). Music in the developmentally appropriate integrated curriculum. In: Krathwohl, D.R., B.S. Bloom & B.B. Masia, (1964). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain. David McKay Company, Inc., New York. Kibler, R., J., Barker, L., L., & Miles, D., T. (1970). Behavioral Objectives and Instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., Masia, B.B. (1964). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Company, Inc. Logan, S., W. Robinson, E. Leah, A.E. Wilson & W.A. Lucas (2011). Getting the fundamentals of movement: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children. Child: care, health and development. Retrieved 3/04/2013, from Marentič Požarnik, B. (2000). Psychology of learning and teaching. Ljubljana: DZS. [In Slovenian] Sicherl-Kafol, B. (2001). Holistic Music Education.Ljubljana: Debora. [In Slovenian]
11 Music Objectives Planning 111 Simpson, E.J. (1966). The Classification of Educational Objectives, Psychomotor Domain. Research Project at the University of Illinois. Syllabus: Primary School Programme, Music Education. (2011). Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za šolstvo, znanost in šport, Zavod Republike Slovenije za šolstvo. [In Slovenian] Taggart, G., Whitby, K. & Sharp, C. (2004). Curriculum and Progression in the Arts: An International Study. Final report. London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Weikart, P., L. Schweihart & M. Larner. (1987). Movement curriculum improves children s rhythmic competence. High/Scope Resource, 6 (1), Zachopoulou, E., V. Derri, D. Chatzopoulos & T. Ellinoudis. (2003). Application of Orff and Dalcroze activities in preschool children: Do they affect the level of rhythmic ability? Physical Educator, 60 (2), Zachopoulou, E., Tsapakidou, A., Derri, V. (2004). The effects of a developmentally appropriate music and movement program on motor performance. Early Childhood Research Quarterly
USING BLOOM S TAXONOMY TO PROMOTE HIGHER LEVEL THINKING AND LEARNING IN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNTING COURSES. Maureen K. Flores, Ed. D
USING BLOOM S TAXONOMY TO PROMOTE HIGHER LEVEL THINKING AND LEARNING IN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNTING COURSES Maureen K. Flores, Ed. D School of Accountancy Sorrell College of Business Troy University Troy,
More informationCurriculum Development: Deductive Models
SCHOOLING VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1, 2011 Curriculum Development: Deductive Models Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ABSTRACT Three models are presented in this article: Tyler s behavioral model,
More informationThree domains of learning
Three domains of learning Leslie Owen Wilson all rights reserved Three domains of learning What are the differences between the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor taxonomies? There are three main domains
More informationWriting Quality Learning Objectives
http://captain.park.edu/facultydevelopment/writing_learning_objectives.htm 1 Writing Quality Learning Objectives Learning objectives (often called performance objectives or competencies) are brief, clear,
More informationMUSIC. Syllabus for Primary Schools. Curriculum Department, Floriana Year 3 19
MUSIC Syllabus for Primary Schools Curriculum Department, Floriana Year 3 19 YEAR 3 Curriculum Department, Floriana Year 3 20 LEARNING OUTCOMES for YEAR 3 Curriculum Department, Floriana Year 3 21 3.1
More informationPatrick U. Osadebe 1,* *Correspondence: Department of Guidance and Counselling, Delta State University, Abraka, USA. E-mail: drosadebeuzo@gmail.
