SOUTHEASTERN CONNECTICUT REGIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

Transcription

1 SOUTHEASTERN CONNECTICUT REGIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN PREPARED FOR: Southeastern Connecticut Council of Governments DATE: June 2005

2 HAZARD MITIGATION STEERING COMMITTEE Fred K. Potter Bozrah N. Reed Gustafson Fire Marshal Colchester Dick Morris Fire Marshal East Lyme William K. Eyberse Deputy Fire Marshal Franklin Steve Merchant, Jr. Fire Marshal Griswold Phil Tuthill Civil Preparedness Director City of Groton Joe Sastre Director of Emergency Operations Town of Groton Sean McGukin Director of Emergency Preparedness Ledyard Thomas Sparkman First Selectman Lisbon Roger Sylvestre Fire Chief Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Joe Lavin Executive Director of Public Safety Mohegan Tribe Roy (Ed) Shafer Deputy Director of Emergency Montville Management Ronald Samul Fire Chief New London Arnold Perkins Director of Civil Preparedness North Stonington Gene Arters Emergency Management Director Norwich Henry D. Jorsz Director of Office of Civil Preparedness Preston Larry Reitz First Selectman Salem Dennison Allen First Selectman Sprague John Phetteplace Deputy Director of Emergency Town of Stonington Management/Solid Waste Manager Robert Scala & Burgesses Borough of Stonington Judy DuPont Thomas Wilbur First Selectman Voluntown Thomas Wagner Planning Director Waterford SOUTHEASTERN CONNECTICUT COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS STAFF James S. Butler, AICP, Executive Director Linda Parquette, Senior Planner (through ) Colleen Bezanson, GIS Specialist Heidi Samokar, Senior Planner Thomas Seidel, Senior Planner CONSULTANTS DELTA Environmental Services, Inc., Branford, CT. Wilbur Smith Associates, New Haven, CT

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE NUMBER I. INTRODUCTION... 1 A. Purpose of the Plan... 1 B. Setting... 2 C. Plan Development Process and Public Involvement... 4 D. Goals, Policies and Objectives... 7 II. HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT... 9 A. Residential B. Commercial/ Industrial C. Critical Facilities D. Transportation Corridors E. Hazard Impacts/Vulnerability III. HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES A. Prevention B. Property Protection C. Emergency Services D. Structural Projects E. Public Information IV. OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES A. Earthquake Mitigation Measures B. Wind Storm Mitigation Measure V. HAZARD MITIGATION PROJECT RANKING VI. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION APPENDICES APPENDIX A- APPENDIX B- APPENDIX C- APPENDIX D- APPENDIX E- APPENDIX F- APPENDIX G- APPENDIX H- APPENDIX I- HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES HAZARD MITIGATION PROJECT RANKING CRITERIA & MATRIX REGIONAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT MAPS COST EFFECTIVENESS OF HAZARD MITIGATION PROJECTS CT STATE FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM FLOOD AUDIT PROGRAM TECHNICAL & FINANCIAL RESOURCES ADOPTING RESOLUTION REFERENCES

4 COMMUNITY ANNEXES Town of Bozrah Town of Colchester Town of East Lyme Town of Franklin Town of Griswold City of Groton Town of Groton Town of Ledyard Town of Lisbon Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Mohegan Tribe Town of Montville City of New London Town of North Stonington City of Norwich Town of Preston Town of Salem Town of Sprague Borough of Stonington Town of Stonington Town of Voluntown Town of Waterford * Individual community annexes are separate documents that provide community specific detailed hazard mitigation information. A community annex should be kept with the regional plan in each community.

