PRIMARY EDUCATION BANGLADESH

Transcription

1 Banbais Publication: 56 PRIMARY EDUCATION IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (Banbeis) Ministry of Education 1, Sonargaon Road (Palashi-Nilkh«t), Dhaka-5 January^ 198Z

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3 PREFACE Universalisation of education at the primary level in Bangladesh has of late been receiving much greater emphasis than in the past. Resources from home and abroad are being mobilised for the purpose. It is important that policy makers, planners, executives and researchers engaged in primary education sector receive up-to-date information and statistics, while at the same time, the trend of progress in the area is also made readily available for them. This publication attempts to present a write-up along with selected time series data on primary education. This shows the gradual development of primary education in the area now forming Bangladesh beginning from the British period {i.e., 1854) till the present time. It is an updated and enlarged version of BANBEIS publication No. 31 published earlier in It is hoped that this publication will be helpful in furnishing relevant information and data to the planners, administrators and general readers for facilitating the universalisation of primay education in Bangladesh. We are grateful to all the organisations/institutions whose sources were lavishly used by us throughout this publications. In particular, BANBEIS is grateful to Dr. Z. I. Bhuiyan, Director General, Directorate of Primary Education, for his valuable comments and suggestions on the first draft which have been taken care of in the improvement of the manuscript as it now stands. Any suggestion for the improvement of this publication will be thankfully received and acknowledged. We shall feel amply rewarded if this publication comes to proper use to those for whom it is intended. Director Bangladesh Bureau of Educational BANBEIS. Dhaka Information & Statistics {BANBEIS) January, 1987 Ministry of Education, Dhaka,

4 Topic CONTENT! PART-I Page No. 1. Introduction History of th«development of Primary Education Teachesr* Training Cluster Training Activities Community Learning Centre, Educational Technology Financing of primary Education Participation of Local Community for Promotion of Primary Education 7 9. Prospect of Universalisation Second Primary Education Project Integrated School Development Programme Universalisation of primary Education Project Promotion Policy « Primary Education Act.... «10 Part-n. I. Demography : 1.1 Population Projection of Bangladesh (Medium Variant) for Children 6 11 years, , both sex Population of Bangladesh by District, 1961, 1974 and Mid-Year (July) Population Projection of Bangladesh 11. Schools : by age groupsex, 1985 and Number of Primary Schools, & Number of Primary schools by gender, \.6 Number of primary schools by management, Number of Primary schools by District, 1985.» 21

5 ii Pago No. 1.8 Number of Primary schools by location, (urban-rural) 1.9 Catchment Area for Primary schools by District, EL Teachers: 2'1 Number of Primary school Teachers by sex, Number of Primary School Teachers by Management, Primary Teacher and Student ratio by District, Number of Teacher by status of training, *5 Enrolment and output of trainees ir various Courses conducted by.. APE, NAPE Number of Teachers and Students of PTIs by Institute and sex, «7 Output of Teacher trainees and outsider trainees from the PTIs, IV. Enrolment: 2»8 Primary age population (6-10) and enrolment for selected years Enrolment in primary schools by Management, Enrolment, in primary schools by sex, Primary enrolment by grade and sex, A6 3-3 Primary enrolment by grade and sex, «4 Primary enrolment by grade and sex, 1982, Primary enrolment by grade and sex, Primary enrolment by grade and sex, Primary enrolment by grade and sex, ,. 48 V. Expenditure 3-8 Public Expenditure for primary education, to " Government Expenditure on development projects of the Ministry of Education under Annual Development Programme, to *1 Allocation of A.D.P. by major Heads of Education, to VI. Carricalnm: 4»2 Curriculum for classes I and n.,., *7 Curriculum for classes HI, IV and V *4 Production of Primary Text-book by grade and subject,

6 Table No. lii LIST OF^THK TABLES J Page No. 4*5 Distribution of Primary text-bcoks by grade end subject, 1983-E4.. (0 VII. Literacy t 4-6 Obtained literacy Percentages for different census years.. 0 4*7 Number of Literates and literacy rates for Char, Ha or and Hill Tracts 61 4*8 Age group literacy in Bangladesh by sex *9 Literacy rates by sex and residence Percentage of Literates by Districts and sex Number of Illiterates ; Absolute and Relative growth of Illiterates 64 5*3 Number and growth of Illiterates by Area *4 Number of Adult Illiterates by sex, age groups and Location.. 4 5*5 Number of Adult Illiterates in special 'Haor' areas *6 Number of Adult Illiterates in special "Char* areas '7 Number of Adult Illiterates in special Hill Tracts areas «8 Number pf Adult Illiterates in years by organisation other than government 66 5*9 Literacy and 'follow up' bcoks, their production and distribution *1 Estimated number of trained literacy Teachers in District *2 Cost incurred per student during on Adult Education National Revenue, Educaticnal expetses and expenditure en literacy 70 Programme, ANNEXURE 71

7 Introduction : Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated developing countries of the world with nearly two million people. The population growth rate per annum has recently ( ) been estimated at 2-17 percent. Population Census 1981 gives the literacy rate of 23-8 percent 31 for male and 16 for female. Literacy continues to be one of the slowest attained national objectives. The literacy percentages obtained by using comparable literacy criteria (i.e. ability to both reading and writing) for the population census held from 1951 to 1981 are as follows : TABLE : Comparable Literacy Rates From 1951 to 1981( %) Year. On the basis of. On the basis of total population. population aged 5 years and above SOURCE : A Study of the Literacy Situation-Policy and Plan FREPD/UNESCO, pp Literacy percentages amongst communities widely differ of Bangladesh The following table indicates literacy percentages obtained among various communities : TABLE : Literacy Rates Among Communities, 1921 to 1981 Population Censuses Community Bengal (on the basis East Pakistan (on Bangladesh of total population) the tasis of total (on the population) basis of total population) All Communities Muslims Hindus Others SOURCE: A Hand Boolfi of Educational Statistics, pp. 96 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, (Relevant Publications)

8 History of the development of primary education: British period opto 1947) Primary Education as it is understood today in Bangladesh was first recommended in a despatch known as 'Wood's Education Despatch' in The recommendation was for the establishment of graded school system from universities/colleges to primary schools at the bottom. The Despatch also recommended education for the masses through aided indigenous elementary schools. Education for the masses was somewhat a new concept. The recommendation remained mostly unimplemented by the newly established Department of Public Instruction because of resource constraints. India became a British colony in Between 1861 and 1871 local taxes were imposed to meet the cost of primary education except in Bengal where the peculiar land revenue system known as Permanent Settlement presented an obstacle. But a large government grant coupled with opening of a number of indigenous schools at local initiative, but mostly aided, helped the province to achieve considerable expansion of primary education. A Commission was appointed by the then Viceroy of India, Lord Rippon in 1882 Known as India Education Commission to review the development of education in India since the 'Wood's Despatch' and to suggest measures for carrying out the policy decisions made there in with particular reference to Primary Education. The Commission recommended that the control of primary education be made over to the local bodies (District and Municiapal Boards) because of limited funds at the disposal of the government for management of primary schools, the local bodies would raise funds locally and through subsidy from the government as well as school fees to be paid by the pupils. The Commission declared that primary education would have an almost exclusive claim on local funds and a large claim on provincial revenues. Some of the achievements in the field of primary education during period were construction of school buildings, improvement of training and qualification of primary teachers, admission of girls and pupils of low caste, and use of printed books. The method of teaching was improved by using objective lessons, more humane treatment to the child in the class room and use of teaching aids. Lord Curzon who took over as Viceroy of India in 1898 proved to be a great educational reformer. He followed a policy of giving larger grants to primary education both non-recurring and recurruing. This brought about considerable expansion of primary education as the following figures will show. Items All India Position Number of recognised 1881-' ' '12~ Primary schools 82,916 93,604 1,18,262 Number of students 29,61,541 30,76,671 48,06,736 SOURCB i History of Education in India, P-488

9 Source : History of Education in India, P-488 In the decade ' some of the provinces in India including Bengal passed Compulsory Education Act to be implemented in selected rural and urban areas for children of both sexes, The local self-government institutions were made responsible for enforcing the compulsion. In 1935 Government of India Act was passed introducing provincial auto" nomy and all matters regarding education excepting a few central subjects were transferred to the provinces. Immediately, compulisory primary education issue started attracting attention of the provinces. Another trend of this period was to withdraw powers given to local bodies over primary education. In 1944 a comprehensive rational plan of education known as Sargent Report was prepared. It provided for pre-primary education for children between 3-6 years, and universal compulsory and free primary education for all children between 6 14 years divided into Junior Basic (6 11 years) and Senior Basie (11 14 years) stages. This was to be achieved in 40 years time. Pakistan period ( ) : On the partition of India the geographical area now forming Bangladesh became a province of Pakistan. The new country adopted the same objective of universal, free and compulsory education for all children between 6 11 years extending it to cover all children upto 14 years its its first national conference on education held in November, Universal free primary education was a major goal of national planning in the First Five Year Plan (1955-'60). The Plan hoped that free and compulsory primary education would be possible in about 20 years, During the First Five Year Plan no noticeable progress was made in primary education excepting some improvement in teacher's salaries. The enrolment increased by less than 50% form what was planned. On the eve of Second Five Year Plan ( ), a National Education Commission was set up in The Commission recommended that 5-year primary school course should be made universsal and compulsory within next 10-years and compulsory education of 8-years schooling should be introduced and implemented within next 15 years. It recognised the problem of dropping-out from schools and advocated a system of promoting children by age at the end of the year rather than by results of the tests. The Third Five Year Plan ( ) aimed at increasing enrolment from 45% to 70% of the primary school age-group children in 1970 mainly by increasing girls' enrolment. Primary Education did not enjoy the priority it deserved in none of the three Five Year Plans executed during the Pakistan period ( ) although there was no dearth of rhetoric championing its cause. The share of primary education out of the total allocation in the education sector was around 22% and actual utilization of allocated fund was much less.