Comparative Analysis of Senior Secondary School Students Performance with School-Based Assessment Scores of Continuous Assessment and Promotion Examination in Delta State Patrick U. Osadebe 1,* 1 Department
More informationLMC Online Course Syllabus
2010 2011-2012 Edition LoTi Mentor Certification Institute LMC Online Course Syllabus The glass ceiling gets more pliable when you turn up the heat. Pauline R. Kezer American Teacher and Legislator LMC
More informationHow To Improve Social Skills Of Disabled Students
Project ID:30198 - Music Therapy for Special Needs School Authority: 9027- Parkland Community Living and Supports Society Scope: 17 Students, Grades 1 to 12, 1 School PROJECT PLAN Project Description:
More informationInfant-Toddler Alignment. Preschool Alignment. HighScope Educational Research Foundation
COR Advantage HighScope s newest research-based assessment tool is highly compatible with many national and state early learning standards, including those of the state of Arizona. This document shows
More informationEarly Childhood Foundations to the Indiana Academic Standards
Alignment of the Early Childhood Foundations to the Indiana Academic Standards for Young Children from Birth to Age 5 with the Preschool Child Observation Record (COR), 2 nd edition The Preschool Child
More informationTechnology in Music Therapy and Special Education. What is Special Education?
Technology in Music Therapy and Special Education What is Special Education? Disabilities are categorized into the following areas: o Autism, visual impairment, hearing impairment, deaf- blindness, multiple
More informationUnit Overview Template. Learning Targets
ENGAGING STUDENTS FOSTERING ACHIEVEMENT CULTIVATING 21 ST CENTURY GLOBAL SKILLS Content Area: Orchestra Unit Title: Music Literacy / History Comprehension Target Course/Grade Level: 3 & 4 Unit Overview
More informationKoroška cesta 160 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Koroška cesta 160 2000 Maribor, Slovenia UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR FACULTY OF EDUCATION Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor Phone: 02 22 93 600, fax: 02 22 93 760 http://www.pef.um.si/ Detailed information: Natalija
More informationBrookburn Primary School. Policy for Music
Brookburn Primary School Policy for Music POLICY FOR MUSIC Document Purpose This document reflects the values and philosophy of Brookburn Primary School in relation to the teaching and learning of Music.
More informationsíolta Research Digest Standard 7 Curriculum
síolta The National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education Research Digest Standard 7 Curriculum Encouraging each child s holistic development and learning requires the implementation of a verifiable,
More informationCurriculum Development in 6 easy steps for busy Med-Ed types. Curriculum Development in MedEd
Curriculum Development in 6 easy steps for busy Med-Ed types Joanne Lynn MD Curriculum Development in MedEd Medical educators are often charged to plan educational experiences without specific training
More informationMusic in schools: promoting good practice
Guidance from HMI for teachers, headteachers, and music hub leaders when observing musical teaching and learning Schools, all other funded providers of music education, and providers of Continuing Professional
More informationIntegrating Field Research, Problem Solving, and Design with Education for Enhanced Realization
Integrating Field Research, Problem Solving, and Design with Education for Enhanced Realization Mohamed El-Sayed Kettering University Mechanical Engineering Flint, MI, 48504 USA and Jacqueline El-Sayed
More informationFramework for the Doctoral Transformation: Application of a Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Framework for the Doctoral Transformation: Application of a Taxonomy of Educational Objectives The doctoral learning process is life changing. It begins with the decision to seek the doctorate and becomes
More informationFAVORITE SONGS AND MUSIC ACTIVITIES FOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS AND THEIR STUDENTS
- FAVORITE SONGS AND MUSIC ACTIVITIES FOR ELEMENTARY TEACHERS AND THEIR STUDENTS Sponsored by the FINE ARTS division of the Utah State Office of Education Featuring practical music lessons coffelated to
More informationthe cross-cutting edge
the cross-cutting edge Applying the science of learning to medical education Richard E Mayer OBJECTIVE The goal of this paper is to examine how to apply the science of learning to medical education. SCIENCE
More informationHighScope s Child Observation Record COR Advantage Aligned With HighScope s Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs)
HighScope s Child Observation Record COR Advantage Aligned With HighScope s Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs) The following chart shows how items from HighScope s Child Observation Record COR Advantage
More informationEARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER - MILD/MODERATE
CERTIFICATED JOB DESCRIPTION BOARD APPROVED 7/22/04 Revised March 2010 Revision Approved 4/8/2010 EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER - MILD/MODERATE DEFINITION Works under the general direction
More informationCertificate in Inclusive Care and Education (0-6yrs) Level 6 Special Purpose Award
Certificate in Inclusive Care and Education (0-6yrs) Level 6 Special Purpose Award Background: This one year part-time programme has been developed on foot of a demand within the ECCE sector for training
More informationPre-Primary Education ( PPE11 )
FACULTY OF EDUCATION Bachelor s Degree Programmes Pre-Primary Education ( PPE11 ) EDUC180 INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION This course aims to help students understand the general law of the human education system.
