Comparative Study on cloud computing contracts Final Report

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1 Comparative Study on cloud computing contracts Final Report Prepared by DLA Piper UK LLP [March 2015]

2 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers European Commission B-1049 Brussels

3 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Comparative Study on cloud computing contracts Final Report Prepared by DLA Piper UK LLP Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers

4 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet ( Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 ISBN doi: /16333 European Union, 2015 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

5 Table of Contents ABOUT THE AUTHORS... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Setting the scene The European Commission and the cloud Structure of the present Study Work Package Work Package Work Package COMPARATIVE LAW ANALYSIS Background and adopted approach Full results of the desk research Comparative law analysis and conclusions Cloud specific legislation, case law, administrative guidelines and selfregulatory initiatives Legal qualification of a cloud contract Description of the service and service level agreement Acceptable use policy (AUP) Data protection Intellectual property issues in the cloud Warranties and liability Termination of the cloud contract and its consequences Unilateral modification of the cloud contact Security requirements in the cloud ANNEXES... 58

6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS This Study was prepared by the international law firm DLA Piper UK LLP. The performance of the Study was coordinated by a multi-national team composed of legal experts pertaining to the several legal traditions across Europe. The members of the Core Team are Mr Patrick Van Eecke, Mr Antoon Dierick, Mrs Sabine Fehringer and Mr Mark O'Conor. The report is based on the input received from legal experts in relation to IT (including cloud computing) contract laws in each of the investigated countries, either pertaining to the DLA Piper group or as a preferred partnership firm. The input for each of the countries was provided by and/or under the supervision of each of the following persons: Country Responisble person Law firm Austria Mrs Sabine Fehringer DLA Piper Belgium Mr Kristof De Vulder DLA Piper Bulgaria Mrs Dessislava Fessenko Pavlov and Partners Law Firm Cyprus Mr Alexandros Economou Chrysses Demetriades & Co Czech Republic Mrs Eva Ruhswurmová DLA Piper Denmark Mr Egil Husum Advokataktieselskabet Horten England & Wales Mr Mark O'Conor DLA Piper Estonia Mr Pirkko-Liis Harkmaa Lawin law firm Finland Mr Samuli Simojoki Attorneys at Law Borenius Ltd France Mr Stéphane Lemarchand DLA Piper Germany Mr Jan Geert Meents DLA Piper Greece Mrs Mina V. Zoulovits Philotheidis, Rogas & Partners Hungary Mr Zoltan Kozma DLA Piper Ireland Mrs Jeanne Kelly Mason Hayes & Curran Law Firm Italy Mr Giangiacomo Olivi DLA Piper Latvia Mr Sarmis Spilbergs Lawin law firm Lithuania Mr Julius Zaleskis Lawin law firm Luxemburg Mr Alain Grosjean Bonn & Schmitt Malta Mr Antoine Camilleri Mamo TVC Advocates The Netherlands Mr Joris Willems DLA Piper Poland Mrs Krystyna DLA Piper Szczepanowska Portugal Mr João Luís Traça Miranda, Correia, Amendoeira & Associados Romania Mrs Cosmina Simion DLA Piper Slovak Republic Mrs Michaela Stessl DLA Piper Slovenia Mrs Jasna Zwitter-Tehovnik DLA Piper Spain Mr Diego Ramos DLA Piper Sweden Mr Jan Bryme DLA Piper United States Mr Mark Radcliffe DLA Piper 6

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY English Introduction The present comparative law Study, encompassing the European Member States (excluding Croatia) and the U.S., has been conducted by the international law firm DLA Piper UK LLP. The Study has been coordinated by a multinational Core Team, with representatives from countries pertaining to the various legal traditions across Europe. The input for each of the countries under investigation was provided by a dedicated team of specialized IT contracting lawyers from local DLA Piper law firms or preferred partner firms. In light of the European Commission's action point on the development of model safe and fair contract terms for the cloud environment, aimed at intensifying cloud trust and higher uptake of cloud services, the present Study will serve as a knowledge base to understand to which extent the existing laws, case law and administrative guidance apply to cloud computing contracts. The Study investigates whether key contractual legal issues which are typically mentioned in relation to the cloud, are adequately dealt with by existing national law or case law, or, as the case may be, by guidelines issued by administrative authorities. Brief description of the Work Packages of the Study In order to complete the tasks under the Study in a structured way, the work was divided into three work streams (each a "Work Package" or "WP"). During the first Work Package, a general overview of the legislation concerning cloud computing contracts of 27 EU Member States of the European Union (excluding Croatia) and on the U.S. level was given. This overview is based on the relevant specific legislation on cloud computing contracts, the general and consumer contract legislation which may be applicable to a cloud environment, and administrative decisions and guidelines concerning cloud computing contracts. This input has been gathered by using a template questionnaire which was filled out by each of the national correspondents. The template is based on several important contractual issues which may be encountered in a (cloud) contracting environment. The overview in question has been attached to this Final Report in Annex 1. Work Package 2 entails establishing a methodology to select (including the actual selection) a representative sample of EU Member States. On the one hand, the methodology takes into account legal criteria such as the level of development of cloud legislations, case law or guidelines, applicable laws frequently chosen, level of cloud litigation, etc. On the other hand, economic criteria, such as the composition of the global ICT market, the size of public cloud services market and the size of the hosting market, are taken into account. Based on this assessment and in common agreement with the European Commission, DLA Piper has selected England & Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, The Netherlands and The United States of America (the latter being contractually required to be represented in the sample) as the representative sample of countries. These countries, which moreover provide a cross-section of the various legal traditions in Europe, are further analysed under the third Work Package of the Study. The methodology for selecting the above-mentioned sample of countries has been annexed to this Final Report as Annex 2. During the third Work Package, the contractor was asked to perform a comparative law analysis on how the national legislations in the sample countries selected under Work Package 2 apply to certain key legal areas for cloud contracts. As during Work Package 1, the selected national correspondents were invited to provide the necessary input by means 7