5 I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose of the Plan On October 10, 2000, Congress approved the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), also known as the 2000 Stafford Act amendments. The bill was authorized into law on October 30, 2000, creating Public Law DMA 2000 establishes a national program for pre-disaster natural hazard mitigation while streamlining the federal administration of disaster relief. The purpose of the DMA 2000 tribal and local mitigation planning criteria is to standardize planning requirements over time and to help eliminate the separate planning requirements currently in place for all FEMA mitigation programs. Specific rules on the implementation of DMA 2000 were published in February 2002 in the Federal Register as the Interim Final Rule, 44 CFR Parts 201 and 206. These rules provide information on the policies and procedures for mitigation planning as required by Section 322 of the Stafford Act 42 U.S.C DMA 2000 requires that communities adopt a Hazard Mitigation Plan as a prerequisite for disaster mitigation grants under FEMA s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program implemented following a Presidential disaster declaration. The primary purpose of this regional hazard mitigation plan is to identify hazards and risks, existing capabilities, and activities that can be undertaken by the southeastern Connecticut municipalities to prevent loss of life and reduce property damages associated with identified hazards. Public safety and property loss reduction are the driving forces behind this plan. However, careful consideration also must be given to the preservation of history, culture and the natural environment of the region. -1-

6 B. Setting The Southeastern Connecticut Council of Governments (SCCOG) is the regional planning organization consisting of 20 municipalities in the southeastern corner of Connecticut. The member communities include the towns and cities of: Bozrah, Colchester, East Lyme, Franklin, Griswold, City of Groton, Town of Groton, Ledyard, Lisbon, Montville, New London, North Stonington, Norwich, Preston, Salem, Sprague, Borough of Stonington, Town of Stonington, Voluntown, and Waterford. Two federally recognized Native American tribes, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe and the Mohegan Tribe, are affiliate members of the SCCOG. The communities of Waterford, East Lyme, City and Town of Groton, New London, and Stonington, including the Borough of Stonington are bordered by Long Island Sound to the south. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the Southeastern Connecticut region s population is 242,759 persons. The land area of the region is square miles, of which nearly 75% is largely undeveloped, consisting of forests, wetlands, lands in agricultural use, active and passive recreation, and dedicated open space. (Land Use-2000, Southeastern Connecticut Region). State forests are found throughout the region and include the Pachaug State Forest in Voluntown and Griswold, the Salmon River State Forest in Colchester, Rocky Neck State Park and Nehantic State Forest in East Lyme, and the Hopeville State Forest in Griswold. Of the developed land, over 61% is residential with 56% of it in the medium to high density range (defined as greater than 1 dwelling unit per acre). The remaining land in the region is a mix of commercial, industrial, and institutional. Commercial and industrial development throughout the southeastern region includes businesses specializing in defense technology, healthcare, biotechnology, marine research, and tourism. Smaller businesses include restaurants, clothing stores, gift shops, antique shops, bookstores, and hardware stores. Two of the larger employers in the region include the U.S. Naval Submarine Base and the Electric Boat submarine manufacturing facility in Groton. Tourism has assumed a large role in the development in the region since the opening of Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard and the Mohegan Sun Resort in Montville. Other major tourist attractions in the region include the Mystic Seaport, Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, and Olde Mistick Village in Stonington. Mill towns, seaports, and villages enhance the cultural New England feel of the region. -2-

7 Numerous critical facilities including hospitals, medical centers, fire and police departments, and municipal buildings are located throughout the region. The critical facilities include William W. Backus Hospital in Norwich, Lawrence & Memorial Hospital in New London, and medical centers in many of the surrounding towns such as East Lyme, Ledyard, and Colchester. Every town and city has a fire department and most towns and cities have a police department, however, several of the smaller rural towns have resident Connecticut State Police troopers. The network of transportation corridors and services throughout the region consists of highways, rail lines, bus service, air service, passenger ferry service, and shipping services. I-95 serves the east/west corridor in the region and is the most heavily traveled thoroughfare in the region. It is the main highway for travelers along the Atlantic coast from Florida to Maine. With future development potential along this corridor, increases in congestion are inevitable (Regional Transportation Plan, SCCOG- FY ). I-395 serves a north-south corridor in the region, with highest traffic volumes concentrated in the Montville section due to recent developments and expansion of the Mohegan Sun Casino and Hotel complex. AMTRAK provides passenger rail service with stops at New London and Mystic. Freight service is offered by the New England Central Railroad and the Providence and Worcester Railroad. Southeast Area Transit (SEAT) operates the public bus system in several towns and cities in the region. The Groton-New London Airport provides service as the single public airport in the region. Significant marine transportation exists in Long Island Sound, comprising passenger ferries, commercial shipping, and pleasure boating. The Admiral Shear State Pier in New London, which is adjacent to the Central New England Railroad pier, functions as the region s most important commercial marine facility. Several watercourses flow from the interior parts of the region to Long Island Sound. Main watercourses include the Mystic and Pawcatuck Rivers in the eastern end of the region and the Shetucket River and the Yantic River, which act as tributaries to the Thames River to the west. The southeastern region has approximately 40 miles of shoreline along Long Island Sound, and numerous additional miles of shoreline along its many tidal estuaries. As a result of the presence of both coastal and riverine floodplains, the southeastern region is faced with significant flood hazards. -3-