More informationNortheast Texas Special Needs Conference Saturday, February 27, 2010
Northeast Texas Special Needs Conference Saturday, February 27, 2010 Music: Spirit of the Bells - Gnossienne 2006 graduate of Sam Houston State University with a Bachelor of Music in Music Therapy Interned
More informationFoundations of the Montessori Method (3 credits)
MO 634 Foundations of the Montessori Method This course offers an overview of human development through adulthood, with an in-depth focus on childhood development from birth to age six. Specific topics
More informationCourses Taught in English. Teacher Training Degree Early Childhood Education
Courses Taught in English Teacher Training Degree Early Childhood Education FIRST YEAR 800289 History of Education and International Trends in Education (6 ECTS) Description: This course focuses on significant
More informationSchool of Education MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION. MSED: Early Childhood Education
School of Education MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION : Early Childhood Education 2012-2014 Master of Science in Education () (Early Childhood Education) Purpose The Master of Science in Education
More informationLEARNING THEORIES Ausubel's Learning Theory
LEARNING THEORIES Ausubel's Learning Theory David Paul Ausubel was an American psychologist whose most significant contribution to the fields of educational psychology, cognitive science, and science education.
More informationTABLE OF SPECIFICATION DEVELOPMENT AND USAGE: AN OVERVIEW
TABLE OF SPECIFICATION DEVELOPMENT AND USAGE: AN OVERVIEW Dr Aijaz Ahmed Federal Urdu University Aziz-un-Nisa University of Karachi Dr Tayyaba Zarif Newports Institute of Communications and Economics Abstract
More information2012 Music Standards GRADES K-1-2
Students will: Personal Choice and Vision: Students construct and solve problems of personal relevance and interest when expressing themselves through A. Demonstrate how musical elements communicate meaning
More informationPreschool Development Assessment
Preschool Development Assessment Child s Name: DOB: Completed by: Date began: This document may be copied for classroom use only. Not to be sold or used on any other website. Property of www.re-teach.com.
More informationMissouri Pre-K Standards
Missouri Pre-K Standards The standards are broad descriptions of what most children should know and be able to do by the time they enter kindergarten. They are not a curriculum but a framework for communicating
More informationOF MASTER ATION EDUC
OF EDUCATION AN INSTITUTE OF DISTINCTION The National Institute of Education (NIE) is Singapore s national teacher education institute with a key role in shaping Singapore s education. Established in July
More information2nd Cycle Master Study Programme Arts Therapy
2nd Cycle Master Study Programme Arts Therapy The post-graduate master study programme of ArtsTherapy is based on the existent specialist programme; the prior undergraduate study programme thereof is non-existent.