8 of a template questionnaire (attached as Annex 3) in order to facilitate comparison between the input from the various countries. Each of the completed questionnaires for the selected countries is attached to this Final Report in Annex 4. The comparative law assessment and conclusions of the analysis of these country reports is further set out in the main body of this Final Report. Summary overview of the main findings during the comparative law analysis Specific cloud legislation, case law and guidelines In general, no specific "cloud laws" exist in the 28 investigated countries. Notwithstanding the foregoing, many sector-specific regulatory initiatives (either issued by administrative or supervisory authorities or by the industry itself) have nonetheless been issued which may further fuel the drive towards national cloud regulations. Some of these initiatives are binding, such as the guidelines issues by several financial supervisory bodies, whereas the guidelines of data protection authorities may not as such be binding but nonetheless tend to lead to a best practice standard, a deviation from which could be seen as an infringement against binding laws. Not many "cloud cases" have been reported, it being understood that not all cases where a cloud provider and cloud customer are involved constitute a specific "cloud case". However, there are several interesting cases which will apply by analogy to a cloud computing context, and these are mentioned under the relevant sections in the Report below. Legal qualification of a cloud contract Cloud contracts will be subject to the general rules of contractual agreements, applicable to all contracts whatever the subject matter of the contract may be. Where specific types of contracts (e.g. consensual contracts, synallagmatic contracts, etc.) are regulated under local laws, such laws may also be applicable in case the cloud contract falls within the definition of these contracts. Next, a cloud contract may also be regulated by the rules applicable to certain "named" contracts, based on the subject matter of the contract. This assessment turns out to be difficult in practice however, as it is not possible to classify "a" cloud contract in a general manner under the legal framework of existing named contracts. The cloud offering is simply too diverse (and rapidly changing) to make general qualifications. In each event, several of the investigated countries have indicated that the rules applicable to "services agreements" may be relevant for all types of cloud. The rules applicable to "work contracts" may be relevant where the cloud provider has agreed to perform a specific task, such as customizing the cloud service. Particularly interesting is the qualification of some cloud contracts (such as certain types of PaaS and IaaS contracts) as "lease contracts". German legal scholars make a distinction between non-gratuitous cloud contracts (both SaaS, PaaS and IaaS) on the one hand, which can be classified as lease agreements, and gratuitous cloud computing contracts on the other hand, which can be qualified as a loan agreement. Regulations on sales of goods are deemed inapplicable, as goods are likely defined as tangible movable items which is considered not to be the case in a cloud computing context (although Swedish legal scholars take a differing point of view in this respect). As a result of the difficulties in legally qualifying the cloud agreement, several countries have stated that cloud contracts are likely to be qualified as sui generis contracts. From a consumer law perspective, it should also be noted that where a cloud contract is concluded by means of distance communication, the contract will qualify as a "distance contract" in all EU Member States. General quality levels of cloud services 1. In relation to the statutory conformity requirements of cloud services and the nature of obligations, it should be noted that conformity requirements depend on the legal qualification of the cloud contract. Where a cloud contract would be qualified as a "services agreement", conformity levels remain general as all of the investigated countries refer to general concepts such as the performance of the service "with due care", "in a professional manner", "with reasonable endeavour", etc. whereas it should be noted that, as the cloud market is a relatively new one, there are no set standards yet of what could be considered best market practices. In those countries where the cloud contract would qualify as a lease agreement, similar general conformity requirements or none at all apply. German legal scholars qualify gratuitous cloud contracts as loan agreements, but again, no statutory conformity requirements apply in this respect. The rules on sales of goods, which most of the investigated jurisdictions state not to apply to a cloud context, contain express conformity requirements. In Sweden, it is argued that 8