8 C. Plan Development Process and Public Involvement This Hazard Mitigation Plan was developed through a series of meetings and the completion of written questionnaires, personal interviews and workshops. To provide oversight of the plan development process and maximize local involvement, all member communities in the region and the two tribal affiliate members were invited to appoint a representative to serve on the Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee. Committee members and chief elected officials received notices of all the committee meetings and were encouraged to attend. Meeting notices and agendas were also sent to area media and to town and city clerks for posting in each community. Steering committee meetings were held in public at the Southeastern Connecticut Council of Governments office in Norwich. The schedule of meetings held to date is shown below. The committee meetings allowed each jurisdiction in the region to be involved in all aspects of the development of both the Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan and in the development of the annexes for all neighboring communities. Verbal reports on progress were given to monthly meetings of the Southeastern Connecticut Council of Governments, which are routinely attended and covered by area press in local newspapers. Articles describing the planning process have appeared in the three issues of the SCCOG Quarterly Newsletter since March, This newsletter is mailed to 285 officials, organizations and media within the region. Steering Committee Meetings Date Location Number of Communities & Tribes Attending Public Involvement 6/23/03 SCCOG- Norwich 9/29/03 SCCOG- Norwich 2/23/04 SCCOG- Norwich 13 Agendas sent in advance to region s newspapers and to all City/Town Clerks for posting. 16 Agendas sent in advance to region s newspapers and to all City/Town Clerks for posting. 13 Agendas sent in advance to region s newspapers and to all City/Town Clerks for posting. -4-

9 After the first steering committee meeting was held, staff mailed a questionnaire to each steering committee member, containing the following questions: 1. In your opinion, what are the greatest hazards in your community? 2. What hazard prevention projects or studies have been completed, or are currently being proposed in your community? 3. What project would you like to see considered during the hazard mitigation planning process? Sixteen communities replied. The study team offered to meet in each member community for an in-depth discussion of local issues and resources. The meetings held are listed below and were attended by the steering committee representative, in some cases the chief elected official, and other staff from relevant departments, e.g. public works, emergency management, fire and police. Attendance by other interested groups, agencies, and organizations was also encouraged at the individual community meetings. As revisions to the Regional Plan and the Annexes are completed the depth of continued involvement of other stakeholders such as the American Red Cross, colleges and universities, businesses and non profit organizations will be documented. Communities outside of the region were included in the development of the annexes to the extent practicable. As an example, the Town of Colchester involved the Town of Lebanon in their planning process when considering a replacement project for a bridge that connects the two communities. All communities in the region reviewed the mitigation strategies formulated by all of their neighboring municipalities. The small number of communities not able to schedule an individual meeting were given ample opportunity to review and comment on the regional plan and community annexes during plan development. -5-