10 Current Developments : One of the first acts of the Government in the newly independent country in the field of primary education was to nationalise privately manged primary schools in through an Act, and the teachers of those schools (5 teachers per schools) were made government servants. One of the educational objectives of the first 5-Year Plan ( ) was that all children must be assured of basic formal education at least upto primary level. Only 18% of the total allocation in the education sector amounting to Taka crore was allocated to primary education. The break-up of the allocation was as follows: (I) Construction and consolidation.. Tk. 33,00 crore (II) Instructional materials.. Tk. 8,34 (III) Text-books.. Tk. 7,38 (IV) Salaries of additional.. Tk. 9,00 (Teachers for double-shift programme) Besides the above allocation, an amount of Tk crore for the new PTIs, 3 exclusively for female teachers and Tk. 3 '00 crore for improvement fo the existing PTIs were earmarked. The Plan also drew up comprehensive programme of Non-formal Education. It included People's School, Youth Complex, Literacy School, Women's Education Centre, Feeder School, Non-formal. Vocational Training Centre and Workers' School. A sum of Tk. 40 crore (50% of the amount to be contributed by community) was earmarked for the purpose. The Plan made moderate progress in implementing various programmes in primary education. The number of schools increased by 5,000 although there remained 3,749 primary scools (1973-'74) to be nationalised. The total enrolment went up from 7.8 million in 1973 to 8'2 million in The girls' enrolment registered an increase from 2.7 million to 3.0 million during the same period. The number of primary school teachers increased from 1,55,742 in 1973 to 1,86,144 in 1978 out of which 1,27,712 (69%) were trained. The existing programmes in primary education were continued during the next 2-year plan period (1978-'80). A total Tk. 800 million, Out of which only Tk. 341 million could be spent (a mere 42% utilization), was available for primary education during During the Second Five Year Plan education sector got Tk. 4770, million, which is 4.3 percent of the total sectoral allocation in the'public sector. Out of this amount Tk million (over 46%) was given to primary education and in order that primary education receive undivided attention a separate Directorate of primary education was created.

11 Teachers' Training : There are 52 government and 1 private primary Teachers' Training Institutes. They offer one-year Certificate-in-Education course to the serving untrained teachers, as well as S.S.C. passed outsiders (raised to H.S.C. since 1981 for male students). Who want to be teachers. The present curriculum includes both pedagogical and general subjects. Psychology as well as principles of education are also taught. The general subjects taught include those covered in the primary schools. In pedagogy practice teaching is included and for which experimental primary school is attached to every P.T.I. The annual intake capacity of PTIs is around 9,000 but it remains underutilised. On an average between and , 6123 received tiaining each year. Of them 2721 were male and 324 female teachers, and among the outsiders, 404 were male and 2647 females. In order to raise the proportion of female teachers, female outsiders candidates are given preference and are provided with free hostel accommodation. There are now about 15,200 (8 %) of 1,90,000 total teachers who need to be trained. The annual attrition rate due to retirement, death and other reasons is about 15,000 as against only 3,078 outsiders who have been receiving training annually during the last 6 years. At the present rate of output of PTI graduates it is not even possible to fill-up the yearly vacancies Besides, of the 32,757 teachers in the private primary schools 21 % or 6,879 teachers are trained leaving teachers requiring training now. An academy called National Academy for Primary Education (NAPE) was established in 1978 initially known as Academy for fundamental Education (AFE)witha view to improving primary education by curriculum revision, enhancement of the quality of PTI training, development of teaching aids, and doing research into problems and issues of primary education. NAPE and NCTB (National Curriculum and Text Book Board) have the responsibilities to determine the Academic and pedagogical contents of the PTI training. The terminal examination at the PTIs is conducted and evaluated by the NAPE. The Upazila Education Officer (UEO) is the educational administrator most closely linked to the primary schools. He/She is responsible for all aspects of primary education-students, school building and supplies, teachers salaries and discipline, Academic supervision etc. Because of heavy pre-occupation on the part of UEO's supervision of primary schools has remained unsatissactory for a long time. To correct the situation, a cadre of AUEO's (50%) recruited from head teachers and the rest from graduate outsiders put through short course of training have been recruited for closer and effective supervision. The AUEO is an itinerant officer spending almost all his working days in visiting schools and taking remedial measures. On an average each AUEO is assigned for 20 to 30 schools and he is supposed to visit all schools at least once a month. School Managing Commttee headed by the resident member of the local body (Union Paiishad) with the head teacher acting as the Secretary is directly responsible for supervision and management of the primary school, which is overseen by the Upazila Shikkha Parishad. Cluster Trainingi Activities : School-based Cluster-Training is an innovative attempt to help professional growth of the primary school teachers in a continuous manner. The primary objective of this kind of training is to help the teachers to solve theit SOURCE : ireport on the Experimental Cluster Training May-June, pp 1-2 Directorate of Primary Education Ministry of Education.

12 day-to-day teaching-learning problems, Between January and April, 1983 altogether 16,000 teachers participated in a week-long crash courss This course was intendent to prepare the teachers for their role in UPE and laid the foundation for further recurrent training. The course also provided opportunity for the Assistant Upazila Education Officsrs (AUEOJ) to organise teachers training with the help of UEOs and resourcs persons from the PTIs. National Academy for Primary Education (NAPE) etc. This on- -the-job training for all 16,000 teachers will be implemented in stages at school level. It will be organised cluster-wise by the AUEOs. There are 4 7 AUEOs in an Upazila under the overall authority of the UEO. Each AUEO works with the schools within each cluster. The AUEOs visit all these schools in his/her cluster regularly and organise regular teacher training for the teachers at each school, Cluster bas?d training will enable the teachers to participate in their own professional development. Through group discussion and study they will identify their own problems and become conscious of their own training needs. In discussion they may gain ideas for practical application in the classroom which they may try-out on an individual basis. AUEOs visits to school will not only motivate the teachers but also give them support and feed back whereby they may improve their competence in the classroom. Cluster-based training will enable teacher training and support to be linked with the professional supervision of schools. At cluster level the AUEOs will move from school to school observing examples of good classroom teaching They will be able to diseminate these good examples to other schools in the cluster. AUEOs will combine their role as supervisors of schools with a role as construct ive supporters and communicators to teachers. Community Learning Centre (CLC)2 : To achieve the goal of universalisation of primary education for 5 years alternative recourse to non-formal education by way of establishing Community Learning Centre has been undertaken. The centre will be used to Create a learning situation for the whole community in which the children are the main beneficiary. The idea is to make parents regard education of their children as a part of total community activity. The most important component of the CLC is to educate the parents various aspects of life and environment including functional literacy keeping in view the requirement to childhood education. Fifty CLC have already been started functioning and its number is gradually increasing by phases. Text Book : The National Curriculum and Text Book Board is responsible for writing, printing and distribution of Text Books for primary to secondary levels, A system has been introduced by which manuscripts of primary Text Books have to be pre-tested at the NAPE. Printing of Text Books is done at the private printing presses appointed by the NCTB. For distribution of primary text-books responsibility lies with the Directorate of Parimary Education. In 1986, all the students have been supplied with free text-books. SOURCB : Fducation in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Educational information and Statistics, p. 10.

13 Educational Technology : Since January, 1981 Radio Bangladesh in collaboration with the Bangladesh Institute of Distance Education (BIDE) has been broadcasting 40-minute programmes on education for six days a week. The radio programme is meant for teachers and students. It includes subjects like, Bengali, English and Social studies, etc. Besides, mobile audio-visual vans ars used for teachers training and non-formal education. There is a regular programme of production, distribution and showing of audio video-cassettes for the purpose. Preparation and printing of educational wall Charts and Maps on different subjects are prepared for distribution to primary and secondary schools for classroom teaching Short training courses on audio-visual teaching aids and audio control console sets for the primary and secondary schools teachers and made avail able. It has also been proposed to strengthen the training of teachers of primary and secondary schools for production and utilization of low cost teaching aids and materials and acquaint them with modern educational media and technology. The Bangladesh Institute of Destance Education (BIDE) also exhibits educational programmes through films and Video tapes in different institutions in the country. Financing primary education : The recurring expenditure on primary education in was Tk. 450 million, and following large scale nationalisation of primary schools in 1973 and 1974, it went upto Tk. 840 million in The recurring expenditureon primary education was Tk million in The Plan allocation for development of primary education during was Rs. 250, million with an expected utilisation of Rs. 149 million. The Plan allocation for development of" primary education during period was Tk. 800 million. The fund actually allocated through ADP was Tk. 368 milin with actual expenditure of Tk. 341, million. Actual expenditure as percentage of the Plan allocation was thus 42-62%. The unit costs for primary education in 1978 and 1981 was Tk. Ill and Tk. 133 respectively. Adjusted for ever-reporting of enrolment the unit cost comes to Tk. 133 and Tk. 181 respectively. -v Participation of Local Community for promotion of Primary Education : Bangladesh has a long tradition of patronising primary and secondary education through community support in the form of outright gift of land, cash donation and providing other sources of income for the schools, voluntary labour, donating materials for construction and the like. Even now a new school could be established only on land made available free of cost by the community. Although a state responsibility, the Government feels that community has a big role to play in motivating parents and guardians toj send their wards to the primary schools and keep them there till completion of class-v. Upkeep the school structure and premises and safeguarding ; school properties, making the school the centre of social and cultural activities and by taking interest in the welfare of the students in many other ways also comes under the perview of community participation.

14 8 In order to enable the community to discharge the above responsibilities and promote primary euducation the Government has taken the primary school administration and management upto the lowest tier of general administration called thana (aow-upazila) which has typically schools serving a population of about 2000,000. Excepting certain policy matters relating to universalisation of primary education and maintenance of uniformity of standard of teaching and students' achievement, the Upazilla would develop and manage primary education within its jurisdiction including appointment and transfer of teachers. There are Upazila Education Committee formed for the purpose. Similarly, every school has a representative managing committee to ensure, proper functioning of the schools. Government is also encouraging for mation of parent-teachers Association in every school to toster greater cooperation and understanding between the community and the ichool. Prospect of Universalisation : The perticipation rate of the primary-age-group children has remained almos constant over the last few years and the latest rate obtained for Bangla desh is about 67 %. Efforts of universalisation of education at the primary level are going on. Both the Government and non-government sectors aro trying hard to achieve the target. Meanwhile, the size of the target group population is also increasing every year. Table 1.1 shows population projeotion of Bangladesh by sex for the years between age group 5 to 10 years under medium variant. An attempt has also been made to project primary enrolment for the same period by age and grade under various assumptions. Details of the assumptions made in projecting primary enrolment under alternate assumptions have been shown in relevant tables. Second Primary Education Project 3 (SPEP): The Second Primary Education Project (SPEP) for is concerned with the overall development of primary education in approximately 37,000 primary schools run directly by the Government through those componentst oommon to all schools including teacher training, curriculum development textbook distribution as well as distribution of learning materials the interim goal for UPE by 1990 would be : (a) to increase primary school enrolment (particularly of girls), from. the present 60% to about 70% of the the 6 10 age-group. (b) to ensure that a great majority of those enrolled in 1985 complete the 5-years primary cycle ; and (c) to improve internal efficiency of primary schools through bettor management, effective supervision and improved instruction. The enrolment is intended to be increased from 8.9m in 1985 to 11 6m in Financing: During the Third Five years Plan (TFYP) the project will be financed jointly by the Government of Bangladesh and four International Agencies yfr. IDA, UNICEF, CIDA and UNDP. The IDA will provide assistance as Source : 3 An outline of the Second Primary Education Project ( )