9 these principles could apply by analogy to a cloud contract but Sweden remains in this perspective the odd man out. 2. Pre-contractual information obligations mainly apply in a B2C context, but the legislation of some of the investigated countries also requires such information in B2B scenarios. Including contractual terms by reference is generally allowed but the counterparty must be clearly informed of this, with a threshold which typically will be higher in a business-toconsumer context. References to terms on a website are considered acceptable if duly notified to the customer. However, case law may tend to change position by denying the binding power of simply providing a hyperlink to a website terms and conditions document. 3. Reasonable expectations by a cloud customer in general cannot overrule the wording of the contract as, on the one hand, the contract wording will always be the starting point of the interpretation of a contract, and on the other hand, what can reasonably be expected from a cloud service provider remains unclear at this stage. Somewhat different is Sweden, where (as stated above) legal scholars have argued that the rules on sales of goods can be applied by analogy to a cloud computing context. This means that, notwithstanding the provisions of the contract, the sold "good" should conform to what can usually be expected by the "buyer". 4. Service level agreements are generally considered to fall under the scope of the unfair consumer contract terms regulations. In this sense, overly restrictive service level agreements could indeed be considered as unfair. Acceptable use policies in the cloud agreement The legislation in all of the investigated countries allows to include limitations on use and according liability provisions, in an AUP document, insofar as the general rules on unfair terms and other general principles are complied with such as not including surprising clauses into the agreement. Such AUP document may be incorporated into the contract by reference, which then follows the general rules on the applicability of agreements. This is not a cloud-specific issue. All of the investigated Member States have indicated that the limited liability regime for "hosting providers", as set out in the e-commerce Directive, could be applied to cloud providers under the condition that the service offered constitutes a "hosting service". Whether this will be the case is fact-specific. In case the cloud provider would fall under this legal regime, it is recommended to incorporate appropriate notice-and-take-down procedures. Swedish case law suggests that in case the service itself is intended to allow infringements against the law (e.g. exploiting a platform destined to share illegal content), the limited liability regime will likely not apply. In The Netherlands, interesting case law can be found on how to assess whether or not a "hosting provider" is actively involved in the making available of the infringing content. Processing of personal data in the cloud All European Member States have adopted similar (stringent) legislation in execution of European data protection rules, whereas on the U.S. level the legal regulations in relation to processing of personal data are primarily set out on the state level (as opposed to the federal level) and even then do not provide for detailed legal provisions. A source of debate is the qualification of the cloud services provider as a data "processor", with some legal scholars arguing that some cloud service providers will neither qualify as a data controller nor data processor. A second issue is the transfer of personal data to countries other than those considered to offer adequate protection. This is usually based on the use of EU model clauses. In general, the existing data protection rules are widely considered inadequate to deal with the current technological evolutions, reason for which several national data protection authorities have issued guidelines or recommendations to take into account when 'going cloud'. The cloud and intellectual property rights Rules on intellectual property are important both for the cloud provider and the customer. Copyright laws are the most important regulations which set out the boundaries for access to and use of protected materials. Copyright laws exclusively allow the author of a protected work to use the protected works. These principles apply both to the cloud provider (protecting its platform and the information stored on it by the provider) and the cloud user (protecting its content stored on or made via the cloud service) and are similar in all of the investigated countries. 9

10 However, in case certain materials are not regulated by intellectual property rights (e.g. a work is only protected by copyright laws under certain conditions), applicable regulations are scattered for example relating to rules on trade secrets, professional secrecy, data protection rules, general tort law, etc. It is therefore often unclear to which extent these apply to a specific scenario. As a result, it is highly recommended from a general contracting perspective, in case contracting parties wish to avoid having discussions on rights on content, that cloud contracting parties include provisions on confidential information in the cloud contract. Liability of cloud contracting parties General rules on liability of a contractual party can be applied to a cloud contract context in the same way as to any other contractual context. However, the applicable statutory warranties which can determine whether or not a party is in default, remain difficult to determine as there is no clear view on how cloud contracts can be qualified in the existing legal framework. Further, limitations on liability can be regulated contractually in each of the investigated countries but the extent to which such contractual limitations are valid, may differ from country to country. Where such contractual limitations are generally strictly regulated under the consumer protection laws of each of the investigated countries, one would expect that in a B2B environment such contractual agreements are freely to be negotiated. However, in all of the investigated countries legal concepts have been developed, or laws have been enacted, to restrict limitations of liability clauses in a B2B context. Whether or not a contract party may invoke a subcontractor to perform some or all of its obligations varies from country to country, some countries requiring the preliminary consent of the other party. In case obligations are being subcontracted, the party invoking the subcontractor will remain fully liable for the execution of its subcontractor. The legal qualification of service credits is a difficult topic and remains unclear with legal opinions varying from country to country. Clear contractual stipulations (for example stating whether service credits should be considered a pre-estimate of the loss incurred for not achieving agreed service levels or a mere decrease of applicable fees as a result of the lesser value of the service without prejudice to other rights of compensation; stating whether service credits should be considered a sole and exclusive remedy or a form of compensation without prejudice to other forms of remedy; etc.) will be required to circumvent discussions on this point. In each event does the existing legal framework allow to set boundaries to overly restrictive service credit stipulations which would greatly exclude liability of the service provider. The term, termination and consequences of termination of a cloud contract In general, cloud contracts are likely to qualify as on-going contracts which are either fixed-term (in which case the parties generally cannot terminate prior to the end date of the contract) or concluded for an undetermined period of time (in which case the parties can terminate giving reasonable notice). Next to these general principles which apply for all of the investigated countries, country-specific statutory default rules on term and termination may also apply in some of the investigated countries, dependent on the legal qualification of the cloud contract, for example qualifying the contract as a services or a lease agreement. The issue on the consequences of terminating a cloud agreement, in particular the obligation to return the data stored in the cloud, is a much debated one and a major issue for cloud customers. The contract may state clear provisions in this respect but in lack thereof, none of the investigated countries' legislations (both B2B and B2C) contain default statutory rules which deal with this topic. Although one could thus assume that a cloud customer does not have a statutory right to claim retrieval of data after termination of the contract, the importance of this issue has resulted in the development of legal theories which do give the customer such right. Part of these theories are being based on the existing principles for some named contracts (such as the regulatory framework for lease agreements in Germany and services agreements in The Netherlands) applied to a cloud contract, whereas in France the principle of the good faith execution of the contract has led the courts to impose an obligation of this kind upon a service provider. The right to unilaterally change a cloud contract Under all of the laws investigated, the main principle is that a party cannot unilaterally change a contract. However, parties can validly agree that one of the parties may change the contract. 10

