The role of Administrative Health in Economic Saga

Transcription

1 The special issue in Management and Technology (Feb. 2014): The role of Administrative Health in Economic Saga Hossein Nakhaei Rad Management Department, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan Branch, Iran Mahmood Nekoei Moghadam Research Center for Health Services Management, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Malikeh Beheshtifar Management Department, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan Branch, Iran Abstract The appearance of administrative corruption have long antiquity as human life and it`s relation with development of political system is direct that appearance can lead to disorderliness in political system of a country. In a corrupt administrative system, employees have their exclusive situation in service exhibit. And with their occupation commerce which this action prevents the growth of health competition and social justice in addition to damaging development. But existence and improvement the level of administrative health in society can decrease administrative corruption and also eliminate that in long time. Therefore in present study we consider the role of administrative health improvement in the economic growth and development and creation of economic saga. The approach used in this research is a kind of attributive researches according to nature and goal that is descriptive and analytical. The results of research show that lack of discrimination and corruption can increase social affiance, improve social norms, respect rule and decrease the motivation for doing criminal actions in persons. It means when social affiance feeling developed in society; it can be a field for many programs based on permanent development. The improvement of administrative health increases the level of social services especially for poor and low income persons, decrease the life expenses and prices, and increase social and economic growth and etc. economic advancement and growth and society provide the field for creation of economic saga. Key words: administrative health, administrative corruption, development, economic saga 1.Introduction Ignoring public demands and corruption in administrative system threaten efficiency of governments in long time. Failure factor of organizations is in environment and harden continue of their life and durability. Administrative system adjustment and administrative health improvement are the main actions for development and evolutions of countries and without this other programs and efforts will be ineffective (Sheikhi, 2011). Indeed, the necessity of growth and development of society is dynamic and health organizations. The characteristic of health organizations isn`t only high profit and the numbers of its personnel and managers but health organization includes creative, constituent human source that has good mentality and function. And enables the organization to reach its goals and provides growth and prosperity of society. Health organization faces successfully with interior and exterior barrier forces and direct them to the main goals and destinations of organization effectively. One of the prohibitory forces is administrative corruption. Because persons are affected by interior and exterior negative factors of organizations, the existence of administrative corruption is inevitable and the part of all organizations especially in developing societies and multilateral damage (cultural, social, political and economic) that threatens organizational health and permeates center of society and prohibits its growth and prosperity. Because of this reason the phrase of administrative systems is in the contrary to the phrase of health administrative system (organizational). Unfortunately, administrative corruption expands in all societies and the increasing abuse of organizational position and office to the interest of acquaintances is obvious. As a result, creation of basic changes in organizations is very important (Rabiee and Bigdeli, 2010). Therefore, in recent years in administrative system of state there are numerous programs that is designed for battle with administrative corruption that isn`t effective so much. In present research, the goal is consideration of role of administrative health improvement in economic growth and development and creation of economic saga. 1272