10 Individual Community Meetings - Attended by City/Town/Tribal Representatives, Consultants, and SCCOG Staff Date City/Town Number of Community Representatives Attending 8/7/03 City of Groton 2 8/7/03 Borough of Stonington 3 8/14/03 Sprague 1 8/14/03 Voluntown 1 8/26/03 Montville 4 8/26/03 Waterford 6 8/26/03 East Lyme 3 8/28/03 Ledyard 2 8/28/03 Mohegan Tribe 4 9/2/03 Franklin 2 9/2/03 Norwich 6 9/2/03 Griswold 1 9/2/03 Lisbon 2 9/9/03 New London 5 9/9/03 Town of Stonington 6 9/9/03 Town of Groton 6 9/16/03 Colchester 3 9/16/03 Preston 1 3/2/04 Mashantucket Pequot Tribe 1 The plan adoption process included two regional public meetings, one held inland at the SCCOG offices in Norwich on August 5, 2004 and one in Waterford on August 25, The meeting that was held at the SCCOG offices was video taped by public television station CT-N. -6-

11 The station ran the tape frequently during the months of August and September, Following the regional meetings, each community employed its usual process to provide for adoption by its governing body, e.g. City Council, Board of Selectmen, Town Meeting, Tribal Council, etc. A copy of a recommended Adoption Resolution is enclosed in Appendix H. Copies of the regional plan and the annexes for each individual jurisdiction along with both the regional and local adoption documentation are on file at the SCCOG office and available for review upon request. D. Goals, Policies and Objectives The following section provides a brief outline of the goals, policies and objectives that have guided the SCCOG Hazard Mitigation Committee in the development of this plan. GOALS 1. To minimize the risks to life and property from hazards. 2. To prevent losses from hazards to the extent practicable. POLICIES 1. To encourage planning of community services and decision-making so that the risks of hazards are considered. 2. To guide the expenditure of public funds on a priority basis relative to natural hazard mitigation. 3. To give high priority to human safety in the programming of hazard mitigation projects. OBJECTIVES 1. To develop an inventory of the existing hazards in the region. 2. To develop a list of potential hazard mitigation projects, based on priorities of the plan. -7-

12 3. To provide data municipalities can use to apply for Federal and State funds as they become available to supplement regional funds for mitigation purposes. 4. To conduct meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee on an asneeded basis to review progress on the plan and determine current priorities and projects. 5. To provide municipalities with information that will facilitate their review of local ordinances and regulations to determine methods for improving consistency with the goals of the plan. 6. To identify and provide information that municipalities can convey to property owners within the floodplain regarding risks, responsibilities, and responses. 7. To develop a plan for the implementation of the objectives of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. -8-

13 II. HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT Meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Committee were conducted on June 23, 2003 and September 29, 2003 to discuss the development of a risk assessment for each of the regional municipalities. Based on the results of those meetings and additional risk assessment research it was determined that the most significant hazard in the southeastern region is flooding. Other natural hazards, including earthquakes and winter storms, are a concern. The hurricane of 1938 caused the most damage ever experienced throughout the region with flood waters reaching record-breaking heights. Ice damming along rivers causes flooding in the winter months. Other hazards that were discussed but not deemed to be of significance region wide were wildfire, drought, landslides and coastal erosion. The abundance of rainfall and ample water supply have historically made serious droughts rare occurrences. Wildfires have not been experienced in the region as a significant hazard as they have in other regions of the country. Based on information contained in the State of Connecticut Hazard Mitigation Plan approximately 600 acres of forest per year are burned by wildfire. The areas most prone to wildfire are those jurisdictions that have large tracts of forest land within their buoundaries. Most wildfires are less than ten acres in area and are detected early. Almost half of all wildfires in the state are intentionally set. During the highest forest fire risk period the CT DEP sends daily advisories to municipalities, fire departments and the media. The vulnerability to wildfire is reduced by the DEP s fire fighting capability. The agency maintains a trained staff of 70 firefighters for asssignment to fires on state property and throughout the region. The land forms in the region are generally stable, making significant landslides unlikely. Coastal erosion is a concern in some locations, but it generally occurs during coastal flooding events. Therefore, erosion as a hazard is covered in the consideration given to coastal flooding. Major rivers that are at risk of flooding and impacting structures include the Thames River, Shetucket River, Quinebaug River, Yantic River, Niantic River, Pachaug River, and Mystic River. Significant flooding can also take place within the floodplain of smaller tributaries throughout the region. -9-