11 Generally, the investigated laws require such clauses allowing the unilateral modification of the contract and the exercise thereof to be reasonable. In a B2C context, several of the countries investigated stipulate specific safeguards for consumers in case such clauses are stipulated in the contract. Implied consent with a unilateral contract change (e.g. by continued use of the service after the contract change) is generally deemed acceptable, but additional safeguards apply in a B2C environment. Security requirements for data stored in the cloud There are no general or specific security standards in relation to cloud. In case the data processed contains personal data, the processing of such data must adhere to the applicable rules but here again, no standard set of security measures is laid down by the legislator. On the European level, the European Commission has launched interesting initiatives in relation to (security) standardisation and certification which may further improve security standards. On a national level, the German legislator has proposed draft legislation on security for information technologies, including minimum IT security standards. 11

12 Français Introduction La présente Etude comparative, dont le champ d'application couvre les Etats Membres de l'union européenne (à l'exception de la Croatie) ainsi que les Etats-Unis, a été réalisée sous la direction du cabinet d'avocats international DLA Piper UK LLP. L'Etude a été coordonnée par une équipe centrale multinationale, composée de représentants des pays appartenant aux différentes traditions juridiques à travers l'europe. Les informations obtenues pour chacun des pays faisant l'objet de l'enquête ont été fournies par une équipe ad hoc d'avocats spécialisés en droit de l'informatique faisant contractuellement partie des bureaux locaux de DLA Piper ou des cabinets partenaires favoris. A la lumière du point d'action de la Commission européenne concernant le développement de modèles de clauses contractuelles sûres et équitable pour l'environnement relatif au cloud, destiné à intensifier la confiance dans le cloud ainsi qu'une consommation accrue de services cloud, la présente Etude sera destinée à servir de base de connaissance afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure les législations, jurisprudence et orientations administratives existantes s'appliquent aux contrats de cloud computing. La présente Etude s'intéresse à la question de savoir si les questions juridiques contractuelles qui sont typiquement mentionnées dans le contexte du cloud, sont traitées de manière adéquate par les législation ou jurisprudence nationales existantes, ou le cas échéant par des orientations données par des autorités administratives. Description sommaire des Modules de Travail de l'etude Afin de mener à bien de manière structurée les tâches composant l'etude, la charge de travail a été divisée en trois flux de travail (ou "Module de Travail"). Durant la réalisation du premier Module de Travail, un aperçu général de la législation concernant le droit contractuel relatif au cloud computing au sein des 27 Etats Membres européens (excepté la Croatie) ainsi que des Etats-Unis a été établi. Cette vue d'ensemble est basée sur les dispositions légales pertinentes spécifiques concernant le droit contractuel relatif au cloud computing et la législation générale, ainsi que celle relative aux contrats de consommation qui peuvent être appliquées à l'environnement relatif au cloud, et les décisions administratives et orientations concernant les contrats relatifs au cloud computing. Les données reçues ont été collectées à travers l'utilisation d'un questionnaire type qui a été rempli par chacun des correspondants nationaux. Le questionnaire type est basé sur plusieurs questions contractuelles importantes qui peuvent être rencontrées dans un environnement contractuel (relatif au cloud). L'aperçu général dont il est question figure en Annexe 1 du présent Rapport Final. Le Second Module de Travail contient l'établissement d'une méthodologie pour sélectionner un échantillon représentatif des Etats Membres européens (ainsi que la sélection effectuée). D'une part, la méthodologie prend en considération des critères légaux tels que le niveau de développement des législations en matière de cloud, la jurisprudence ou les orientations, les lois applicables fréquemment choisies, le niveau de contentieux relatif au cloud, etc. D'autre part, des critères économiques, tels que la composition du marché global en matière de TIC, la taille des marchés des services de cloud publics, la taille du marché de l'hébergement, sont pris en compte. Sur base de cette évaluation et d'un commun accord avec la Commission Européenne, DLA Piper a sélectionné l'angleterre et le Pays de Galles, la France, l'allemagne, l'italie, la Pologne, la Suède, les Pays-Bas et les Etats-Unis d'amérique (ce dernier faisant l'objet d'une obligation contractuelle de représentation dans l'échantillon) en tant qu' échantillons représentatifs des pays. 12

