II. System overview. Key words: Accelerometer, GSM module, GPS device, Microcontroller, temperature, CO, Ultrasonic sensor. I.

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume I/Issue 2/DEC 2013 WIRELESS BLACK BOX REPORT FOR TRACKING OF ACCIDENTAL MONITORING IN VEHICLES SHAIK KHADAR BASHA1, P.SIREESH BABU 2 M.Tech Student, Dept of ECE, Prakasam Engineering College, Kandukur mandal, Prakasam Dist, A.P, India 2 Associate Professor, Dept of ECE, Prakasam Engineering College, Kandukur mandal, Prakasam Dist, A.P, India 1 Abstract: The following paper is to develop a wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS tracking system for accidental monitoring. MEMS is a Micro electro mechanical sensor which is a high sensitive sensor and capable of detecting the tilt. This device can perform all the tilt functions like forward, reverse, left and right directions. The system consists of cooperative components of an accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device and GSM module. If any accident occurs, this wireless device will send mobile phone a short massage indicating the position of vehicle by tracing the location of the vehicle through GPS system to family member, emergency medical service (EMS) and nearest hospital.. The threshold algorithm and speed of motorcycle are used to determine fall or accident in real-time. In this project we are also using temperature sensor and CO sensor which are interfaced to the micro controller. With the help of temperature sensor we can measure amount of temperature exhausted from the vehicle. CO sensor will sense the amount of CO gas emitted from the vehicle. Whenever the CO gas level exceeds the threshold limit then the motor of the vehicle is stopped. Ultrasonic sensor in the module is used to detect any obstacle in the surroundings of the vehicle and intimates the microcontroller and the controller calculates the distance between the vehicles and if the distance is very less, then vehicle stops automatically. who got through the accident. Therefore, several research groups and major motorcycle manufacturers including Honda have developed safety devices to protect riders from accidental injuries. Presently, tracking system is only installed in some high-end motorcycles because these systems are still too expensive for most motorcycle's riders. Thus, fall detection and accident alarm system for two wheelers has recently gained attention because these systems are expected to save peoples life by helping riders to get medical treatment on time. In this case, wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS tracking system is developed for accidental monitoring. If any accident occurs, this wireless device will send a message from mobile phone and indicating the position of vehicle by tracking the location through GPS system to family member, emergency medical service and nearest hospital so that they can provide ambulance and prepare treatment for the patients. II. System overview Key words: Accelerometer, GSM module, GPS device, Microcontroller, temperature, CO, Ultrasonic sensor. I. Introduction Now a day s accidents have become a major public problem in many countries and in metropolitan cities. This problem is due to rider's poor behaviors such as speed driving, drunk driving, riding with no helmet protection, riding without sufficient sleep, etc. Many campaigns have been conducted by the people for the awareness but the numbers of death and disability are very high because of late assistance to people those IJPRES Figure.1. System overview The system consists of cooperative components of an accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device, 46