15 toft loan while other agencies will provide assistance as grant. The UNDP ' grant for Technical Assistance will be executed by UNESCO. The lending donor agencies will finance 86% of the project cost during the first three years ( ) of TFYP. The quantum of aids is as follows : "'-' Agencies US %Million Taka in Lakh (a) IDA (b) UNICEF (c) SEDA 6* (d) UNDP Total 99*70 27, Integrated School Development (ISD) Programme : The Second Primary Education Project ( ) is concerned with overall development of primary education through those components common to all schools including teacher training, curriculum development, textbook production distribution and learning materials distribution. Within this everall project, however, almost one-third of the schools will be taken up for more intensive development under, the "Integrated School Development" or ISD programme which in addition to the components listed above for the overall project includes the components of civil works, furniture, ' project-related training, community orientation programmes and community imputs to schools. The ISD programme, therefore, serves as the leading edge and thrust for - v the development efforts towards universalizing primary education during the - Third Five Year Plan period ( ) through the provision of extra facilities. Universal Primary Education (UPE) Project: 4 The universalization of primary education (UPE) and the eradication' of illiteracy are two of the basic goals of the Government's Perspective Developmant Plan for the period Upto 1980, development of primary education was unco-ordinated and seriously hindered by financial and other constraints. The SFYP ( ) marked the beginning of the parspective plan for UPE. The Governmant included the development of primary education as a priority goal for the SFYP period. Primary education development ; allocation reached more than 46% of the total allocations for the education sector. The present scheme is the revision of the ongoing and approved UPE (National) project as mentioned above. The project was executed during SFYP which emphasized the need for expansion and improvement of primary Source : 4 An outline of the Second Primary Education Project ( ) pp. 1, Directorate of Primary Education, Ministry of Education.

16 id -education by increasing enrolment, reducing dropouts and repetition and strengthening of educational administration. During the TFYP ( ) the Directorate of Primary Education has been entrusted with the task of implementation of UPE. The Director-General of Primary Education is the Project Director. The main thrust of the UPE activity would be in planning and implementation of the project in collaboration with the Upazilla Parishads in accordance with the decentralization policy of the Government. Promotion Policy: Promotion to the next higher grade at the Primary level is given on the basis of the satisfactory results of the annual examination held ait the end of each calendar (January to December) year. As a result many of the students leave the school system only for avoiding to appear,at the annual examination. Of those who remain at the school on the average 50% fails to be promoted from class I to class II alone. This system has thus been atributing substantially for the huge wastage caused at the Primary level. To avoid this situation, Government decided to treat both the Classes I and II as one unified ungraded Class. The reading and writing of the ungraded class will be continued for consecutive years. After two years every student of class I will be promoted to class III. This practice will, however, not include those children who are minors and have been reading in free-primary (Baby) class. Details of the governments promotion policy introduced with effect from the academic year 1986 may be seen at annexures I and II. Primary Education Act: Government of Bangladesh Promulgated Act No. VET of 1974 to make. provisions for the taking over of certain Primary Schools by the Government or setting the passage for universalisation of education at the primaiy level. To provide for better organisation of primary education and efficient administration and management of the affairs of -prmiary schools, the Primary Educa- ' tion Act, 1981 was promulgated. In the meantime government started reorganisung the administration at the upazila level and in terms of the local government (Upazila Parishad and Upazila Administration Reorganisation) Ordinance, 1982 began upgrading the Thana in phases. Under the reorganisied set-up, each upazila is the foca! point of all administrative activities. Government resolution circulated under Cabinet Division's No. DA-12(26)/82-449, dated 23rd October 1982 states that the -affairs of education upto primary level shall vest in the Upazila Parishad. Thus, under the changed circumstances the Primary Education Act, 1981 having. become obsoiate, has since been repealed and in exereise of the powers conferred the revised Primary Education Act, 1983 was promulgated (Anncxiure III, IV and V refers).

17 PART H

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19 TABLE 1.1 I Population Projection of Bangladesh (Medium Variant) for Children (6-11) Years, v* [In thousand) Year Ivuli Sex UWAi ' A « _., ,. 1988,., r...' Total Girls Total Girls Total Girls-- Total Girls ; ' ' Total Girls " " Total Girls TABLE 1.2 i Population of Bangladesh by - «> - District/Division - Bangladesh Chittagong Division Chittagong... Cox's Bazar Bandarban V * Khagrachari Rangamati... Brahmanbaria - - *** " - District: 1961, 1974 and [In thousand] Population.-1 * * i " ' ] ' ' 50 ' ^ Source 5 UNESCO Population Projection for Bangladesh.

20 14 District/Division Chandpur... Comilla Feni Lakshmipur Noakhali Habigonj. Moulovi Bazar Sunamgonj... Sylhet Dhaka Division Dhaka Gazdpur Manikgonj... Munshigonj.. NarayangonJ Narshinghdi Faridpur Rajbari Oopalgonj... Madaripor _ Sariatpur ~ Jamalpur Sherpur Kisboregonj m Mymensingh Natrokona.,. Tangail I486 Population * *

21 District/Division Population r l Khulna Division - Barisal Bhola Jhalokati Perojpur Patuakhali.. Barguna Jhenaidah.. Jessore Magura Narail. Bagerhat Khulna Satkhira Chuadanga... Kushtia Meherpur... Rajshahi Division Bogra Jaipurhat Dinajpur 1 Paachagarh ThakuigaoQ Pabna Serajgonj

22 16 ict/division T961 Population Noagaon Natore Nawabgoaj... Rajshahi.- * Oaibandha.. *> * Kurigram Lalmonhhat» Nilphamari Rangpur TABLE 1.3. : Mid Year (July) Population Projection oi Group and Sex, 1985 and Bangladesh by Age [Thousand] Age Group. Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female All ages " SOURCB : Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh 1980, PP. 692, 693 Bangladeshi Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning.

23 17 Age Group 'Both Sexes Male 1 i Female r Both Sexes Male Female Percentage : SOURCE : Statistical Year book of Bangladesh 1985 and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, PP 41 ; TABLE 1.4 : Number of Primary Schools, Year Number Year Number , , ,067 26, ,000 26, ,352 26, ,281 26, , ,688 3-D

24 18 Year Number Year Number , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , * 44,200 Estimated. SOURCE : a. Pakistan Statistical Year-Book, b. Statistical Year-Book of Bangladesh, 1975, pp c. Annual Reports of DPI for , , and , pp. 3 d. Statistical Pocket-book of Bangladesh, 1978, pp TABLE 1.5: Number of Primary Schools by Sex Year Number of For boys & girls Schools For girls alone. Year Number of r For boys «& girls Schools For girls alone ,633 4, ,260 2, ,067 4, ,227 2, ,989 2, ,000 2, ,352 2, , , ,281 2,281

25 19 Year Number < jf Schools For boys & girls For girls alone. Year Number of Schools For boys & girls.a, For girls alone ,579 2, ,125 1, ,688 2, ,613 1, ,583 1, ,542 1,983 I96I 26,665 1, , ,747 1, , ,149 1, , ,562 1, , ,649 1, , ,042 1, , ,225 1, , ,492 1, , ,908 1, ,937 * ,082 1, , ,047 > 1985*.. 44,200 Estimated. SOURCE : a. Pakistan Education Index b. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 1975 pp c. Annual Report of DPI for and , pp. 3. d. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, TABLE 1.6: Number of Primary Schools by Management, Year, Non- Government Government Total , ' , , " 26227

26 20 Year Government Non- Total Government ,092 5,164 5,193 21,689 23,507 23,505 23,541 23,638 23,780 24,023 24,103 24,510 24,821 25,019 25,736 26,399 27,134 N.A. 28,106 36,165 36,165 36,165 36,142 36,142 36,468 36, N.A N.A

27 21 Year. Government Non- Total Government , , , , * 36,685 36, SOURCE : Pakistan Education Index, 1970, SOURCE a. Statistical Year-Book of Bangladesh, 1975 pp b. Annual Report of DPI for and , pp. 16. c. Statistical Profile of Education in Bangladesh, 1978 pp. J5. TABLE 1.7: Number of Primary Schools by District: 1985 District/Division Total Institution Government Bangladesh Chittagong Division Chittagong Cox's Bazar.. Bandarban Khagiachari.. Rangamati Brahmanbaria Chandpui Comilla Feni Lakshmipur.. Noakhali Hobigonj

28 22 District/Division Institution Total Government Moulavi Bazar Sunamgocj Sylhet Dhaka Division.. Dhaka Gazipui Manikgonj Munshigonj Narayangonj.. Narshingdi Faridpur Rajbari Gopalgonj Madaripur Sariatpur Jamalpur Sherpur Kishoregonj.. Mymensingh.. Netrokona Tangail Khnlna Division Barisal Bhola Jhalokati Perojpur

29 23 District/Division Institution.A Total Government Patuakhali Barguna Jhenaidah Jessore Magma Narail Bagerhat Khulna Satkhira Chuadanga Kushtia Meherpur Rajshahi Division.. Jaipurhat Dinajpur Panchagarh Thakurgaon.. Pabna Serajgonj Noagaon Natore Nawabgonj Rajshahi Gaibandha Kungram

30 24 District/Division Lalmonirhat Nilphamari Rangpur Institution Total Government Notes: Figures include Government and Non-Government (Registered) Schools. SouRCB ; Statistics on Population and Education by Upazila/Disirict, p. 14. TABLE 1.8 ; Number of Primary Schools by Location Year. Number Rural of Primary Urban Schools Total SOURCE i Statistics on Primary Education, p. 71.