13 Ces pays, qui en plus de fournir une coupe transversale des diverses traditions juridiques en Europe, sont analysés plus en détail dans le cadre du Troisième Module de Travail de l'etude. La méthodologie utilisée pour sélectionner les échantillons mentionnés ci-dessus a été jointe au présent Rapport Final en tant qu'annexe 2. Durant la réalisation du Troisième Module de Travail, il a été demandé au responsable de l'exécution du contrat d'effectuer une analyse comparative visant à établir comment les législations nationales des pays composant l'échantillon sélectionné dans le cadre du Module de Travail 2 s'appliquent à certains domaines juridiques essentiels pour les contrats relatifs au cloud. Tout comme pour la réalisation du Module de Travail 1, les correspondants nationaux sélectionnés étaient invités à fournir les informations nécessaires par le biais d'un questionnaire type (joint en tant qu'annexe 3), afin de faciliter les comparaisons entre les informations reçues des différents pays. Chacun des questionnaires complétés pour les pays sélectionnés est annexé au présent Rapport Final à l'annexe 4. L'évaluation légale comparative et les conclusions de l'analyse de ces rapports nationaux est expliquée plus en détail dans le corps de ce Rapport Final. Aperçu synthétique des principaux résultats de l'analyse légale comparative Législation, jurisprudence et orientations spécifiques relatives au cloud De manière générale, il n'existe pas de "législations spécifiques relatives au cloud" au sein des 28 pays analysés. Nonobstant ce qui précède, de nombreuses initiatives réglementaires sectorielles (qu'elles aient été émises par les autorités administratives ou de contrôle ou par l'industrie elle-même) ont néanmoins été publiées ce qui peut davantage alimenter le courant allant vers de réglementations nationales relatives au cloud. Certaines de ces initiatives sont contraignantes, telles que les lignes directrices à l'origine desquelles se trouvent plusieurs organismes de surveillance financière, alors que les lignes directrices des autorités de protection des données peuvent ne pas être contraignantes en tant que telles mais elles ont toutefois tendance à conduire à une meilleure pratique ("best practice standard"), et tout écart de celle-ci pourrait être considéré comme une violation des lois contraignantes. Il n'y a pas beaucoup d'affaires impliquant le cloud qui ont été identifiées, étant entendu que toutes les affaires dans lesquelles un fournisseur et un acheteur de services cloud sont impliqués ne constituent pas une affaire spécifique "relative au cloud". Néanmoins, il existe plusieurs affaires intéressantes qui s'appliqueraient par analogie au contexte relatif au cloud computing et celles-ci sont reprises sous les sections pertinentes du Rapport qui se trouvent ci-dessous. Qualification juridique d'un contrat relatif au cloud Les contrats relatifs au cloud seront régis par le droit commun des obligations contractuelles, applicables à tous les contrats quel que soit leur objet. Lorsque certains types de contrats (tels que les contrats consensuels, synallagmatiques, etc.) sont régis par les dispositions légales locales, ces dispositions peuvent aussi trouver à s'appliquer dans le cas où le contrat relatif au cloud entrerait dans l'une des définitions de ces contrats. En outre, les contrats relatifs au cloud peuvent aussi être régis par les règles relatives à certains contrats "nommés", en fonction de l'objet du contrat. Cette évaluation s'avère toutefois difficile en pratique, vu qu'il n'est pas possible de classifier un contrat "unique" relatif au cloud de manière générale en vertu du cadre juridique des contrats nommés existants. L'offre relative au cloud est tout simplement beaucoup trop diversifiée (et évoluant rapidement) pour permettre une classification générale. Dans chaque cas, plusieurs pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête ont indiqué que les règles applicables aux "contrats de services" peuvent être pertinentes pour tous les types de contrats relatifs au cloud. Les règles relatives aux "contrats de travail/de prestation" peuvent avoir leur importance dans le cas où le fournisseur de services cloud a accepté d'effectuer une tâche spécifique, telle que la personnalisation du service cloud. La qualification de certains contrats relatifs au cloud (tels que certains types de contrats PaaS et IaaS) de "contrats de location" est particulièrement intéressante. La doctrine allemande fait une distinction entre les contrats cloud à titre onéreux (SaaS, PaaS et IaaS), d'une part, qui peuvent être qualifiés de contrats de location, et les contrats de cloud computing gratuits, d'autre part, lesquels peuvent être qualifiés de contrats de prêt. Les réglementations relatives à la vente de marchandises ne sont pas d'application étant donné que les marchandises semblent être définies comme étant des objets mobiliers corporels ce qui n'est pas le cas du cloud computing (même si la doctrine suédoise a un différent point de vue à ce sujet). Compte tenu des difficultés rencontrées dans la qualification juridique des contrats cloud, plusieurs pays ont indiqué qu'il est probable que les contrats relatifs au cloud soient qualifiés de contrats sui generis. 13