2 Rabiee and Bigdeli (2010) in a research entitled "Cultural Pathology in public health administration and nongovernmental organizations" examine the role of organizational culture in reducing corruption and cultural values of this in de structure, organizational culture and human resource culture deals. The results how that both government agency sand private organizations, organizational culture administrative system was effective in administrative health system improvement and stories and organizational patters, the strongest component and traditional values, have been the weakest cultural element sin reduction of administrative corruption. Seleim and Bontis (2009) in a study entitled "The relationship between culture and corruption: a cross-national study", that have done based on Haftsed`s cultural model, stated that lack of confidence increase levels of corruption. Thus, policymakers need to recognize the system of formal mechanisms, such as incentive system sand make promoting flexibility. They should also encourage a team culture. AbediJafari et al., (2010) in an article entitled "Comparison of perceptions, experiences and attitudes of male and female employees to corruption / administrative health" have been subject to the perceptions, experiences and attitudes of men and women differ with respect to corruption. Do women tend to corrupt less than men and on the other hand, more of the women react to corruption or not? The result indicate that women consider the more impact of corruption indifferent spheres of life, women have evaluated the contamination level of organizations, institutions, sectors and activities to corruption more than men. 2.Theoretical Research 2.1.Health: Health, against the concept of disease, means the absence of disease and the failure of an organism (organism). General sense of the word health in cases - such as health, survival and self-generation, survival and sanity and thinking, survival and health, religion, social health and survival, the survival and health of the environment - have the ability to be normal and natural goals. Next, after the health, growth and development, means to active the abilities and achieve the goals.in the Islamic view to health, human must preserve himself/herself, generation and society to grow. 2.2.Organizational health: Leiden`s and Klyngl`s view of organizational health include the ability of the organization to perform its duties effectively towards organizational improvement (Mazloomiand Badri, 2010). Healthy organizations is where people love coming to work and are proud to work in this location (Jahed, 2005). People want to stay there and work and be effective (Mazloomiand Badri, 2010).In these organizations, committed and loyal personnel have high level of morale and performance (Jahed, 2005). But with a closer observation we find that when people enter an organization are influenced by various factors, internal and external political, social, economic, cultural and personality and their work is shaped and evolves. There are a few different factors that have a negative impact and commit bezel breaking, corporate malfeasance and administrative corruption in various forms which jeopardizes the health bureaucracy and have adverse effects on work processes and other individuals` production (Soltani, 2000). 2.3.Administrative corruption: Administrative corruption is the conducts of public sector employees that ignore the accepted rules and regulations toward private benefits(huntington, 2006). Scott (2003) also defines administrative corruption as: Administrative corruption is the behavior in which the person acts outside of the official duties of a public role because of realization of private interests and achieve greater prosperity and better opportunity. Causes of administrative corruption (economic): The main factor soft his phenomenon can be divided into three groups: A) Cultural and environmental factors B) personality and economic factors C) administrative and organizational factors 1273

3 A) Cultural and environmental factors: the fact is that in some current countries, selection and allocation of organizational positions are based on the buddy game or bribery that is commonplace and collusion among wealthy people, the politicians and the administrative bureaucracy factors have been accepted to bypass filters of administrative process that results to corruption especially at the macro level of society. Among these, some of the social and cultural factors can be outlined as follows: 1) Lack of ethics and human values(jeddi, 2010). 2) Reduce the level of working conscience and social discipline in society and increase of individualism (Dadgar and Dadgar, 2009). 3) Lack of social control (RafiPour, 2000). B) Personal and economic factors in all countries, especially developed countries, for the organizational and administrative posts, Qualifying Conditions will be done for selecting and appointing people. In the content of the qualifying conditions of administrative positions, a part dedicated to manager`s characteristic features that it`s importance return to the role of manager`s characteristic features in organizational behavior that they show. Consider the person selected with buddy game for a position that didn`t have the necessary conditions for that position. Here corruption is inevitable and as a result, public confidence to administrative system will decrease. Some scholars besides personal reasons consider economic reasons for the emergence of administrative corruption as follows: 1) The economic situation of society and government employee (Farajpour, 2004) 2) Dedication of employees to commercial and business works in private section in free time (Jeddi, 2010) 3) Privatization (Shukri, 2010) C) Administrative and structural factors: what is true in third world countries is that administrative units usually face with a large number of false or unnecessary regulations and uncertainties in the administrative procedure and current standards of work give any possibility of arbitrary decisions to their agents. Plus complex and multi-layered administrative processes are also the encouragement factor of proposed patrons for acceleration of work. However, workers` salaries of social service part also weaken their resistance and later habit to acceptance of these suggestions (RafiPour, 2000). 1) Wide and long bureaucratic system (Abbasi and Jamalpour, 2011) 2) Job insecurity and lack of reward and punishment system 3) Administrative units and organizations incongruity with the realities and needs of today's society (Farajpour, 2004). The formation of such conditions, the effects of corruption on society will increase and damage society and country. Harmon citizens' trust in government, reducing the level of satisfaction of the administrative system of a country, Inhibition of political stability and economic and social cohesion and impede the economic development of the country by destroying the competitions in a healthy market are the cases and that: -Corroding democracy, good governance -Destroy the legitimacy of government and the rule of law -Loss of respect for the constitution and mutually respect to clients -Reducing the chance of healthy development for individuals, institutions and organizations -A futile effort to prevent corruption practices and identify it Besides above mentioned factors, others with their investigation and research cited other causes of administrative corruption include: 1. Employees` level of salary and benefit: the difference in salaries and benefits of government employees compared to the private sector and other residents and also a disproportionate cost of living and inflation is one of the main reasons for the emergence corruption and reduce people's satisfaction with administration introduced (Habibi, 1996). 2. The degree of government intervention in the provision of goods and services (economic state): government intervention in economic activity in the distribution, which creates opportunities to commit corruption. The role of government isn t in economic activity, but pricing policies and use of administrative procedures that may increase corruption (Shukri, 2009). 3. Kinship ties (family rule): in some developing countries that have very strong interests and kinship ties, a government employee`s family members and friends expect that he ignores criteria and regulations and discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar client (Adib, 1995). 4. Urbanization: Since urbanization, resulting in increased demand for public services and growth of the private sector and on the other hand, due to the increased volume of demand and low supply of public services, 1274