31 TABLE 1.9 : " Catchment area per Primary School "by District, SI. '"' "Name of the District. No. " Number of Area in Sq.Total Area ^Institutions" Km." (KM) Per -- Institution...1, Dhaka.,. 2 Gazipur ^ c^ Ml Narayangqnj Munshigonj 5 Manikgonj 6 Narsingdi 7 Faridpur HI ? 9 Shariatpur ; 2r47, lo'-rajbari.. 11 Gopalgonj ; 1484 ^ 3^5 *-5. c Tangail T Jamalpur Sherpur 15 Mymensingh 16 Netrokona 17 Kishorgonj cr t.-c " V 3.22 >* i c DiyisipN Chittagong J3.O Chittagong, Hill Tracts Khagrachhari Bandarban

32 26 SI. No Name of the District. Noakhali Laksmipur Feni Comilla Chandpur Brahmanbaria Sylhet Moulvibazar Hobigonj Sumangonj CHITTAGONG DIVISION Rajshahi Nawabgonj Natore Naogaon Rangpur.. Lalmonirhat Nilphamari Gaibandha Kurigram Dinajpur Panchagarh Thakurgaon Pabna Sirajgonj Number of Institutions Area in Sq. Km Total Area (KM) Per Institution

33 27 SI. No. Name of the District. Number of Institutions Area in, Sq. Km. Total Area (Km) Per Institution. 47 Bogra Joypurhat RAJSHAHI DIVISION : Khulna Bagerhat Satkhira Jessore Jhenaidah Magura Narail Kushtia Chuadanga Meherpur Patuakhali Barguna Barisal Bhola Pirojpur Jhalokathi KHULNA DIVISION : BANGLADESH : NOTE : Figures include government and non-government (registered sehcol). SOURCE : Statistics on population and Education by upazila District pp. 8-14'

34 ^ * * 28 TABLE 2.1 : Number of Primary School Teachers by~sex Year ^ -?- Male Female Total , ,921 75, ,932 2,471 70, ^ 64,999 1,822 66, ~..?2 *^' 61,942 ' "2,873'' 64, >... ->> 60,056 1,898 61, : A A ^ «.. r" 65,175 1,913-67, ?.. \:> 69,988 1,900 71, Z.. 69,716 1,761 71, N *.. A>^ 70,111 1, , ,566 1,672.71, S... r v 72,882 1,843...,-74, ,.? 75,432 1, , ,..^ 76,843 1, ,.. -78, s.,. y~ 78,803 1,721. _. 80, v> c... 80,873 1,604 82, ^ 84,767 1,846 86, ,..... ^ 90,487 1,960 93, % * - - 'i ~ *> 92,511 2,019 94, N.A. N.A. N.A _ 1,14,734 2,541 1,17, ,33,270 3,238 1,36, '... ; :.. 1,51,806 3,936-1,55, ,.. f 1,44,378 5,889 1,50, ,56,320 8,399 1,64, ,63,690 8,758 1,72, t 1,63,537 10,847 1,74,384

35 :29 Year,c Male.. : Female Total" 1978 V 1979 CO " )7 1 no A iyo4 _ f985* ". «.-r-c-~ >: 1,71, ,72,960 ::7I 1,72,033 1,73,143 *""" ' 1,73,183 - Cl,74,692 "1,74,801 14,409 14,544 14,345 14,861 15,066 15,192 15,199 1,86,144 1,87,504 1,86,378 1,88,004 l;88,243 1;89,884 1,90J000 TABLE 2. 2 : Number of Primary School Teachers by Management ,,.. Year?,: r>\7 Govt.-,..>.; Local bodies Private Total" 1948>?-" l^9 T.: l950 >it - : ~;.^-' ^ ~ : ioo ioo" =--- : 48, : 48, * 48,010 26,714 21,700 18, ;403" 66^ ??,: 1952 VS '- :?/ ioo" v ~-- : 47,105- V. : ioo - -' : 45,400-17,610 15,454 64,815 61^ ' ~^-" i i8,iba ' : -' : 37,498-11,500 67, ? " 7.«-- v - 16,20V "' 45,000" 10,698 71, v-- :r - 16,200 <" : - 45,450" 9,927 7i; ; V-."*- 16,500 45,900' 9,574 71, ' P5-"- 16,400 ' "- " 46,708" 8,430 71,' ,000" 925-6,800 74, ,800 70,400 72,600 74,500 1,023 1,162 1,024 1,200 7,300 6,900 6,900 6,777 " " 77,123 78,462 80,524 82,477 SOURCE : Pakistan Education Index. Statistical year book of Bangladesh, 1981, pp. 386 N.A. means not available.

36 30 Year Govt. Local bodies Private Total ,700 1,303 7,600 86, ,700 1,490 8,340 92, ,700 1,730 8,100 94, N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Year Govt. Non-Govt. Total ,922 35,353 1,17, ,00,042 39,466 1,36, ,18,162 37,580 1,55, ,42,824 7,443 1,50,267 X915 1,55,023 39,694 1,64, ,55,141 17,307 1,72, ,56,748 17,636 1,74, ,54,277 31,867 1,86, ,56,293 31,211 1,87, ,51,731 34,647 1,86, ,53,054 34,950 1,88, ,57,182 31,061 1,88, ,57,182 32,703 1,89, ,57,191 32,709 1,89, * 1,57,243 32,757 1,90,000 NOTE : Estimated. 1 Includes teachers of 3101 Non-Govt. (unregistered) Schools. SOURCE : i. Pakistan Education Index ii. Statistical Year book of Bangladesh, (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) pp. 386 iii. Annual Report of DPI , pp. 19 iv. Statistical Pccket Book cf Bacglf e'esh 1S78, <B<'rgIf«ih Eu«v cf Stctiftics) pp. 253

37 31 TABLE : 2.3 Primary Teacher-Student Ratio by District No. District Number of Number of Ratio Teacher. Student. 1 Dhaka 2 Gazipur 3 Manikgonj.. 4 Munshigonj Narayangonj Narsingdi 7 Mymensingh.. 8 Kishoregonj 9 Netrokona.. 10 Tangajl 11 Jamalpur 12 Sherpur 13 Farfdpur 14 Rajbari 15 Madaripur.. 16 Gopalgonj.. 17 Sariatpur 18 Chittagong.. 19 Cox's Bazar.. 20 Rangamati.. 21 Khagrachari 22 Bandarban.. 23 Noakhali., 24 L a kshmipur.. 25 Feni

38 32- No. District Number of Teacher. Number of" Student. Ratio 26 Comilla 27 Chandpur 28 Brahman 29 Sylhet. "" 30 Moulovi bazar 31 Hob'igonj ''.~.~'~ 32 Sunaingonj "7.."'"* 33 Rajstiabi "7.."~" 34 Nawabgonj",",r 35 Natbre *:.." C " 36 Noagaon V.."""' 37 Rangpur 38 Lalmbnirhat.". 39 Nilp'h'amarrL" v 40 Gaibandha I..* ' 41 Kurigram "...' 42 Dinajpur "T»~" 43 Panchagarh t" VV 44 Thalcurgaon 45 Patina "M*"" 46 Shirajgonj Bog>a ")!."~ 48 Jaipurhat v "S~ 49 Khulna \.." 50 Bagerhat 51 Satkhira.;,.:.: 52 Jessore i >.055' " 3125' ' 3534' 3027' 3932' ' " * " '" j ^ 1064i7 220i i9 *' " ' 58 ~ " 48 " " "

39 33 No. District Number of Teacher. Number of Student. Ratio 53 Jhenaidah Magura Narail Kushtia Chuadanga Meherpur Patuakhali Barguna Bhola Pirojpur Barisal Jhalokati Total Note : Teachers and enrolment figures are shown for both Government and Non-Government (registered) schools. Source : Statistics on Population and Education by Upazila/District, 1985 p8-14 TABLE : 2.4 : Number of Teachers by Status of Training, Year Total Trained Trained Teacher Teacher % D

40 84 Year Tatal Trained teacher Trained teacher % 62% 65% 67% 60% 64%

41 35 Year Total Train 3d teacher Trained teacher % 1981 f % % Source ; i. Pakistan Education Index, ii. Survey of Primary School, IER pp-15.

42 TABLE : 2.5 Enrolment and output of Trainees in Various Courses Conducted By AFE/NAPE, Year : Description of Training Course Course Number Total man- Enrolement Output duration of days training r * -> < * t Remarks (days) partici- h-ld TotLl Female Total Female pants 1. Short Course Training for p.t.l. Instructors 2. Short Course Training for P.T.I. Superintendent 3. Short Course Training for P.T.I. Instructors x42= X7= X7= Short Course in English Training for P.T.I. Instructors. Year : x49 = Orientation of fhd level Officers (555) DEO/SDEO/TEP/DO 2. P.T.I. Superintendents Workshop on -Mass Literacy evaluation Year: x555= x19=

43 TABLE : 2.5 Enrolment and onptat of Trainees in Various Courses Condncted By AFE/NAPE, Year : Description of Training Course Course Number Total man- Enrolement Output duration of days training < * r~ -* '-> Remarks (days) partici- held Total Female Total Female pants 1. Workshop for key project personnel ysonnel, 3 of UPE (IDA) project 32 3x32= English leader Teachers' Short Course Training x437= Short Course Training on Supsrvision, Management T.E.O.S. 4. P.TJs.as x367= X188= «. 11 YEAR : i. Subject-wise Training for P.T.I. Instructors x164= SOURCE : Returns from National Academy for Primary Education (NAPE).

44 Year : Description of Training Course Course Number Total mandays Enrolement Output duration of training held ( : A > < * Remarks (days) partici- Total Female Total Female pants 1. Training on Mother tongue (Bengali) 21 among the Instructors of PTIs 41 21x41= Training on Mathematics among 21 the Instructors of PTIs 40 21x40= Training on Science and Agriculture/ 21 among the Instructors of PTTs 47 21x47= Training on Environmental Studies 21 among the Instructors of PTIs 5. Training on Arts and crafts among 21 the Instructors of PTTs 36 21x36= x30= CO oo 6. Training on English among the 21 Instructors of PTIs 37 21X37= Subjxt-wise training of the 7 Superintendents of PTIs 45 7x45= Origination Course on Foundation 7 training and cluster training of DPEO and project officers. 54 7x54= SOURCB : Returns from National Academy for Primary Education (NAPE)

45 Year : Description of Training Course Course Number Tolal mandays Enrolment Output duration of training held r ** * r~ ** ^ Remarks (days) partici- Total Female Total Female pants 1. Training on Education Psychology 2. Cluster training in different PTIs and Centres x43=602 7x55 = i', j Cluster trainsing in different PTIs and Centres 4. Subject-wise training of the Superintendent of PTIs I 7X48=336 14x38=532 ' 48 38" ' Training on different Subjects of experimental Schools 6. Do x43*602 14x48= t Do x58= Do x46= Seminar on Contemporary Problems of Primary Educations x1= Education Week x92= Seminar on Works Programme x47=

46 Year : Description of Training Course Course Number Total mandays Enrolement duration of training held, * ;-i (days) partici- Total Female pants Output Female Remarki 12. Research Seminar x70= Training of the newly appointed PTI Instructors x49= Work plan for the year in PTIs 52 3x52= Training on Religious Subjects in PTIs 30 7x30= Training on Physical Education = SOURCB : Returns from National Academy for Primary Education (NAPE), pp. 1-6.