14 Il convient aussi de relever que, du point de vue du droit de la consommation, lorsqu'un contrat cloud a été conclu au moyen d'une technique de communication à distance, le contrat sera qualifié de "contrat à distance" dans tous les Etats membres de l'ue. Niveaux généraux de qualité des services cloud 1. Pour ce qui est des exigences de conformité légales relatives aux services cloud et de la nature des obligations, il convient de relever que les exigences de conformité dépendent de la qualification juridique du contrat cloud. Si le contrat cloud est qualifié de "contrat de services", les niveaux d'exigence demeurent générales vu que tous les pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête se réfèrent à des concepts généraux tels que l'exécution du service "avec soins", "de manière professionnelle", "en déployant des efforts raisonnables", etc. alors qu'il convient de noter qu'étant donné que le marché relatif au cloud est relativement récent, il n'y a pas encore de standards définis relativement à ce qui pourrait être considéré comme constituant les meilleures pratiques du marché. Dans les pays où le contrat cloud serait qualifié de contrat de location, soit des exigences de conformité générales similaires s'appliquent, soit aucune exigence n'est d'application. La doctrine allemande qualifie les contrats cloud gratuits de contrats de prêt, mais de nouveau il convient d'indiquer qu'il n'y a pas d'exigences de conformité légales qui seraient d'application dans ce contexte. Les règles relatives à la vente de marchandises, que la plupart des juridictions ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête affirment ne pas appliquer dans le cadre d'un contexte touchant au cloud, contiennent des exigences de conformité expresses. Il est soutenu en Suède que ces principes pourraient s'appliquer par analogie à un contrat cloud mais la Suède reste une exception. Les initiatives de standardisation réglementaire pourraient ainsi davantage ouvrir la voie à l'établissement de meilleures pratiques. 2. Les obligations d'information précontractuelle s'appliquent surtout dans le cadre de relations B2C, mais les législations de certains pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête exigent aussi de telles informations dans des situations B2B. L'insertion de dispositions contractuelles par renvoi est généralement permise mais le cocontractant doit être clairement avisé de cette circonstance, le seuil étant normalement plus élevé dans un contexte B2C. Les références à des conditions se trouvant sur un site Web sont normalement admises si elles ont été dûment notifiées au client. La jurisprudence peut toutefois essayer de changer de position en refusant le caractère contraignant des conditions générales se trouvant sur un site Internet s'il n'a été renvoyé à celles-ci que par l'intermédiaire d'un hyperlien. 3. En général, les attentes raisonnables d'un client cloud ne peuvent pas prévaloir sur les termes du contrat vu que, d'un côté, les termes du contrat seront toujours le point de départ de l'interprétation du contrat, et d'un autre, à ce stade, il n'est pas encore clair ce qui est attendu d'un fournisseur de services cloud. La situation en Suède est quelque peu différente vu que (comme indiqué ci-dessus) la doctrine y a soutenu que les règles relatives à la vente de marchandises peuvent être appliquées par analogie aux contrats de cloud computing. Cela signifie que, nonobstant les dispositions contractuelles, la "marchandise" vendue doit être conforme à ce à quoi l' "acheteur" peut normalement s'attendre. 4. Les accords de niveau de services sont normalement considérés comme tombant sous le champ d'application des réglementations relatives aux clauses abusives contenues dans les contrats avec les consommateurs. En ce sens, les accords de niveau de services excessivement restrictifs peuvent, en effet, être considérés comme abusifs. Politique d'utilisation acceptable dans les accords cloud Les législations de tous les pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête permettent l'insertion de limitations à l'utilisation et de clauses de responsabilité y-relatives, dans un document PUA, aussi longtemps que les règles générales relatives aux clauses abusives et autres principes généraux sont respectés et qu'il n'y a donc pas de clauses surprenantes dans le contrat. Un tel document PUA peut être inclus dans le contrat par référence ce qui est ensuite conforme aux règles générales d'application des accords. Ceci n'est pas un problème spécifique au cloud. L'ensemble des Etats membres faisant l'objet de l'enquête ont indiqué que le régime de responsabilité limitée applicable aux "fournisseurs de services d'hébergement", comme précisé dans la Directive sur le commerce électronique, pourrait être appliqué aux 14