2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Global positioning system for Mobile module, sensors for sending a short massage. An accelerometer is applied for awareness and fall detection indicating an accident. If any accident is occurred then the location of the vehicle is traced by the longitude and latitude values of GPS and sends a SMS to the nearest hospitals and family members so that they can be ready for the treatment. A high performance 16 bits MCV is used to process and store real-time signal from the accelerometer as well as sensors. Sensors (CO, Temperature and ultrasonic) work accordingly and gives the respective output. If the temperature increases than the threshold level the motor stops automatically. Similarly whenever the CO level exceeds the threshold limit then the motor of the vehicle is stopped. The ultrasonic sensor will detect the obstacle and slows down the vehicle according to the distance between the vehicles and if necessary it stops the vehicle. a. Existing system In existing system most of the people associate black boxes with airplanes but they are no longer just the key tool in investigation of airplane accidents. Presently tracking system is introduced in vehicles to avoid the accidents and save peoples life. But these systems are still installed in some of the high-end motorcycles only because these systems are too expensive for most of the motorcycle riders. In our project we are introducing fall detection and alarm system which is expected to save peoples life by detecting the accidents occurred and provides help by tracing the location of the motorcycle riders with the help of GPS technology. This provides the information of the motorcycle rider if any accident is occurred to the family members and at the same time it sends a message to the nearest hospital for the help. b. Design of proposed hardware system The process of working of this project is explained as follows. The total equipment of this project is placed inside a vehicle is not visible to others. Here we have MEMS accelerometer which will sense the movements of the vehicle continuously. When an accident occurs to the vehicle the movement of the vehicle while the incident is occurring will be detected by the MEMS and this information is given to microcontroller. Here we use GPS module to track the location of the vehicle where the accident has occurred. GPS can get the graphical location of the vehicle and these location values are displayed on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). IJPRES Volume I/Issue 2/DEC 2013 Figure.2. Block diagram of hardware system The location values are given to microcontroller. Controller gives this information to GSM module. By using GSM we can send the message to family members, emergency medical service and nearest hospital. In this project we have temperature sensor and CO sensor which are interfaced to the micro controller. Temperature sensor through which we can measure amount of Temperature exhausted from the vehicle. CO sensor will sense the amount of CO gas emitted from the vehicle. These values are also displayed on LCD. Whenever the CO gas level exceeds the threshold limit then the motor of the vehicle is stopped. Ultrasonic sensor in the module is used to detect any obstacle in the surroundings of the vehicle and intimates the microcontroller and the controller calculates the distance between the vehicles and if the distance is very less then it will stop the vehicle automatically. Arm7TDMI: ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. An ARM processor is basically any 16/32bit microprocessor designed and licensed by ARM Ltd, a microprocessor design company headquartered in England, founded in 1990 by Herman Hauser. A characteristic feature of ARM processors is their low electric power consumption, which makes them particularly suitable for use in portable devices. It is one of the most used processors currently in the market. Microcontroller: The microcontroller is the heart of the embedded system. It constantly monitors the digitized parameters of the various sensors and verifies them with the predefined threshold values. It checks if any corrective action is to be taken for the condition at that instant of time. In case such a 47

3 situation arises, it activates the actuators to perform a controlled operation. c. Temperature sensor Temperature sensor is used to sense the temperature of a medium. Most of the temperature sensors having temperature-dependent properties which can be measured electrically include resistors, semiconductor devices such as diodes, and thermocouples. A resistance thermometer has a sensing resistor having an electrical resistance vary with temperature. Figure.5. Ultrasonic sensor f. MEMS : Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of micro fabrication. The physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. d. CO 2 sensor Figure.3. Temperature sensor They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are suitable for detecting of LPG, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke. Gas detection is important for controlling industrial and vehicle emissions, household security and environmental monitoring. g. GPS The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a spacebased satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. h. GSM modem: e. Ultrasonic sensor Figure.4. CO sensors The ultrasonic sensor can easily be interfaced to the microcontrollers where the triggering and measurement can be done using two I/O pin. The sensor transmits an ultrasonic wave and produces an output pulse that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target can easily be calculated. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is a TDMA based wireless network technology developed in Europe that is mostly used throughout the world. GSM phones make use of a SIM card to identify the user's account. The use of the SIM card allows GSM network users to quickly move their phone number from one GSM phone to another by simply moving the SIM card. Currently GSM networks operate on the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz frequency bands. Devices that support all four bands are called quad-band, with those that support 3 or 2 bands called tri-band and dual-band, respectively. In the United States, Cingular operates on the 850 and 1900MHz bands, while T-Mobile operates only on the 1900MHz band. IJPRES 48