47 41 TABLE 2.6 : Number of Teachers and Trainees of PTIs by Institute for 1982 : 83. SI. N a mo of the P. T. I. No. Number of teachers. Number of trainees. Teacher- Trainees Ratio. 1 Raipura :28 2 Manikgonj :37 3 Munshigonj :25 4 Madaripur :41 5 Faridpur :17 6 Taagail :25 7 Mymensingh :25 8 Mymenshing women... 9 Nstrokona (Brishiri) Jamalpur :40 11 Netrokona :24 12 Kishorgonj :29 Dhaka Division :30 13 Chittagong :34 14 Patiya :34 15 Cox's Bazar :22 16 Maizdee Feni : Laxmipur Brahmonbaria ' ComiUa 21 Aligonj 22 Sylhet 23 Moulovibazar 24 Sunamgonj 25 Hobigonj ' 4 5-?. 6 k L :24 1:30 1: :11 1:27 1:21 1:25 ' Chittagong Division 87. 2,267 1:26 6 D

48 42 TABLE: 2.6 : Number of Teachers and Trainees of PTIsby Institute for Teacher- SI. Name of the P.T.I. Number of Number of Trainess No. Teachers. trainees. Ratio. 26 Rajshahi :33 27 Natore 28 Naogaon :25 1:20 29 Pabna 30 Serajgonj :31 1:26 31 Bogra 32 Sonatala :23 1,39 33 Rangpur :25 34 Kurigram :26 35 Nilphamari 36 Gaibanda 37 Dinajpur :42 1:59 1:24 38 Thakurgaown :36 39 Jaypurhat... 3 Course not yet started 40 Nawabgonj 41 DadanchaJo (Nawabgonj) :33 1:33 Rajshahi Division :24 42 Kushtia 43 Khulna 44 Bagerhat 45 Satkhira 46 Pirojpur 47 Bhola 48 Sagordi Course not yet started :28.as :27 1:31 1:24

49 43 SI. No. Name of the P.T.I. Number of Teachers. Number of Trainees. Teacher- Trainess Ratio. 49 Patuakhali :15 50 Jessore Kamalpur :17 52 Jhinaidah :26 53 Magura :16 Khnlna Division :25 GROSS TOTAL : SOURCE : Evaluation Report of the school : Improvement and development of primary teacher's training in Bangladesh, pp. 39. TABLE : 2-7 Output of Teachers Trainees and outsider Trainees from the PTTs during : Year Teacher Output Total Total Female %(F) Total Female %(F) Total Female %(F) ' Total NOTE(I) : Figures in percentages are the percentages of outsiders to total output for the year SOURCE : EvdusticD Report of the Scheme, "Improvement?nd Develormcr.t f( pfsrr.r.iy Teacher Training in Bangladesh" ( ) P~ 18

50 44 TABLE : 2.8 Primary stage age population (6-10) and Enrolment (Classes I V) for selected Years. Year Primary-Age Enrolment Percentage population enrolled ,79,000 23,89, ,99,079 23,23, ,34,880 26,04, I960 72,93,070 31,80, ,10,200 41,58, ,73,890 52,90, ,34,340 54,94, ,97,830 52,50, ,01,17,230 50,40, ,04,96,840 64,16, ,05,02,499 77,93, ,07,89,000 77,47, ,11,51,000 83,49, ,14,13,000 82,88, ,16,81,000 84,17, ,19,55,000 82,27, ,22,36,000 82,35, ,25,23,000 82,19, ,28,96,900 82,92, ,32,52,700 84,00, ,36,40,700 84,50, ,40,58,700 85,75, * 1,44,97,000 89,20, SOURCE : Statistical year book of Bangladesh P-386 Annual Report of DPI , P 317

51 45 TABLE : 2.9 : Enrolment in Primary School by Management : Year ' Management In Govt. In Non-Govt. Total School School * * * 36,29,138 49,20,636 58,05,980 76,91,446 80,11,232 74,96,715 75,19,000 69,82,198 69,80,909 70,13,260 73,85,829 75,00,000 75,50,000 76,21,720 79,39,059 SOURCE : Annual Report of DPI P-18 Statistical Pocket book of Bangladesh, PP ,10,865 17,96,318 19,87,925 56,113 3,38,602 7,29,177 8,98,658 12,45,752 12,54,328 12,06,053 9,33,592 9,00,000 9,00,000 9,54,087 9,81,233 50,40,003 64,16,954 77,93,905 77,47,559 83,49,834 82,88,892 84,17,658 82,27,950 82,35,237 82,19,313 82,92,421 84,00,000 84,50,000 85,75,807 89,20,292 TABLE : 3.1 Enrolment in Primary Schools by Sex Year ' Boys Girls Total ,35,291 16,04,712 50,40, ,95,451 22,21,503 64,16, ,59,451 26,97,928 77,93, ,86,100 26,61,459 77,47, ,10,813 28,38,021 83,49,843 \

52 46 Year Boys Girls Total ,72,309 31,16,583 82,88, ,57,000 31,60,658 84,17, ,79,872 30,48,078 82,27, ,87,434 30,40,516 82,35, ,22,391 32,96,922 82,19, ,52,625 33,39,796 82,92, ,000 34,17,000 84,00, ,12,500 34,37,500 84,50, ,97, ,77,988 85,75, * ,52,180 35,68,112 89,20,292 SOURCE : Bangladesh Bureau of Educational information and Statistics (BANBEIS) Annual Reports of DPI, p-18 TABLE : 3.2 Primary Enrolment by Grade and Sex (1980) Grade Number of students Boys Girls enrolled. II III IV V 37,75,486 15,85,566 12,09,803 9,35,915 7,12,543 21,59,993 9,59,151 7,48,234 5,73,254 4,81,759 16,15,493 6,26,415 4,61,569 3,62,661 2,30,784 Total ,19,313 49,22,391 32,96,922 SOURCE : (A Handbood of Educational statistics (198J-86) Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Iipfcrmrtion end Statistics (BANBEIS) p-4

53 47 TABLE 3.3 : Primary Enrolment by Grade and sex [(1981) Grade Boys Grils Total I 21,66,878 16,36,472 38,03,350 II 9,84,068 6,34,591 16,18,659 in iv.... v.... 7,50,194 5,78,711 4,72,784 4,67,571 3,67,377 2,33,785 12,17,765 9,46,088 7,06,569 Tbtal ~. 49,52,625 33,39,796 82,92,421 SOURCE : Educational statistics Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics OBANBEIS) TABLE 3.4 : Primary Enrolment by Grade and Sex (1982) Grade. Number of students enrolled. Boys. Girls. I 38,20,202 21,45,872 16,74,330 II in 16,30,496 12,49,625 9,81,266 7,71,245 6,49,230 4,78,380 IV v... 9,75,128 7,24,549 5,99,258 4,05,359 3,75,870 2,39,190 Total 84,00,000 49,83,000 34,17,000 SOURCE : Educational statistics Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS) TABLE 3.5 : Primary Entrolment by Grade and Sex (1983) Grade. Number of Students enrolled. Boys. Girls. I n in IV v 38,48,388 16,46,395 12,57,087 9,80,138 7,24,992 2),64,013 9,93,270 7,75,837 6,02,013 4,77,367 16,84,375 6,53,125 4,81,250 3,78,125 2,40,625 Total.,. 84,50,000 50,12,500 34,37,500 SOURCE : Educational statistics Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS)

54 48 TABLE 3.6 : Primary Enrolment by Grade and Sex (1984) Grade Number of Boys Students enrolled. I II in IV v 38,93,265 16,75,612 12,70,371 10,03,095 7,33,464 21,84,399 10,12,996 7,82,127 6,19,475 4,89,342 Girls 17,08,866 6,62,616 4,88,244 3,83,620 2,44,122 Total 85,75,807 50,97,819 34,77,988 SOURCE : Educational statistics Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS) TABLE 3.7 : Primary Enrolment by Grade and Sex (1985) Gxade Number of Boys Students enrolled. I II m IV V 39,94,131 17,84,058 13,38,043 10,70,435 7,33,625 22,45,754 11,06,117 8,39,508 6,77,943 4,83,858 Girls 17,48,377 6,77,941 4,99,535 3,92,492 2,49,767 Total 89,20,292 53,52,180 35,68,112 SOURCE : Educational statistics Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBBIS)

55 TABLE 3.8 : Public Expenditure on Primary Education (in million) Year Enrolment Non-Develop- Development Total Per Pupil (million) ment Expenditure. Expenditure, Non-develop- Expenditure. ment Expenditure D

56 Year Enrolment (million) Non-Developmant Expenditure ] Expendi- Non-develop" Development Total Per Pupil Expenditure ture ment Expenditure SOURCB : 1. Statistical pocket book of Bangladesh pp New life in Education, pp Budget book Ministry of Finance pp Statistical Profile of education in Bangladesh (BANBEIS), pp

57 TABLE 3.9: Government expenditure on Development Projects of the Ministry of Education ( ) under Annual Development Programmes A. Non-Development Budget : Administration and Supervision Government Primary Schools 142, , PTI Mass Education NAPE (former AFE) Total

58 TABLE 3-9-^Concld B. Development Budget : 1. Improvement of Primary Education UPE (National) UPE (IDA-Aided) Improvement /Devel opment of PTIs Improvement of Existing Facilities of PTIs en 6. Mass Education Programme Establishment of NAPE Total SOUCE : New life in Education, 1984, 28

59 TABLE. 4.1 : Allocation of Head General Education Technical Education University Education Education Ministry's own Project Ministry of Defence Winding up expenditure Religious, Cultural Affairs and Sports. Planning Commission Modernisation of the Parliament Sectetariat Library 53 Technical Assistance Programme Special Projects for Chittagong H.T. Other Ministries Projects.. A.D.P Total SOURCE: Bangladesh-Economic Survey pp-286 TABLE 4.2 : Curricula for Classes I and II No, of Subject periods per week (30 minutes each) Mother Tongue Mathematics Environmental Studies us Education l Education afts and Music Total Length of time per week (hours) Percentage of time available There is a prescribed textbook for mother tongue as well as mat hemr tier For other subjects, there is no textbook. Ministry of Education, Report of the 'Bangladesh National Curriculum and Syllabus Committee. Vol. I : Primary Stage (Dhaka : Ministry of Education, 1976) P. 279.

60 54 TABLE 4.3: Curricula for Classes HI, IV and V Subject No. of peri- Length of ods per week time per (35 minutes week (hours) each) Percentage of time available Mother Tongue Mathematics Environmental Studies Religious Education Physical Education A.rt and Crafts Music English Total NOTE : There is a prescribed textbook for each of mother tongue, Mathematics^ environmental Studies, Religious Education and English ; For the remaining subjects, there is no textbook. SOURCE: Ministry of Education, National Curriculum and Syllabus Committee. Vol. 1 primary stage. Dhaka : Ministry of Education, p. 279.

61 TABU 4.4s Production of Primary Textbooks By Grade And Subject for the Years (In thousand) SI. No. Name of Books 1976 Number of Textbooks for grade i n m iv v 1977 Number of Textbooks for grade ~n ~~ m iv 1 Bengali Beng. Suppl. Rd. 3 Arithmetic Arith. Workbook 5 English En g. Workbook 7 Social Science Gen. Science.. 9 Muslim Rel.Edn. 10 Hindu Rel.Edn. 11 Buddhist ReLEdo. 12 Christian Rel. Edn.