15 fournisseurs de services cloud, à condition que le service proposé constitue un "service d'hébergement". Si cela va être le cas, dépendra des faits. Dans le cas où le régime légal s'appliquerait au fournisseur cloud, il est conseillé d'insérer des procédures de notification et de retrait adéquates. La jurisprudence suédoise propose que, si le service lui-même vise à permettre les violations de la loi (par exemple, l'exploitation d'une plateforme destinée au partage de contenu illégal), le régime de responsabilité limitée ne devrait pas s'appliquer. Aux Pays-Bas, une jurisprudence intéressante est disponible expliquant de quelle manière il est possible de déterminer si un "fournisseur de services d'hébergement" est impliqué de manière active dans la mise à disposition d'un contenu illicite. Traitement des données à caractère personnel dans le cloud Tous les Etats Membres de l'union ont adopté des législations (strictes) similaires en exécution des règles européennes en matière de protection des données, tandis qu'au niveau américain, le traitement de données à caractère personnel est essentiellement réglementé au niveau étatique (par opposition au niveau fédéral) où même à ce niveau, aucune disposition légale détaillée n'est prévue. La qualification du fournisseur de services cloud en tant que "sous-traitant" des données peut être source de polémique, certains auteurs soutenant même que certains fournisseurs de services cloud ne peuvent être qualifiés ni de responsables du traitement, ni de sous-traitants. Un deuxième problème peut être le transfert de données à caractère personnel vers des pays autres que ceux considérés comme offrant une protection adéquate. Ceci est normalement basé sur l'utilisation de clauses-type européennes. Généralement, les règles existantes en matière de protection des données sont largement considérées comme étant inadéquates face aux évolutions technologiques de nos jours, raison pour laquelle plusieurs autorités nationales chargées de la protection des données ont émis des lignes directrices ou des recommandations visant à prendre en compte le recours au système cloud. Le cloud et les droits de la propriété intellectuelle Les règles de droit de la propriété intellectuelle sont importantes pour le fournisseur de services relatifs au cloud et pour le client. Les législations en matière de droits d'auteur sont les règles les plus importantes qui établissent les limites à l'accès et l'utilisation de données protégées. Les législations en matière de droits d'auteur permettent au seul auteur de l'œuvre protégée de l'utiliser. Ces principes s'appliquent aussi bien au fournisseur de services cloud (en protégeant la plateforme et l'information stockée sur celle-ci par le fournisseur) qu'à l'utilisateur de tels services (en protégeant le contenu qu'il a conservé sur ou fait via le service cloud) et sont similaires dans tous les pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête. Cependant, au cas où certaines données ne tombent pas dans le champ d'application des droits de propriété intellectuelle (par ex., une œuvre n'est protégée par les règles en matière de droits d'auteur que sous certaines conditions), les réglementations applicables sont dispersées, par exemple celles relatives aux règles concernant les secrets des affaires, le secret professionnel, les règles en matière de protection des données, les règles en matière de responsabilité extra-contractuelle, etc. Il est donc souvent peu clair de savoir jusqu'à quel point celles-ci s'appliquent à un scenario spécifique. Par conséquent, il est fortement recommandé, d'un point de vue contractuel et dans le cas où les parties contractantes préfèrent éviter d'avoir des discussions quant aux droits sur le contenu, que les parties au contrat intègrent des clauses sur la confidentialité des informations dans le contrat relatif au cloud. Les responsabilités des parties au contrat relatif au cloud Les règles générales concernant la responsabilité d'une partie au contrat peuvent être appliquées aux contrats relatifs au cloud de la même manière qu'elles sont appliquées dans tout autre contexte. Toutefois, les garanties légales applicables qui déterminent si une partie au contrat a manqué à ses obligations ou pas, sont difficiles à déterminer vu que, dans le cadre juridique actuel, il n'est pas clair quelle est la qualification juridique à donner aux contrats relatifs au cloud. En outre, les limitations de responsabilité peuvent être contractuellement aménagées dans chacun des pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête mais la question de savoir dans quelle mesure de telles limitations sont valides peut différer d'un pays à l'autre. Alors que ces limitations contractuelles sont généralement strictement réglementées en vertu des règles relatives à la protection des consommateurs de chacun des pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête, l'on pourrait supposer que, dans un contexte B2B, de tels accords peuvent être négociés librement. Cependant, dans tous les pays ayant fait l'objet de l'enquête, des concepts juridiques ont été développés, ou des lois ont été adoptées, afin de restreindre les clauses limitatives de responsabilité dans un contexte B2B. 15