4 III. Hardware system a. MEMS: Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electromechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of micro fabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements can move. The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the world they are called Microsystems Technology or micro machined devices. While the functional elements of MEMS are miniaturized structures, sensors, actuators, and microelectronics, the most notable (and perhaps most interesting) elements are the micro sensors and micro actuators. Micro sensors and micro actuators are appropriately categorized as transducers, which are defined as devices that convert energy from one form to another. In the case of micro sensors, the device typically converts a measured mechanical signal into an electrical signal. Microelectronic integrated circuits can be thought of as the "brains" of a system and MEMS augments this decision-making capability with "eyes" and "arms", to allow micro systems to sense and control the environment. Sensors gather information from the environment through measuring mechanical, thermal, biological, chemical, optical, and magnetic phenomena. The electronics then process the information derived from the sensors and through some decision making capability direct the actuators to respond by moving, positioning, regulating, pumping, and filtering, thereby controlling the environment for some desired outcome or purpose. Because these devices are manufactured using batch fabrication techniques similar to those used for integrated circuits, unprecedented levels of functionality, reliability, and sophistication can be placed on a small silicon chip at a relatively low cost. b. MEMS description: MEMS technology can be implemented by using a number of different materials and manufacturing techniques; the choice of which will depend on the device being created and the market sector in which it has to operate. c. Applications In one viewpoint MEMS application is categorized by type of use. Sensor Actuator Structure Figure.6. Micro electromechanical systems chip, sometimes called "lab on a chip" In another view point MEMS applications are categorized by the field of application (Commercial applications include): 0. Inkjet printers, which use piezoelectric or thermal bubble ejection to deposit ink on paper. 1. Accelerometers in modern cars for a large number of purposes including airbag deployment in collisions. 2. Accelerometers in consumer electronics devices such as game controllers (Nintendo Wii), personal media players / cell phones (Apple iphone, various Nokia mobile phone models, various HTC PDA models) [9] and a number of Digital Cameras (various Canon Digital IXUS models). Also used in PCs to park the hard disk head when free-fall is detected, to prevent damage and data loss. 3. MEMS gyroscopes used in modern cars and other applications to detect yaw; e.g. to deploy a roll over bar or trigger dynamic stability control. IJPRES 49

5 4. Silicon pressure sensors e.g. car tire pressure sensors, and disposable blood pressure sensors. 5. Displays e.g. the DMD chip in a projector based on DLP technology has on its surface several hundred thousand micro mirrors. 6. Optical switching technology which is used for switching technology and alignment for data communications. 7. Bio-MEMS applications in medical and health related technologies from Lab-On-Chip to Micro Total Analysis (biosensor, chemosensory). 8. Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) applications in consumer electronics (primarily displays for mobile devices). Used to create interferometric modulation - reflective display technology as found in mirasol displays. Companies with strong MEMS programs come in many sizes. The larger firms specialize in manufacturing high volume inexpensive components or packaged solutions for end markets such as automobiles, biomedical, and electronics. The successful small firms provide value in innovative solutions and absorb the expense of custom fabrication with high sales margins. In addition, both large and small companies work in R&D to explore MEMS technology. IV. GPS technology The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that can be used to locate positions anywhere on earth. Designed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense, it consists of satellites, control and monitor stations, and receivers. GPS receivers take information transmitted from the satellites and uses triangulation to calculate a user s exact location. GPS is used on incidents in a variety of ways, such as: To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up. To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout to the fire perimeter. To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot spots. To determine distance between two points or how far you are from another location. a. How the Global Positioning System Works The basis of the GPS is a constellation of satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth. These satellites, which are equipped with atomic clocks, transmit radio signals that contain their exact location, time, and other information. The radio signals from the satellites, which are monitored and corrected by control stations, are picked up by the GPS receiver. A Global Positioning System receiver needs only three satellites to plot a rough, 2D position, which will not be very accurate. Ideally, four or more satellites are needed to plot a 3D position, which is much more accurate. b. Three Segments of GPS The three segments of GPS are the space, control, and user (Figure 5-1). Space Segment Satellites orbiting the earth The space segment consists of 29 satellites circling the earth every 12 hours at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area. The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on earth can receive a signal from at least four satellites at any given time. Each satellite contains several atomic clocks. Satellites transmit low radio signals with a unique code on different frequencies, allowing the GPS receiver to identify the signals. The main purpose of these coded signals is to allow the GPS receiver to calculate travel time of the radio signal from the satellite to the receiver. The travel time multiplied by the speed of light equals the distance from the satellite to the GPS receiver. Control Segment The control and monitoring stations The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides them with corrected orbital and time information. The control segment consists of five unmanned monitor stations and one Master Control Station. The five unmanned stations monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that information to the Master Control Station where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas. User Segment The GPS receivers owned by civilians and military IJPRES 50