More informationGuide to Writing MBA Program and Course Learning Outcomes and Assessment that Align with QFEmirates Level 9 Descriptors
Guide to Writing MBA Program and Course Learning Outcomes and Assessment that Align with QFEmirates Level 9 Descriptors Commission for Academic Accreditation United Arab Emirates May 2015 1 Contents Part
More informationMusic Standards of Learning
Music Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools Board of Education Commonwealth of Virginia April 2006 Music Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools Adopted in April 2006 by the Board
More informationHow To Improve A Child'S Learning Experience
Effective teaching and classroom management is about whole child - and whole school development for knowledge, skills and human values During the past years as an outcome of the UN Study on Violence against
More informationINTEGRATION OF CRITICAL THINKING PRINCIPLES INTO THE CURRICULUM OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS: LITHUANIA S CASE
INTEGRATION OF CRITICAL THINKING PRINCIPLES INTO THE CURRICULUM OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS: LITHUANIA S CASE Research report Author Daiva Penkauskienė June 2010 Supported by a grant of from Foundation Open Society
More informationEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION This program focuses on the theory and practice of learning and teaching children from birth to age eight; the basic principles of education and development psychology; the art
More informationNational Standards for Music Education
National Standards for Music Education 1. Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. 2. Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. 3. Improvising
More informationHow To Write A Standards Based Lesson Plan
Center for Pre-College Programs New Jersey Institute of Technology Cloud Computing Workshop Standards-Based Lesson Planning Howard Kimmel Kimmel@adm.njit.edu John Carpinelli Carpinelli@adm.njit.edu and
More informationAlignment of the Hawaii Preschool Content Standards With HighScope s Preschool Child Observation Record (COR), 2nd edition
Alignment of the Hawaii Preschool Content Standards With HighScope s Preschool Child Observation Record (COR), 2nd edition The following chart shows how items from the Hawaii Preschool Content Standards
More informationDeveloping a Sustainable Assessment Plan for EAC-ABET Accreditation
Eleventh LACCEI Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering and Technology (LACCEI 2013) Innovation in Engineering, Technology and Education for Competitiveness and Prosperity August 14-16,
More informationArkansas Early Childhood Education Framework Benchmarks
Arkansas Early Childhood Education Framework BRIGANCE Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development II (IED II) CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES, Inc. Arkansas Early Childhood Education Framework DEVELOPMENTAL LEARNING
More informationWhat Should Young Children Be Learning?
Single copy reprint permission from Child Care Information Exchange PO Box 3249, Redmond, WA 98073 - (800)221-2864 www.childcareexchange.com Multiple use copy agreement available for educators by request
More informationReconceptualising Critical Thinking
0085 LTA Reconceptualising Critical Thinking Critical Thinking and Higher Education The development of critical thinking is widely claimed as a primary goal of higher education (e.g., Barnett, 2000; Halpern,
More information102-4-3a. Educational requirements. To academically qualify for licensure as a master's level psychologist or a clinical psychotherapist, the
102-4-3a. Educational requirements. To academically qualify for licensure as a master's level psychologist or a clinical psychotherapist, the applicant's educational qualifications and background shall
More informationThe Creative Curriculum for Preschool: Objectives for Development & Learning
Curriculum Alignment of The Creative Curriculum for Preschool: Objectives for Development & Learning with Alignment of The Creative Curriculum for Preschool: Objectives for Development & Learning With
More information5. Formally register for INS299 for the number of semester hours indicated on your contract.