62 {In thousand) SI. No. Name of Books 1978 Number of Textbooks f or grade n ""~ m iv v 1979 Number of Textbooks for giade A n n iv Bengali Beng. Suppl. Edn. Arithmetic No reprint 800 No reprint old books o d books - carried over carried over C Arith. Workbook English Eng. Workbook Social Science.. Gen. Science.. Muslim Rel. Edn Hindu Rel. Edn. Budhist Rel. Edn. Christian Rel. Edn

63 00 (In thousand) SI. INO. Name of Books 1980 Number of Text books for grade i n ni iv ~v^ I :1981 Number o f Textbook n in f IV ade 1 V 1 Bengali Beng. Suppl. Red. Arithmetic.. No reprint. No reprint old books, old books carried over, carried over Arith. Workbook English No reprint Old DOOKS carried over Lh, 6 Eng. Workbook Social Science.. Gen. Science Muslim Rel. Edn Hindu Rel. Edn. 80 No reprint, No reprint old books, old books carried over. ca rried over 'l 1 Buddhist Rel. Edn. 25 No reprint 2500 No reprint old books - old books carried over carried over. 12 Christian Rel. Edn. 25 No reprint old books carried over. 25

64 (In thousand) SI. XTrt JNO, 1 2 Name of Books Bengali,.. Beng. Suppl. Edn. I Number of Text books for grad e n m IV V I i3 Number of Text books for grade n 1800 m IV V No reprirt. 200 old books Arithmetic Arith. Workbook English Eng. Workbook Socia 1 Science.. GeD. Science.. Muslim Rel. Edh. Hindu Rel. Edn. Buddhist Rel. Edn. Chrtsti. an Rel. Edn No reprirt old books carried over No reprirt old books carried over ' No reprint 400 old books carried over No reprint old books carried over. No reprint old books carried over oo

65 [In thousand] SI. No. Name of Books. Number of text books for grade. n in rv Number of text books for grade. A., II III IV 1. Bengali Beng. Suppl. Rd. Not Abvailable 3. Arithmetic Arith. Workbook 5. English Not Available en 6. Eng. Workbook Social Science General Science Muslim Rel. Edn Hindu Rel. Education Buddhist Rel. Edn. Not Available. 12. Christian Rel. Edn. 100 SOURCE : Returns from National Curriculum School Textbook Board, pp. 1-2.

66 TABLE 4.5 : Distribation of Primary Textbooks by Grade and subject for the year, [In thousand] SI. No. Name of Books. Number of I ' n Text books III for grade. IV i V Numbei of I II Text books in for grade. IV V i t 1. Bengali Beng. Supply. Rd Arithmetic Atith, Workbook English o 6. Eng. Workbook Social Science Gen. Science Muslim Rel. Edn Hindu. Rfcl. End Buddhist Rel. Edn Christian Rel. Edn SOURCE : Returns from National Curriculum School Textbooks Board, pp. 3-4.

67 61 TABLE 4.6 : Obtained Literacy Percentages for Different. Census Years. Peicentage on the Percentage on the basis of population basis of total Year. aged 5 years and population. above SOURCE: FREPD, Bangladesh, A study of Literacy Situation (Policy and Plan of Bangladesh) pp. 79. TABLE 4.7 : Number of Literates and Literacy Rates for Char, Haor and HilJ Tracts areas for 1961 and 1974 and Schooling facilities for the year I. II. III. III. * Areas. All Bangladesh Char Areas 1 Haor areas 2 a. Sylhet b. Mymensingb a. Sylhet : Haor areas Non-Haor areas b. Mymensingh : Haor areas Non-Haor areas Chittagong Hill Tracts NOTES : SOURCE : Total , Literacy ratei Literacy rate No. of (In percent) (In percent) students for Primary Schools (1) Slectected (Chan Inlands) have been studied here. (2) Selected (Haor Swampy) areas have been studied here. FREPD, Bangladesh, A study of literacy situation (Policy and Plan of Bangladesh)

68 TABLE : Age Group Literacy in Bangladesh (In per cent) Age Groups. by Sex Sex and above. Total Total Male Female Urban : Total Male Female Total Rural : Male Female SOURCE : Census quoted from Shamima Islam, Women's Education in Bangladesh Needs, and Issues. 1982, pp. 22. TABLE 4.9 : Literacy Rates by Sex and Residence Areas Male 1961 Female Both Sexes. Male 1974 Female Both Sexes. Male 1981 Female Both Sexes. Rural , A Urban All areas , SOURCE : a. Country Monograph Series No. 8, New York b. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh 1981, pp c Census of Bangladesh, pp. 27. d. Selected finding from the National Sample and Vital Registration System of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Info mation and Statistics, 1983.

69 63 TABLE 5.1 : Percentage of Literates in 1961 and 1974 by District and Sex. Literacy rate in 1961 Literacy rate in 1974 Both Sex. Male Female Both Sex. Male Female Dinajpur Rangpur Bogra Rajshahi ' Pabna Rajshahi Division Kushtia Jessore Khulna Patuakhali Barisal Khulna Division Faridpur Dhaka Tangail Mymensingh Dhaka Division Sylhet Comilla Noakhali Chittagong Chittagong Hill Tracts Chittagong Division Bangladesh SOURCE : Bangladesh Population Census, pp

70 64 TABLE 5.2: Number of Illiterates, Absolute and Relative Growth of Illiterates During Number of illiterates Absolute growth of illiterates Sex. (000's) (000's) Both 35,380 48,084 55,920 12,704 7,836 20,540 Sexes (2-7) (2-3) (2.9) Male 16,491 22,264 25,807 5,773 3,543 9,316 (2-6) (2-2) (2-8) Female 18,889 25,820 30,113 6,931 4,293 11,224 (2-8) (2-6) (2-9) NOTE (a) UNESCO definition of (b) Iiteraeyused for Comp rability, (b) Figures within parentheses indiacate annual growth rate in pcreent). SOURCC : 1. Statistira 1 pocket Book of Be nglt dtsh, 19S1. 2. Population Census Reports of Bangladesh, 1961 and TABLE 5-3 : Number and Growth of Iliterates by Area. Number of illiterates (000's) SOURCE :(1) Statistical pocket book of Bangladesh (2) Population Census of Bangladesh 1961 & TABLE 5-4 Absolute growth of illiterates (000's) (growth rate) "" P All 35,380 48,084 55,920 12,704 (2-4) 13,150 (2-6) 25,854 (2-3) areas Rural.. 33,991 44,866 50,491 10,875 (2-1) 9,695 (2-1) 20,570 (2-0) Urban.. 1,389 3,218 4,429 1,829 3,464 5,293 (6-5) (7-6) (6-8) Number of Adult Illiterates by sex, Age Groups and Location (Rural Arban) {In thousand) No. of Adult illiterates in Urban No of Adult Iljiterates in Rural Age-groups locations Locations. Total Male Female Total M?le Female , ,900 10,723 14, SOURCE : , ,160 5,944 4,221 2,714 2,158 1,786 1,363 2,896 2,702 1,976 1,306 1,096 2,236 2,190 4,264 3,242 2,245 FREPD, Bangladesh, A study of Literacy Situation (Policy and plan of Bangladesh) ,498 1,062

71 65 TABLB : 5.5 Number of Adult Illiterates in Special 'Haor' Areas for - -=the Years 4961, 1974 and Sltem!Total ^population... 'Total -iiumbef of Illiterates 'Number of adult Illeterates f Percent Illiterate ,573 6,403 2, {In thousand) ,266 12,193 8,710 9,498 3,315 3, 'SOURCE : District Census Report 1961, Village population Statistics (District-wise) 1974 and Statistical year-book of Bangladesh, 'NOTE : Figures qouted above are those of syampy areas (Haor) spread in the district of Mymensingh and Sylhet only. TABLE-; 5.6 Number of Adult Illiterates in Special "Char" Areas for the Years 1961, 1974 and {In \thousend). Jtem 1961 _ ; Total population Total number of Illiterates Number of adult Illiterate 1,426 1,238 (Percentage Illiterates SOURCE: District Census Report 1961, Village populftion Statistics (District-wise) 1974 and Statistical year book, of Bangladesh Nora s 'Figures quoted above are those of major islands (Chars) ,857 1, ,190 1, TABLB: 5.7 Number of Adult Illiterates-in Special Hill Tracts Areas for The Years 1961, 1974 and Item Total.population Total number of Illiterates Number of adult Illiterates Percent Illiterate '30-69 SOURCE: District Census ^Report 1961, Village population statistics (District-wise) 1974, and Statistical years book of Bangladesh NOTE I Figures quoted above are those of the district of China gong Hill Tracts. 9-D

72 TABLE 5.8 : Number of Adult male literates in Yean by Organizations other than Government' SI. No. Name of the Organizations. Ouasi-Government Organizations: 1. BRDP. 2. Imam Tiaining org.. 3. Swanirvar. Sub-Total Non-Government Organization: 1. Bangladesh Masjid Mission 2. B.L.S. 3. Jatio Tarun Shangha 4. BRAG 5. CARITAS RDRS. 7. FIVDS. 8. Jatio Church paiishad, 9. VERC. 10. BACE. 11. DANIDA HEED 13. CONCERN Total GRAND TOTAL Male. Female. Total. 1,800 1,800 19,500 12,000 NA 5,000 2, , ,007 43,807 4, Male. Female. Total. 14,539.22,000 16,000 4,000 4,000 36,539 16,000 4,000, 3,000 NA 3, ,500 20,000 15,000 NA 8,000 2, ,100 2, ,500 13,600 NA 6,000 3, NA 2,976 1,342 7,890 69,897 50,525 10,642 11,890 1,06,436 66,525 R. i..3,400 NA 3, NA 1,233 1,633 15,000 2,561 20,000 36,561 22,500 20,000 17,000 NA 9,500 3, NA 4,209 2,975 81,162 14,642 1,17,723 Si

73 si. No. Name of the Organizations. "Quasi-Govemment Organizations: 1. BRDP. 2. Imam Training Org. 3. Swanirvar Sub-Total Non-Government Organization : 1. Bangladesh Masjid Mission 2. B.L.S. 3. Jatio Tarun Sangha (JTS) 4. BRAC. 5. CARITAS 6. RDRS. 7. FIVDS. 8. Jatio Church parishad 9. VARC. 10. BACE. 11. DANIDA HEED. 13. CONCERN. Total GRAND TOTAL SOURCE : Information Male. Female. Total. 44,000 44,000 25,000 14,400 15,805 4,000 6, NA 4, ,640 1,16,640 Collected through FREPD Questionnaire. 12,000 15,000 56,000 78,000 12,000 71,000 78,000 25,000 10,000 3,600 18,000 9,454 25,259 3,000 7, , NA Discontinued 2,248 6, ,906 1,02,546 1,65, Male. Female. Total. 67,000 40,000 15,805 15,000 12,800 1,021 1, ,799 2, ,000 30,000 16,000 98,000 20,000 1,44,100 10,000 9,454 9,500 1, ,273 2,192 67,000 50,000 50,000 25,259 24, ,885 1, ,100 23,072 4, ,488 2,53,610 31,906 1,73,546 2,43,172 5,84,338 3,97,710