4 government employees have been put more opportunities which ultimately will lead to an increase in volume corruption (Hosseini, 2001). 5. The severity of the effect of punishment to the perpetrators of corruption: the law may predict heavy punishment but in practice the minimum punishment maybe considered for detected administrative corruption, certainly personnel consider what happens in practice. Therefore, the degree of practice of anticipated punishments affect the persons` general thought about this case and in avoid or tendency to corruption (Farajpour, 2004). 6. Lack of sensitivity to the moral standards of society: lack of religious and moral values are the factors of the spread of corruption. Measures such as the emphasis on work ethics, compliance, and turn right, proceed to the law and avoid the destruction of public property are important. The higher the level of public morality, there will be higher costs of mental or moral corruption (Shukri, 2009). 3.Outcomes of administrative corruption Due to the complex nature of corruption and its effects are widespread, that in addition to its negative effects, some experts also described positive effects for those effects. For example, one expert believes that when asset of rules and regulations set correctly, corruption is bad, but if they do not have the credibility and effectiveness, corruption is desirable and makes the move to the optimality (farajpour, 2004). Due to the extensiveness, adverse consequences will follow as: 1- Administrative corruption decreases economic growth because reduces the investment motivation for domestic and foreign investors (Koufman, 1991). 2- Annul governmental efforts to reduce poverty, discrimination and other barriers of growing competition. 3- Reduce the effectiveness and legitimacy of the state and turbulence in the values of democracy and morality as a result of reducing the level of satisfaction. 4- Attenuation of persons` belief to ability and political volition of government 5- Corruption reduces the legitimacy of governments and under mines people's belief in administration and retrograde service activities (Farajpour, 2004). Administrative corruption and economic saga: Administrative corruption is a challenging problem in societies that social disciplinary approaches and precautionary approaches considered in combat with that. Here consideration of precautionary approaches may reduce the social, political and economic costs of fight with corruption and also fewer consequences for governments and improve the administrative health in the organizations. Inclusive and exclusive ways to fighting corruption and protecting the administrative health has been provided. The following should be noted: - Institutionalization of organizational culture based on Islamic values and human dignity - Valuing human and social capital - Justice is central to attract, serve and promote the continuation and improvement of human resources - Knowledge oriented approaches and meritocracy based on Islamic ethics in the installation and improvement of managers - Create the spiritual development of human resources and the development and improvement of their knowledge, expertise and skills - Fairness in pay and compensation system of services - The introduction of absorbing and retaining specialists in the less developed provinces and underserved areas - Agile development fit and rationalization of administrative structures in order to achieve goals - Flexibility and decentralization of administrative and organizational approaches to increase the effectiveness, speed and quality of the civil services - Development of electronic office systems and provide optimal requirements to provide public services - Rule of law, accountability, administrative and social culture - Institutionalization of work ethics, social discipline, self-control culture - Set office relations based on psychological, social, economic, health, cultural security - Health promotion and growth of the administrative system of moral values in the reform of the legal and administrative processes - Efficient structures and procedures for monitoring and coordinating the administrative system and information integration (Dadashi, 2011) 1275