HONORS INDEPENDENT STUDY GUIDELINES: According to the Lake Land College catalog course description, independent study is designed to permit the student to pursue a course of study not typically available
More informationEarly Years Foundation Stage Framework 2012 An overview with recommendations for music-making
Early Years Foundation Stage Framework 2012 An overview with recommendations for music-making Commissioned by Sound Connections in June 2012 from Linda Bance (MA Music Ed) for the London Early Years Music
More informationHolistic Music Therapy and Rehabilitation
Holistic Music Therapy and Rehabilitation Jennifer Townsend NMT, MT-BC Neurologic Music Therapist Music Therapist-Board Certified The National Flute Association August 15, 2009 From Social Science to Neuroscience
More informationLearning Design in the 21 st Century Blended Learning Design Tool (BLEnDT & MOOC-it )
Learning Design in the 21 st Century Blended Learning Design Tool (BLEnDT & MOOC-it ) Toro-Troconis, M., Hemani, A., Murphy, K. Introduction The increased uptake of mobile technology, access to the Internet
More informationCharacteristics for secondary Montessori education in the Netherlands. 1. Head, heart and hands
Characteristics for secondary Montessori education in the Netherlands 1. Head, heart and hands In The Montessori education of the 21st century, working with head, heart and hands is translated into a wide
More informationAdmissions Requirements
Special Education Dickinson Hall, Rooms 300F, 304 (501) 569-3124, (501) 569-8710, (501) 569-8922 Master of Education in Special Education The Master of Education in Special Education (SPED) prepares candidates
More informationCycle 2: UNIVERSITY POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
Cycle 2: UNIVERSITY POSTGRADUATE STUDIES FOR CANDIDATES WITH DIPLOMA FROM RELATED FACULTIES / PARENT STUDY PROGRAMS CODE SEMESTER 9 CLASSES PER 1 PFV 901 Learning and Teaching Strategies 2 PFV 902 Methods
More informationSTUDENT LEARNING ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
STUDENT LEARNING ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION What early childhood professionals know and can do significantly influence children s development, learning, and success in school. Since
More informationREGULATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION (MEd)
215 REGULATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION (MEd) (See also General Regulations) Any publication based on work approved for a higher degree should contain a reference to the effect that the work
More informationChild Development Careers
Program Description The Child Development program is designed to establish foundations in early childhood education, improve the quality of early childhood services, and increase professionalism in the
More informationEARLY LEARNING OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST (New position)
Edmonton Catholic Schools is now accepting applications for the position of (10 mth) EARLY LEARNING OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST (New position) Edmonton Catholic Schools is a large urban school district whose
More informationStandards for Certification in Early Childhood Education [26.110-26.270]
I.B. SPECIFIC TEACHING FIELDS Standards for Certification in Early Childhood Education [26.110-26.270] STANDARD 1 Curriculum The competent early childhood teacher understands and demonstrates the central
More informationHandale Primary School Music Curriculum Year EYFS ( 4-5 year olds)
Handale Primary School Music Curriculum Year EYFS ( 4-5 year olds) Music at EYFS stage reflects the different ways in which children learn and engage with other people. Many examples of stories, songs
More informationProgram Outcomes and Assessment
Program Outcomes and Assessment BS Child Development Program Outcomes October 2013 Creative and Critical Thinkers Program Outcomes Courses Courses Standard 1. Understanding and Applying Developmental Knowledge
More informationPostgraduate Certificate in Education: Dance Teaching (with QTS) Programme Specification
Postgraduate Certificate in Education: Dance Teaching (with QTS) 1. Awarding Body University of Bath (subject to final agreement) 2. Teaching Institution (if different) 3. Final Award Postgraduate Certificate
More informationNUNAVUT. EDUCATION CAREERS Early Childhood Education PROGRAM REPORT. 171 Early Childhood Education DIPLOMA
NUNAVUT EDUCATION CAREERS Early Childhood Education PROGRAM REPORT 171 Early Childhood Education DIPLOMA Start Term: No Specified Start Date End Term: No Specified End Date Program Status: Approved Action
More informationNational summary sheets on education system in Europe and ongoing reforms. 2009 Edition
National summary sheets on education system in Europe and ongoing reforms 2009 Edition National summary sheets on education systems in Europe and ongoing reforms FINLAND AUGUST 2009 1. Education population