14 Buildings located in flood hazard areas include residential, commercial, industrial, and critical facility structures. Most of the structures that are threatened by flooding are located within the 100-year floodplain, but some are also in the coastal velocity zone. Location in the velocity zone poses an increased threat to structures due to high wind and potential wave damage, as well as inundation by flood waters. Maps depicting the 100-year and the 500-year flood hazard areas in the southeastern Connecticut communities are included in Appendix C. Municipalities have also expressed concern regarding the impact of potential hazards on the many dams located throughout the region. Dams are inspected and maintained in accordance with the State of Connecticut s Dam Safety Program. Through this program State and privately owned structures have been evaluated in order to determine the degree of risk they pose in the case of failure during flooding. A presentation of the State s data regarding High and Significant hazard dams is included in the local and regional scale mapping assembled as part of this plan. There is no formalized program currently in place on a local, regional, or state level to identify the location or the number of individual structures that are susceptible to flooding in the region. Such information would be valuable in directing hazard mitigation efforts to locations with the greatest risk. A potential region wide hazard mitigation project would involve the review of all existing available data regarding flood hazards and the preparation of a comprehensive inventory and assessment of structures at risk in the flood hazard areas. Such an inventory program would be the first step in completing a regional Flood Audit, which would provide early flood warning, guidance and technical information regarding flood risks to property owners, as well as prioritize future property protection projects. The completion of a Flood Audit would be an important step in the National Flood Insurance Program Community Rating System by which towns can qualify for a reduction in flood insurance rates. -10-

15 A. Residential Based on review of Flood Insurance Rate Maps and topographic maps for each of the individual municipalities, areas of communities that contain residential structures that are subject to coastal flooding during significant flood events were identified. These structures are primarily situated in the southern section of the region in the coastal communities of East Lyme, Waterford, New London, the City and Town of Groton, and the Town and Borough of Stonington. Most of the southeastern region s velocity zones are located along the immediate Long Island Sound and Fishers Island Sound shoreline, though some areas are included along the mouths of the major rivers. Beachfront properties in the velocity zone are highly susceptible to damage such as those in the areas of Jupiter Point and Eastern Point in the City of Groton. Over the years, the character of the shoreline has become more of a year-round community with the conversion of many seasonal cottages to year-round dwellings, thus intensifying risks to life and property for those residents. Beachfront properties are susceptible to damage, not only as a result of flooding, but also because the dynamic nature of the beach system results in shoreline erosion in some locations. Repetitive flood insurance claims have been filed at thirty-two properties in the region over the past twenty-five years. These repeat claims demonstrate the persistent nature of the flood hazards throughout the region. Maps indicating the approximate location of the repetitive flood insurance losses are included in Appendix C to this report. While the vast majority of the repeat flood insurance claims are in coastal areas, other areas in the region have experienced repeated flooding in the vicinity of the Yantic River in Franklin and Norwich and Latimer Brook in East Lyme. Individual community annex plans detail areas of residential structures in potential flood zones. B. Commercial / Industrial The southeastern Connecticut region has a strong economic base for commercial and industrial development that includes businesses in defense technology, healthcare, biotechnology, marine research, and tourism. -11-

16 Examples of some of the larger employers in the region include the U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Electric Boat, Pfizer, the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant, Lawrence & Memorial Hospital, Backus Hospital, the United States Coast Guard Academy, and Connecticut College. A significant concentration of commercial and industrial facilities is located on both sides of the Thames River in New London and Groton and upriver in the Town of Montville and the City of Norwich. Concentrations of industrial development also occur along the Pawcatuck River in the Pawcatuck section of Stonington as well as at the sites of former mills along many of the major rivers in the region. Tourism plays a large role in the region s economy. Major commercial developments that have a significant impact on the regional economy include Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard, the Mohegan Sun Resort in Montville, and the Mystic Seaport, Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, and Olde Mistick Village in Stonington. Other tourist attractions in the region include the Nautilus Memorial/Submarine Force Library and Museum in Groton, the Lyman Allyn Art Museum in New London, the Slater Memorial Museum in Norwich, the Eugene O Neill Theater Center in Waterford, and the Mashantucket Pequot Museum in Ledyard. Some of the commercial and industrial facilities in the region have been identified as being located within the floodplain and are considered to be susceptible to damage. These facilities include Electric Boat in Groton, an access road to the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant in Waterford, and several areas in Norwich along the Yantic River, the Borough of Stonington, and along the Mystic River. These developments are discussed further in the community annex reports. C. Critical Facilities Numerous critical facilities have been identified throughout the region. These facilities include hospitals, medical centers, fire departments, police departments, and municipal buildings. Significant and high hazard dams (as classified by the State of Connecticut) have been identified and are depicted on the mapping included in Appendix C. -12-