16 Qu'une partie au contrat puisse ou non faire appel à un sous-traitant afin que celui-ci exécute une partie ou l'ensemble de ses obligations, ceci varie d'un pays à l'autre, certains pays exigeant un consentement préalable de l'autre partie. Dans le cas où l'exécution des obligations est confiée à un sous-traitant, la partie ayant fait appel à un sous-traitant demeure entièrement responsable de l'exécution faite par le sous-traitant. La qualification juridique de services-crédits est un sujet difficile et peu clair avec des avis juridiques variant d'un pays à l'autre. Des stipulations contractuelles claires (précisant, par exemple, si les services-crédits doivent être ou non considérés comme étant une estimation de la perte subie en raison de l'absence de réalisation des niveaux de services convenus ou comme étant une simple diminution des honoraires applicables en raison de la valeur moins importante du service sans préjudice des autres droits à des indemnités; s'ils doivent être considérés comme étant le seul et unique recours ou comme étant sans préjudice des autres droits à des indemnités) sont nécessaires afin d'éviter les discussions à ce sujet. Dans tous les cas, le cadre juridique actuel permet la fixation de limites aux stipulations excessivement restrictives concernant les services-crédits qui excluraient, dans une large mesure, toute responsabilité du fournisseur de services. La durée, la résiliation et les conséquences de la résiliation d'un contrat relatif au cloud De manière générale, les contrats relatifs au cloud sont susceptibles d'être qualifiés de contrats en cours qui sont soit à durée déterminée (dans ce cas, les parties ne peuvent généralement pas terminer le contrat avant la fin de la date indiquée dans celui-ci) ou à durée indéterminée (dans ce cas, les parties peuvent terminer le contrat en donnant un préavis dans un délai raisonnable). Outre ces principes généraux qui s'appliquent à tous les pays examinés, les règles par défaut spécifiques à chaque pays relatives à la durée et à la résiliation peuvent aussi s'appliquer dans certains pays examinés, en fonction de la qualification juridique du contrat relatif au cloud, par exemple la qualification du contrat comme un contrat de service ou de location. La question sur les conséquences d'une résiliation d'un contrat relatif au cloud, en particulier l'obligation de rendre les données conservées dans le cloud, fait l'objet d'un grand débat et constitue un enjeu majeur pour les clients. Le contrat peut contenir des dispositions claires à cet égard mais en l'absence de celles-ci, aucune des législations des pays examinés (à la fois B2B et B2C) ne contient des règles par défaut qui traitent de ce sujet. Même si l'on peut supposer que le client cloud n'a pas le droit de réclamer la restitution des données après la résiliation du contrat, l'importance de cette question a abouti au développement de théories juridiques qui octroient au client ce droit. Une partie de ces théories est basée sur les principes existants pour certains contrats nommés (tels que le cadre réglementaire pour les contrats de location en Allemagne et les contrats de services aux Pays-Bas) appliqués au contrat relatif au cloud, tandis qu'en France, le principe de l'exécution de bonne foi du contrat a conduit les cours et tribunaux à imposer une obligation de ce genre sur un prestataire de services. Le droit de modifier unilatéralement le contrat relatif au cloud Dans toutes les lois examinées, le principe de base est qu'une partie ne peut modifier unilatéralement un contrat. Cependant, les parties peuvent valablement convenir que l'une des parties peut modifier le contrat. De manière générale, les lois examinées requièrent que de telles clauses permettant la modification unilatérale du contrat et l'exercice de ce droit soient raisonnables. Dans un contexte B2C, plusieurs des pays examinés prévoient des garanties spécifiques pour les consommateurs dans le cas où de telles clauses seraient stipulées dans le contrat. Le consentement implicite avec une modification unilatérale du contrat (par exemple, par l'utilisation continue du service après la modification du contrat) est généralement considérée comme acceptable, mais des garanties supplémentaires s'appliquent dans un environnement B2C. Conditions de sécurité des données enregistrées dans le cloud Il n'existe pas de standards de sécurité, généraux ou spécifiques, en ce qui concerne le cloud. Dans l'éventualité où les données traitées contiennent des données à caractère personnel, le traitement de ces données doit respecter les dispositions applicables mais, de nouveau, aucun standard de mesures de sécurité n'est mis en place par le législateur. Au niveau européen, la Commission Européenne a lancé des initiatives très intéressantes concernant la standardisation et la certification (de sécurité) ce qui peut améliorer davantage les standards de sécurité. Au niveau national, le législateur allemand a proposé 16

17 un projet de loi sur la sécurité de la technologie de l'information qui incluent aussi un standard minimum pour la sécurité en matière d'it. 17

18 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Setting the scene Much has been said and written about the definition of cloud computing. However, to our knowledge, no legal definitions (i.e. provided by law) of this computing model exist, and justifiably so given its ever changing features. Authoritative institutions, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), have, rather than defining the concept, generally described the conditions which are a sine qua non to be able to indicate a service as cloud 1. European institutions have taken a similar approach 2. Cloud computing refers to the evolution where information technology resources are separated from the underlying infrastructure, and dynamically scalable virtualised resources are provided "as a service" over the Internet ("the cloud"). Instead of the traditional computing model where individual companies buy and maintain private computer systems and software, cloud computing focuses on centralized services. Computing is turned into a utility which can ideally be drawn from the wall (just like electricity), so that computers, storage systems, networking equipment and software are becoming commodities. According to prominent security experts and programmers 3, apart from the term ("cloud computing"), the technologies it refers to are nothing really new. Some even talk about a "marketing hype" or the "latest fashion" 4. According to them, cloud computing is what popular service providers (such as Gmail or Hotmail) have been doing for several years already, under the umbrella of various types of IT outsourcing services (remote backup, archiving or security monitoring, web-based applications, remote hosting, filtering, etc.). What may be happening, however, is that new computing services and technologies, rebranded under the more generic name of "cloud computing", are fuelling the drive towards it. Cloud computing technologies have enormous potential, and hold great promises for the future. However, if the potential of cloud computing is to be fully realized over the coming years, there needs to be a clear understanding of all the technical and legal issues involved, both from the perspective of the intermediaries providing cloud computing services and the users thereof. 1 See, for an early document, P. Mell and T. Grance, The NIST definition of Cloud Computing, Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2011, accessible via 2 See also for example the description of cloud computing by the Working Party 29 (WP 29), WP 29, "Opinion 05/2012 on Cloud Computing", WP 196, 1 July 2012, accessible via htt p://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article- 29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2012/wp196_en.pdf, in particular pages 4-5 and the European Commission's description of cloud in its Communication on the "Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe" of 27 September 2012, accessible via toghether with the Commission Staff Working Document, accompanying this document, DOCUMENT-Unleashing-the-Potential-of-Cloud-Computing-in-Europe.pdf, page 2 referring to the NIST definition of cloud computing ("Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.", source: NIST (2009 ) Cloud computing definition, updated by NIST (2011) SP US National Institute of Standards and Technology). 3 Many of them expressing their opinion during the countless cloud computing seminars, conferences, workshops, etc. that have been organized for several years now. 4 See T. RODRIGUES, "Cloud Computing: A new label on Old Technologies", 3 October 2012, see also on this issue K. DE VULDER and A. DIERICK, "Cloud computing contracten, een nieuwe trend", in Recht en Elektronische Handel, P. VAN EECKE (ed.), Larcier, 2012,

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