More informationEDEC 455 Creative Expression and Play in Early Childhood 1
EDEC 455 Creative Expression and Play in Early Childhood 1 EDEC 455 002 (3 credits) 11412 CREATIVE EXPRESSION AND PLAY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Fall Semester 2009 Monday and Wednesday 8:30 9:45 am McKee 0253
More informationHow To Learn Music
Proposed Revisions Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) Fine Arts, High School Music Prepared by the State Board of Education (SBOE) TEKS Review Committees First Draft, These draft proposed revisions
More informationJanuary 2015 Special Educational Needs Report/ Local Offer
January 2015 Special Educational Needs Report/ Local Offer How will school / college staff support my child? Peacehaven Community School (PCS) is an inclusive school with a strong commitment to meeting
More informationPRESCHOOL OBSERVATION SUPPORTED BY SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS
PRESCHOOL OBSERVATION SUPPORTED BY SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS Cristina Mesquita-Pires, Rui Pedro Lopes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (Portugal) cmmgp@ipb.pt, rlopes@ipb.pt Abstract In the field of early
More informationEvgenia Theodotou Metropolitan College, Athens, Greece. Abstract. Introduction. Motivation to learn: the theoretical framework
Vol.4, No.1. April 2014 pp. 17 21. Early years education: are young students intrinsically or extrinsically motivated towards school activities? A discussion about the effects of rewards on young children
More informationCyber School Student Teaching Competencies
Cyber School Student Teaching Competencies Introduction The Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) has developed a general set of student teaching competencies that afford a student teacher the opportunity
More informationApplying and Promoting Critical Thinking in Online Education
Applying and Promoting Critical Thinking in Online Education Hisham Al-Mubaid 1 1 University of Houston - Clear Lake, Houston, USA Abstract Critical thinking is a mental process that involves high quality
More information1) Elementary School Teacher Job Description
1) Elementary School Teacher Job Description An elementary school teacher at APA Reports To: Principal Length of Assignment: 10 months Primary purpose: To create a flexible elementary grade program and
More informationImproving Interpersonal Communication through Music
Improving Interpersonal Communication through Music EVA BRAND AND ORA BAR-GIL This research describes an intervention where parallel activities in music and social interaction were used to improve interpersonal
More informationfood intake. It can also increase the awareness of children to foods that may not be part of the family s usual diet.
I. To Establish and Maintain a Safe, Healthy Learning Environment Functional Area 1 Safety of all children in the preschool environment is the preeminent responsibility of all caregivers. Safety must be
More informationCourse Description \ Bachelor of Primary Education Education Core
Course Description \ Bachelor of Primary Education Education Core EDUC 310 :Foundations of Education in Qatar and School Reform : This course has been designed to acquaint the learners with the progress
More informationPRESCHOOL PLACEMENT CATEGORIES
PRESCHOOL PLACEMENT CATEGORIES CASEMIS 20 EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION SETTING Early Childhood Special Education Setting: This is a placement setting where children receive all of their special education
More informationArt and Design Education in Wisconsin Schools
Art and Design Education in Wisconsin Schools The growth of the arts in the overall school program during the last 20 years has been phenomenal. This growth is attributable to many factors, including a
More informationMusical Literacy. Clarifying Objectives. Musical Response
North Carolina s Kindergarten Music Note on Numbering/Strands: ML Musical Literacy, MR Musical Response, CR Contextual Relevancy Musical Literacy K.ML.1 Apply the elements of music and musical techniques
More informationStudent Leadership Development Through General Classroom Activities
Student Leadership Development Through General Classroom Activities Ian Hay & Neil Dempster S tudent leadership enhancement involves giving students opportunities to practice leadership skills in a supportive
More informationGrowing Up With Epilepsy
Teaching Students with Epilepsy: Children with epilepsy often experience learning issues as a result of their seizures. These may include ongoing problems with motor skills or cognitive functions, as well
More informationLearning Styles and Aptitudes