5 Corruption is a global threat. One obstacle is in the path of economic development. Therefore, with reduce of administrative corruption and prevention of that and increase of administrative health level in organizations justice develops. Indeed, there is positive relation between administrative health and economic development. Existence of administrative health and improvement its level reduces development costs and lead to economic development and stability. Existence of suitable rules also prevents corruptive actions and expands the process of development. The fact is that transparence of rules increase processes, perceptions, norm systems about corruption of organizational health. Stability of political systems leads to persons that have the power in certain period of time don`t find a chance and opportunity to abuse economic sources. Thus, political stability can increase directly or indirectly the level of administrative health in the organization significantly. And weaken its bases and eliminates the infrastructures of growth. Generally, administrative health increases the level of social services for poor and low income individuals, increase of productivity of public investments, reduce of life costs, increase of economic growth and decrease of incorrect challenge in economic activities and. Existence of administrative health in different administrative, economic, stages in official construction of power can lead to improvement of administration and developing programs of society. Thus, increase and improvement of administrative health level in the body of power assures the development and growth. The mentioned discussions show that the increase of administrative health level in society lead to increase in economic growth, increase of domestic and foreign investments, reduce injustice in the incomes, decrease of class gaps and poverty, increase of tax incomes and social capital and bring development in all aspects (economic, social, human and political) in all levels of society. Multilateral development in society which one of the ways of accessing that is administrative health improvement can provide economic saga if constant and permanent. 4.Conclusion: Administrative system of any society is executive arm of that society and correct and incorrect performance can sustain political system or eliminates legitimacy. Thus, consideration of administrative system of any society and its exact pathology (administrative corruption) can be a great help to political persons of that society that with apposite identification can determine necessary solutions. Administrative corruption is considered by international institutions and governments because of role and negative effects that have on efficiency of administrative system of countries. But suitable and effective address with corruption and decrease of that can improve the administrative health level in the society. Indeed, lack of discrimination and corruption can increase social affiance, improvement of social norms, respect for rule and rule of law and reduces the motivation of criminal and corruptive actions in individuals. It means that when social affiance feeling is widespread in society and developed, it can be a field for many programs based on permanent development. Finally we can say that improvement of administrative health lead to increase of social level of social services especially for poor and low income persons, decrease of life costs and prices, increase of social and economic growth. And economic advancement and growth provide the creation of economic saga. References: Abbasi, M. and Jamal pour, M. (2011), The role of organizational culture in promoting public health system administration and level of satisfaction, A Monthly Journal of Cultural Engineering, No. 55. Adib, M. (1995), Iranian Sociology, Tehran, eight Paradise publications.abedijafari, H., HosseiniHashemnejad, D. and Habibi, L. (2010), Comparison of male and female employees' perceptions and attitudes towards corruption/ Administrative health, Applied research of Tehran University School of Management, Tehran, Dadashi, A. (2011), Combating Administrative corruption in Iran,Actions taken and proposed solutions. Dadgar, Y. and Dadgar, R. (2009), Study of corruption in Iran and selected countries of the world, Political & Economic Ettelaat, No.: Faraj Pour, M. (2004), Study of poverty, discrimination and corruption, Tehran, Institute for Cultural Services Rasa. Habibi, N. (1996), Administrative corruption, Tehran,vosqaPublications,First Printing. Hosseini, K. (2001), Investigate corruption and its control method, Journal of Curriculum, Course 5, No.: 1 Jahed, H. (2005), Organizational health, Tadbir:a Monthly magazine on management, Tehran, No Jedi, H. (2010), The roots of corruption and ways to combat it, Political & Economic Ettelaat, No Kaufman, P. (1991), Corruption, Foreign policy, No 107, summer. 1276

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