6 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume I/Issue 2/DEC 2013 e. Architecture of the GSM network The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The number of simultaneous users is limitless. c. How Does GPS Technology Work? The following points provide a summary of the technology at work: The control segment constantly monitors the GPS constellation and uploads information to satellites to provide maximum user accuracy Your GPS receiver collects information from the GPS satellites that are in view. Your GPS receiver accounts for errors. For more information, refer to the Sources of Errors. Your GPS receiver determines your current location, velocity, and time. Your GPS receiver can calculate other information, such as bearing, track, trip distance, and distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time so forth. Your GPS receiver displays the applicable information on the screen. A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. Subscriber carries the Mobile Station. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. Not shown is the Operations intendance Center, which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface. d. GSM (Global positioning system for mobiles) Definition: Global system for mobile communication is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-european mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. Description: GSM, the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular communications system, which has rapidly gained acceptance and market share worldwide, although it was initially developed in a European context. In addition to digital transmission, GSM incorporates many advanced services and features, including ISDN compatibility and worldwide roaming in other GSM networks. The advanced services and architecture of GSM have made it a model for future thirdgeneration cellular systems, such as UMTS. This paper will give an overview of the services offered by GSM, the system architecture, the radio transmission. IJPRES Figure.7. General Architecture of a GSM network V. Conclusion The system wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS tracking has been developed for motorcycle accidental monitoring. The system can detect the type of accident (linear and nonlinear fall) from accelerometer signal using threshold algorithm, posture after crashing of motorcycle and GPS ground speed. After accident is detected, short alarm massage data (alarm massage and position of accident) will be sent via GSM network. Sensors (CO, Temperature and ultrasonic) work accordingly and gives the respective output. If the temperature increases than the threshold level the motor stops automatically. Similarly whenever the CO gas level exceeds the threshold limit then the motor of the vehicle is stopped. The ultrasonic sensor detects the obstacle and slowdowns the vehicle according to the distance between the vehicles and if necessary it stops the vehicle. 51

7 REFERENCES [1] D.Malan, T.R.F.Fulford Jones, M.Welsh, S.Moulton, CodeBlue: an ad-hoc sensor network infrastructure for emergency medical care, in: Proceedings of the Mobi-Sys 2004 Work shop on Applications of Mobile [2] Honda motor co., ltd. "Motorcycle airbags system (Press information September 2005)," unpublished [3] Elite security supplies 'The 3-stage AcuTrac Motorcycle Tracking System," [4] M. Lu, W. chen, X. Shen, H.C. Lam and J. Liu, "Positioning and tracking construction vehicle in highly dense urban areas and building Construction sites," Automation in Construction, vol. 16, issue 5.pp , August 2007 [5] N. Jinaporn, S. Wisadsud, P. Nakonrat, A. Suriya, "Security system against asset theft by using radio frequency identification technology," IEEE Trans. ECTI-CON [6] Chung-ChengChiu, Min-YuKu, Hung-Tsung, Chen Nat, "Motorcycle Detection and Tracking System with Occlusion Segmentation," Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services. Santorini, vol. 2, pp , June Shaik Khadar Basha, pursuing her M.Tech in VLSI and Embedded Systems from Prakasam Engineering College, Kandukur mandal, Prakasam Dist, A.P, India. Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, and is approved by AICTE Delhi. Sireesh Babu, his Qualification is M.tech(Ph.d), currently working as an Associate Professor, in the Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, Prakasam Engineering College, Kandukur mandal, Prakasam Dist, A.P, and India. Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, and is approved by AICTE Delhi. IJPRES 52