Learning Styles and Aptitudes Learning style is the ability to learn and to develop in some ways better than others. Each person has a natural way of learning. We all learn from listening, watching something
More informationST. NICHOLAS SCHOOL MUSIC THERAPY POLICY STATEMENT. Introduction
ST. NICHOLAS SCHOOL MUSIC THERAPY POLICY STATEMENT Introduction Music Therapy has been established at St Nicholas School for a number of years. A qualified Music Therapist is currently working three days
More informationLearning Center System. Preschool Resource Guide. Muriel Wong
Learning Center System Preschool Resource Guide Muriel Wong TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview and purpose 3 Page Supporting Children s Learning 4 Daily Routine 8 The Classroom Environment 10 Learning Centers
More informationHow To Teach Highscope
The HighScope Preschool Curriculum Course (PCC) A Prospectus Purpose and Participants The four-week Preschool Curriculum Course (PCC) is designed to prepare teachers and caregivers to implement the HighScope
More informationMaster of Music (cand. musicae), music teacher. Degree course: CHURCH MUSIC WITH IMPROVISATION Aarhus and Aalborg
CURRICULUM Master of Music (cand. musicae), music teacher Degree course: CHURCH MUSIC WITH IMPROVISATION Aarhus and Aalborg Effective as of 2011 Approved by the Board of Studies on August 24th, 2010 Version
More informationWriting Learning Objectives
The University of Tennessee, Memphis Writing Learning Objectives A Teaching Resource Document from the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Planning and Prepared by Raoul A. Arreola, Ph.D. Portions of this
More informationChild Development and Educational Studies
Degree and GAVILAN Certificate COLLEGE CATALOG Programs 2015-2017 Contact (408) 848-4719 cte@gavilan.edu Degrees and Certificates Oered: Early Childhood Education: Associate in Science for Transfer (A.S.-T.)
More informationFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN ENGINEERING USING "TRIADS" SOFTWARE
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN ENGINEERING USING "TRIADS" SOFTWARE Joseph Wood and Michael Burrow Formative Assessment in Engineering Using "TRIADS" Software Joseph Wood and Michael Burrow School of Engineering
More informationWhitnall School District Report Card Content Area Domains
Whitnall School District Report Card Content Area Domains In order to align curricula kindergarten through twelfth grade, Whitnall teachers have designed a system of reporting to reflect a seamless K 12
More informationSome Thoughts on Selecting IDEA Objectives
( Handout 1 Some Thoughts on Selecting IDEA Objectives A u g u s t 2 0 0 2 How do we know that teaching is effective or ineffective? The typical student rating system judges effectiveness by the degree
More informationAnderson, L., & Krathwohl, D. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and
References Anderson, L., & Krathwohl, D. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York, NY: Longman. Australian Curriculum,
More informationby Learning Area Achievement Objectives The New Zealand Curriculum Set of 8 charts
The New Zealand Curriculum Achievement Objectives by Learning Area Set of 8 charts Published for the Ministry of Education by Learning Media Limited, Box 3293, Wellington, New Zealand. www.learningmedia.co.nz
More informationPRE AND POST TEST TO SEE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YEARS OF ANIMATED LITERACY AND KNOWLEDGE OF LETTERS STEPHANIE, BUCK. Submitted to
Animated Literacy 1 RUNNING HEAD: Years of Animated Literacy Letters PRE AND POST TEST TO SEE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YEARS OF ANIMATED LITERACY AND KNOWLEDGE OF LETTERS By STEPHANIE, BUCK Submitted to
More informationRegister of Students with Severe Disabilities
Department of Education Learners first, connected and inspired Register of Students with Severe Disabilities Department of Education Register of Students with Severe Disabilities 1. Eligibility Criteria
More informationDeveloping Higher Level Thinking
Abstract Limbach, Barbara Chadron State College Waugh, Wendy Chadron State College This paper identifies an interdisciplinary, five-step process, built upon existing theory and best practices in cognitive
More informationGullo, D. F. (Ed.). (2006). K Today: Teaching and learning in the kindergarten year. Washington, D. C.: NAEYC.
Appalachian State University Department of Family and Consumer Sciences FCS 4680 Curriculum & Instruction for Kindergarten Children Hickory Cohort-- Fall 2012 Instructor: Rhonda Russell M.A. Days/Time:
More informationA Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy: An Overview
David R. Krathwohl A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy: An Overview T HE TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES T is a framework for classifying statements of what we expect or intend students to learn as a result
More information