74 TABLE 5.9 : Literacy and Follow up Books their Production and Distribution. Copies Printed. Copies Distributed. Copies in Stock. Name of Primers/ Follow up books/ Teachei's Guide. Author's Name Lekhapara (Primer). 2. Lekhapara Nirdeshika (Teacher's Guide). M. Ferdouse Khan M. Ferdouse Khan 3. Baiader Boi.. K. A. Khaleque (Primer). 4. Barader Boi, K. A. Khtleque (Nirdeshika) (Teacher's Ghide) Borna porichaya (Primer). Kajer Katha (Follow-up). Poster Shamsul Alam Shamsul Alam Education Directorate. 40,75, ,20,000 48,59,905 54,10,000 96,315 5,10,000 2,00,000 3,50,000 1,56,611 31,73,000 43,301 32,700 46,47,100 25,26,000 46,16,000 25,26,000 30,490 Nil. 2,00,000 1,56,611 43,381 1,45,000 20,00,000 1,38,154 16,25,729 6,646 3,74,271 4,00,000 4,59,820 40,181 7,47,000 55,921 18,779 CO Source : The Stock register of the Officer in-charge, Education Directorate, Government of Bangladesh.

75 TABLE-'6.1 : Estimated 1 Number of Trained Literacy Teachers' in Districts/ SI. Districts. Literacy training - received; 1 Dhaka... 2 Faridpui 3 Jamatpur 4 Tengail 5 Mymensingh.. I ' Literacy trainingnot received. 6,534, 1,992 2,104 : 4,821 4,997 6,790 *. l',992 2,448 5,134 5;658 Total number of-teachersi- 6 Chittagong 7 Noakhali 8 Comilla 9 Sylhet 10 Rajshahi < 160 f 2,755 1, ,672 1,445 9,023 14,736 16,591 2,017 1,605 11,778 16, , Pabna'. 12 Bogra-.. 4,672 3,452 4,536 3;452 9, Rangpur 14" Dinajpur 15 Khulna 16 Patuakhali' 17 Barisal 18 Jessore 19 Kushtia Total , ,117' 4,401 7,758 13,324 3,094 7,918 7,193 3,242 1,13,833 4,879 8,100 13,670 3,417 9,824 8,063 3,242 1,34,950 Sample-size Sample as peicent of total (160) 12 (1,195)' 88- (1,355)> 100. Source: Ministry of Education, Government of- Bangladesh Rerort of the Mass- Education Programme Evaluation Committee Dhaka. August 19sl, Page No 178. Note : Chittagong HilhTracts not covered 'in t..e Study.*

76 70 TABLE 6.2 : Cost Incurred per student during on Adult Education r Year. Expenditure Number of Cost per Incurred (Taka). - Students. Student (Taka). 1,68,688 2,93,555 3,98,303. 5,78,537 6,70,823 6,55,279 5,13,488 4,37,590 6,24,824 5,98,055 6,55,267 6,77,189 7,31,536 8,01,585 8,822 32, ,900 33,793 41,321 37,375 32,951 27,933 35,605 33, ,441 33,525 37,463 41,975 SOURCB : A Research Study on Audit Education in Bangladesh IER, Dhaka University, , P P 20- TABLE 6.3 : National Revenued, Educational Expenses and Expenditure on Literacy Programme During the period to (Taka in million) Total Revenue Annual Expendi- 3 as % Revenue Expendi- Develop- ture on of 2 Year. Expendi- ture on ment adult ture. Education Budget on Education, adult Education (RE) (RE) 7,080 9,630 9,740 12,500 14,800 19, ,360 1,390 1,777 2,100 2, NA NA NOTB : Literacy Programmes Suspended Since RE: Revised Estimate SOURCB i A Hand Book of [Educational Statistics, BANBEIS, P of 3

77 (ANNEXURE)^

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82 77 THE BANGLADESH GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY. ANNEXURE HI TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, PART V Acts, Bills, etc., of the Bangladesh Parliament. BANGLADESH PARLIAMENT Dacca, the 5th February, 1974 Th^ following Acts of P^.rlfanrnt r^cmvd the assent of President on the " 5th F-toruiry, 1974, and aro h?nby published for g^n^ral information : ACT NO. Vm OF 1974 As Act to make provisions for the taking over by the Government of certain primary schools in Bangladesh. WHEREAS it is expedient to nr.k? provision for taking over by the Government of certain Primary schools in Bingl.dish and for matters ancillary there to It is hereby enacted as follows : 1. Short title and commencement. (1) This act may be called the Primary Schools (Taking Over) Act, Definition. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context; Primary school imans a school or department of a school giving instruction in primary education. 3. Taking over of Primary school.-(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any oth'r hw, rub, r-suhtion or bye-uw for the timi b;ing in fore; or in any contract or agr^mmt or in any d"d or oth^r instrument, the Gjv'rnmmt nr.y, by notification in the official G^.znte, take over any primary school on such date as ouy bs sp^cifisd in the notification. (2) On the dite sp^cifi»d in th<5 notiflcition und^r sub-sxtion (l)- ( a ) *te Prim-ry School and all it?ms assets and propyty, including lmdj, buildings and funds and all oth'r rights and intsr.'sts in, or arising out of such property, and all records and oth?r djcummts of wh?it;v3r nature relating thereto, shall stand transferred to, and vested in the Government; (b) all teachers of th primary school shall tocam- employees of th' Government and shall hold th-ir s^rvic^ uad^r th" Gov3rnm:nt on such terms and conditions as the Government nny dnermiao; and (c) all committees or authorities managing and administering th.3 affairs of th3 primary school shall c^ise to function.

83 78 4. Management of the Primary school taken over. After a primary school is taken over und^r section 3 (1) the Government shall nv.n^ge and administer the affairs of that school in such manner as it may deem fit. 5. Removal of difficulty. The Government may, for the purpose of removing any difficulty arising out of or in connection with or, in relation to the taking over of any primary school under section 3, make such order as it onsiders expedient. 6. Power to make rules. The Government may, after provision publication, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. T. Repeal and savings. (1) The Primary Schools (Taking Over) Ordinary, 1973 (P.O. No. XXII of 1973), is hereby repealed. (2) Notwithstanding such repsal, anything done or any action taken, including *ny ord^r m a.d% notification issued or direction given und^r the said Ordinance Mr.ll be d^nvd to have b?en done, taken, nnd% issued or given as the case may be, under the corresponding provision of this Act.

84 79 PRIMARY EDUCATION ANNEXURB IV ACT NO. IV OF An act to provide for the better organization of primary education and efficient administration and management of the affairs of primary schools. WHEREAS it is expedient to provids for better organization of primary education and efficient administration and management of the affairs of primary schools; It is hereby enacted as follows : 1. Short title and commencement. (1) This Act may be called the Primary Education Act, (2) It shall come into force on such date as the Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint. 2. Definitions. la this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, (a) "Authority" means a Local Education Authority constituted under this Act. (b) "local area" means a subdivision and includes the municipalities of Dacca, Chittagong, Khulna ^nd Rajshahi. (c) "managing committee" means a primary school managing committee constituted und^r this Act. (d) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act. (e) "primary school" means a primary school established or maintained by the Government. 3. Local Education Authorities. (1) There shall be a Local Authority for each local area. (2) Each Authority shall consist of the following members, namely (a) The Subdivisional Officer having jurisdiction in the local ex-officio* who shall also be its Chairman; (b) The Chairman of the Thana Davelopment Committees in the local area ex-officio. (c) The Chairman of the Paurashavas in the local area, ex-officio. (d) The Assistant Engineer of Primary Education Development having jurisdiction in the local area, ex-officio',

85 80 (e) The Primary Educaitqn Officer having jurisdiction In the local area; ex-officio, who shall also be its Secretary; (f) One Thana Education Officer of the local area to be nominated by the Government. (g) One person interested in education to be nominated by the government from each thana in the local area; (h) One teacher of a primary school to to elected in the prescribed manner by the teachers of primary schools in each thana in the local area; (i) One Gram Prodhan of Swanirvar Gram Shirker to be elected in the prescrib-d manner by the Gram Prodhans of oach Thana in the local area; (j) One woman member from each Thana to be nominated by the Government; Provided that in the case of the Authority for the municipality of Dacca, Chittagong, Khulna or Rajshahi (i) The Chairman of the Authority shell be appointed by the Government; (ii) There shall bs no memb-r under clauses (a), (b) and (i); (iii) Such number of commissioners of the Corporation or Paurasfrwa not exco^ding one-third of iheir total numb'r to be il.'cted in the prescrib-d m nner by the Corporation or P.-un'.shava, as miy b3 fixed by the Government shall also be members of the Authority. (3) Each Authority shall el ct from among its membeis a Vice-Chairman in such manner as may be prtscribed. (4) The Secretary of an Authority shall bs its chief executive officei. (5) A member of an Authority, Other than an ex-officio member, shall hold officer for a term of four years. 4. Executive Committee. (1) There shall be an Executive Committee for each Authority. (2) An Executive Committee shall consist of the following members namely: (a) The Chairman of the Authority, who shall also be its Chairman; (b) the Secretary of the Authority, who shall also be its Chairman; (c) the member of the Authority mentioned in section 3(2) (d) ; (d) one member to be elected by the Authority from among the members mentioned in section 3(2) (b); (e) one member to be elected by the Authority from among the members mentioned in section 3(2) (g);

86 81 (f) one member to be elected by the Authority from among the members mentioned in section 3(2)(h) ; (g) one member to be elected by the Authority from among the members mentioned in section 3(2)(i) ; Provided that in the case of the Executive Committee for the Authority of the municipality of Dacca, Chittagong, Khulna or Rajshahi (i) there shall be no members under clauses (d) and (g) ; (ii) two members shall be elected by the Authority from among the members mentioned in clause (iii) of the proviso to section 3(2). (3) The election of the members under clauses (d), (e), (f) and (g) of, and clause (ii) of the proviso to, sub-section (2) shall be held in such manner as may be prescribed. (4) The minutes of every meeting of the Executive Committee shall be laid before the Authority for information at its meeting next following the meeting of the Committee. (5) Subject to the general or special directions of Authority, the Executive Committee may deal with any matter within the competence of the Authority. 5. Meetings. (1) No business of Authority or of an Executive Committee shall be transacted except at a meeting at which a quorum of fifteen members in the case of the Authority and three members in the case of the Executive Committee is present. (2) The meeting of the Authority or of the Executive Committee shall be held at such times and places as may be determined by its Secretary ir consultation with its Chairman. (3) All meetings of the Authority or of the Executive Committee presided over by its Chairman or, in the absence of the Chairman, (a) by its Vice-Chairman or, in the case of the Authority ; and (b) by a member authorised by the Chairman, in the case of the person Committee. (4) At the meetings of Ihe Authority oi of the Executive Committee each member shall have one vote and, in the event of equality of votes, the person presiding shall have a second or casting vote. (5) No act or proceeding of the Authority or of the Executive Committee shall be invalid merely on the ground of existence of any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of, the Authority or of the Committee,?s the oase may be. 6. Functions of Authorities. Subject to rules made, and directions issued by the Government in this behalf each Authority shall 11 D (a) appoint teacheis and othei employees for primary schools, post, promote and transfer teachers and other employees of primary schools, and take disciplinary action against them in accordance with the Government Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1976 ;

87 82 (b) prepare development schemes and submit them to the Government approval and execute them after sucb approval ; (c) supervise the functioning of primaty schools ; (d) Prepare annual budget and submit it to the Government for approval ; (e) establish primary schools with the prior approval of the Government ; (f) maintain piimary school premises and provide them with all necessary facilities ; (g) regulate the work of piirnary school teachers ; (h) conduct primary school final examination and award school scholarships; (i) award scholarships. 7. Powers of Government. (1) The Government shall (a) formulate overall policy lelating to primary education ; (b) piescribe cuiriculum and syllabi for primary education and standerd of education and examination for primary school students ; (c) approve text books for primary.education ; (d) determine by rule; the methods of recruitment of piimaiy school teacheis and the terms and conditions of their service ; (e) make all payments in respect of pay, allowance, pension, giatuity and oiher benefits payable to a primaiy school teacher or employee ; (f) sanction primary schools and posts of primary school teachers; (g) provide funds for establishmert, maintenance and development of primary schools; (2) The Government may transf«r a primary school teachei from one local area to another local area. 8. Funds of Authorities. (1) Each Authority shall have its own Fund which shall comprise (a) Funds provided by the Government under section 7 (g); (b) donations and endowments ; (c) receipts from such other sources as may be appioved by the Government. (2) The Fund of an Authority shall be administered in such manner as the Government may direct.

88 83 9. Audit and Accounts. (1) Each Authority shall maintain its accounts in such manner as the Government may direct. (2) The accounts of the Authority shall be audited by the Comptroller and Auditor-General in such manner as he deems fit. (3) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall, as soon as possible after the completion of the audit, send to the Authority his audit report and the Authority shall forward it, with its comments thereon, to the Government. 10. Delegation of powers. Each Authority may, by general or special order, delegate to its Chairman or Secretary any of its functions subject to such conditions as it may think fit to impose. 11. Supersession of Authorities. (1) If at any time it appears to the Government that an Authority has failed to exercise the power or perform the functions conferred upon it by or under this Act, the Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, supersede the Authority for such period, not exceeding four years, as may be specified in the notification. (2) On the publication of a notification under sub-section (1) (a) the persons holding office as Chairman, Secretary and members of the Authority shall cease to hold office ; and (b) all powers and functions of the Authority shall, during the period of supersession, be exercised and performed by such person in the service of the Republic as the Government may appoint in this behalf, as if such person were the Authority. (3) The Authority shall be reconstituted in accordance with the provisions of this Act for the exercise of its powers and performance of its functions on the expiry of the period specified in the notification under sub-section (1). 12. Primary School teachers and employees to the Government Servants. For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that all persons serving in a primary school as teachers or other employees shall be Government servants. 13. Primary School Managing Committee. (1) There shall be a managing Committee for each primary School. (2) A managing committee shall consist of (a) the Gram prodhan of Swanirvar Gram Sarkar of the area where the school is situated, ex-officio ; (b) the head teacher of the secretary ; school, ex-officio, who shall also be its (c) Two persons interested in education to be nominated by the Thana Education Officer ; (d) one donor to be nominated by the Thana Education Officer ; (e) One benefactor to be nominated by the Thana Education Officer ;

89 84 ( (f) One woman member of the Gram Sarkar to be nominated by the Thana Education Officer ; (g) One representative of the teachers of the school to be elected from among themselves ; (h) four representatives of the parents and guardians of the students of the school to be elected from among themselves ; Provided that in the case of the managing committee of a primary school student in the municipality of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna or Rajshahi (i) There shall be no members under clauses (a) and (f) (ii) the commissioner of the Corporation or Paurashava from the ward where the school is situated shall be a member, ex-qfficio, of the Committee. (iii) one woman Commissioner of the Corporation or Paurashava to be nominated by the Thana Education Officer shall also be a member of the committee. (3) The members mentioned in clauses (g) and (h) of sub-section (2) shall be elected in such manner as the Thana Education Officer may direct. (4) A managing committee shall elect from among its members a Chairman in such manner as the Thana Education Officer may direct. (5) A member of a managing committee, other than an ex officio member shall hold office for a term of four years. 14. Functions of managing committee. Subject to the directions issued by the Authority concerned, a managing committee shall (a) manage the affairs of the school ; (b) supervise the functioning of the school ; (c) execute the development schemes in respect of the school, if so required by the Authority concerned. (d) ensure regular attendance of students and teachers. 15. Power to make rules. The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. 16. Transfer of Primary Schools in Dhaka Municipality to Government. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, on the commencement of this Act (a) all primary schools in the Dhaka Municipality and all their assets and property, including, lands, buildings and funds and all other rights and interests in, or arising out of, such property, and all records and other documents of whatever nature relating thereto, shall stand transferred to, and vested in, the Government ;

90 85 (b) all persons serving in the said primary schools immediately before such commencement shall stand transferred to the Government and conditions as were applicable to them immediately before the commencement of the Primary Schools (Transfer to Dhaka Municipal Corporation) Act, 1980 (XLIII of 1980). (2) The Government may for the purpose of removing any difficulty arising out of, or in connection with, or in relation to, the primary schools under sub-section (1), make such order as it considers expedient. 17. Repeals. The Primary Schools (Transfer to Dhaka, Municipal Corporation) Act, 1980 (XLIII of 1980), and the Primary Education Ordinance, 1981 (II of 1981), are hereby repealed.

91 86 A REVISED PRIMARY EDUCATION ACT, 1983 Upazila Primary Education Committee. To assist the Upazila Parishad in the matter of performance of its powers and functions with regard to the management of primary education, there shall be constituted a Primary Education Committee for each Upazila consisting of the following members (a) Chairman of the Upazila Parishad, ex-officio (b) Upazila Nirbahi Officer, ex-officio (c) Upazila Education Officer, ex-officio (d) Upazila Engineer, ex-offlcio (e) Chairman of the Pourashava, if any in the. Upazila, ex-officio (f) One person interested in education to be nominated by the Upazila Parishad. (g) One headmaster and one headmistress of secondary schools in the Upazila to be nominated by the Upazila Parishad. (h) One head teacher of primary schools in the. Upazila to be elected from among themselves. (i) One Chairman of the managing committee of. primary Schools to be elected by the Chairman of the managing committees.. Chairman. Vice-Chairman Member-Secretary Member. Member. Member. Member. Member. Member. Similarly, the Primary Education Committee in respect of the Municipal area of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi shall consist of the following members : (a) Mayor, Administrator or Chairman, as the case.. may be, of the Municipal Corporation or Paurashava, ex-officio (b) One Commissioner of Municipal Corporation., or Pourashava to be nominated by the Municipal Corporation or Pourashava as Vice-Chairman and two other Commissioners as Members. (c) Primary Education Officer, ex-officio (d) One Thana Education Officer posted in the.. area to be nominated by the Government. Chairman. Vice-Chairman and Member Member-Secretary. Member. (e) One headmaster and one headmistress of secondary.. Member. Schools in the area to be nominated by the Municipal Corporation or Pourashava.

92 87 (f) Two headteachers of primary schools in the,, Members, area to be elected from among themselves. (g) Two Chairman of the managing Committees.. Members, of Primary Schools to be elected by the Chairmen of the managing committees. A member of a Committee other than an ex-officio member, shall hold office for a term of three years from the day on which the first meeting of the Committee is held after his election or nomination, as the case may be, where a person is elected or nominated to' be a member by-virtue of his holding an office or appointment, he shall cease to be such member when he ceases to hold that office or appointment.' A person elected or nominated to be a member may, at any time, resign] his office by letter addressed to the Chairman. A vacancy caused by resignation or any other reason shall be filled by election or nomination, as the cases may be, of a person qualified to fill such vacancy. The Committee will exercise such powers and perform such functions in the matter of primary education as may be assigned to it by the Upazila parishad, Municipal Corporation or Pourashava, as the case may be. Government has already placed the services of every Upazila Education Officer in each Upazila under the Upazila Parishad. He will be the Member-Secretary of the Upazila Primary Education Committee. He will provide the secretarial service to the Committee and the Upazila Parishad in respect of all issues relating to primary eudcation. He will execute all decisions of the Parishad and the Upazila Education Committee. All funds both recurring and development will be placed at the disposal of the Upazila Parishad which will be operated jointly by the Chairman of the Paishad and the Upazila Education Officer. The Upazila Education Officer/Thana Education officer will be the Drawing and Disbursing Officer in respect of pay and allowances of primary school teachers and employees and maintain accounts of the funds provided by the Government. He will submit the statement of accounts to the Government and the Parishad. Similar functions will be performed by the Primary Education Offictr in respect of the Municipal Corporations of Dhaka and Chittagong and Paurashavas of Khulna and Rajshahi. Primary School managing committees. There shall be a managing committee for each primary school. A managing committee shall consist of (a) the ward members of the Union Parishad or the Commissioner of a Municipal Corporation or Pourashava, as the case may be, residing within the area where the primary school is situated, ex-officio; (b) the headteacher of the primary school, ex-officio, who shall be its Secretary ; (c) One person interested in education residing within the area where the primary school is situated ; (d) One woman of the area where the primary school is situated ;

93 (e) One donar or philanthropist of the area where the primary schccl is situated ; (f) One teacher of the nearest secondary school to be nominated by the concerned school authority ; (g) One representative of the teachers of the primary schools to be elected from among themselves ; The members mentioned in(c), (d) and (e) above shall be nominated (i) in the case of primary school situated in the rural area, by the Upazila Parishad ; and (ii) in the case of a primary school situated in a municipality, by the Municipal Corporation or Pourashava, as the case may be. A managing committee shall elect from among its members a Chairman. BQP-86/ D-2,