17 Critical medical facilities include the two hospitals in the region: William W. Backus Hospital in Norwich and Lawrence & Memorial Hospital in New London. Medical centers found throughout the region include the Charter Oak Walk-In and Flanders Health Medical Center in East Lyme, Backus Health Center in the Gales Ferry section of Ledyard, Pequot Medical Center and Women s Care Medical Center in the Town of Groton, Seaport Walk-In in Mystic, Conn Care of Colchester, Backus Health Center in Montville, North Stonington Walk-In, and West Side Walk-In in Norwich. Municipalities in the region have either municipal fire departments or volunteer fire companies. Larger cities or towns generally have several fire houses in different areas of the city or town to assure rapid emergency response. Police departments are found in most of the suburban and urban municipalities but not in all rural towns. Some towns have resident troopers in lieu of a municipal police department. All municipalities have municipal offices where elected officials help maintain order during emergency situations. Critical public facilities also include military facilities in Groton and East Lyme. Major correctional facilities are located in East Lyme and Montville. Some of the region s critical public facilities have been identified as being located in flood hazard areas. Facilities that may not be accessible during emergency situations include the Griswold Firehouse on Route 138 (Voluntown Road), the Town of Stonington s Sewer Plant, the Yantic Village Fire Station and Department of Public Works in Norwich, and the Mystic Fire Department, Quiambaug Fire Department, Mystic Post Office, and Mystic Train Station in Stonington. D. Transportation Corridors Southeastern Connecticut possesses a transportation network of highways, rail lines, bus service, air service, passenger ferry service, and shipping corridors. Major highways throughout the region include I-95, I-395, Route 2, and Route 32. Rail lines extend to several of the communities allowing people to travel via train. Rail service is offered through Amtrak and the Providence/Worcester railroad line and rail freight service is available on the New England Central Railway. The New England Central Railroad is located on the west side of the Thames River and offers north-south freight service. The Amtrak rail line travels east-west from Boston to New York. -13-

18 The southeastern region has a public bus system, SEAT, which serves the municipalities of East Lyme, Griswold, Groton, Ledyard, Montville, New London, Norwich, Stonington, and Waterford. SEAT runs routes throughout the region including to the two area casinos. Many community members as well as casino employees rely on this public transportation. Air service throughout the region is offered by the state owned Groton-New London Airport, private airports in Griswold and Stonington, a heliport in Colchester, and two military airports. Services at the Groton-New London Airport were recently updated including reconstruction of one of the runways as well as renovations to the passenger terminal building and airport restaurant. Groton-New London Airport is in a flood zone which may pose a potential impact on the arrival and departure of aircraft during a significant storm event. Marine transportation is located along the Thames River at New London s State Pier. New London s State Pier is Connecticut s only major deepwater seaport within a multi-use Foreign Trade Zone. In an effort to reduce congestion on I-95, the State Pier may be utilized in the future to ship non-time sensitive goods along the Connecticut coast to the port of New Jersey. Ferry service out of New London becomes increasingly busy during the summer months and is available to Long Island, Fishers Island, Martha s Vineyard, MA; and Block Island, RI. Long Island Sound and Fishers Island Sound have numerous harbors and inlets that are used extensively by pleasure craft during the summer months. A few of the harbors along the southeastern region s coastline that offer protection during storms include Stonington Harbor, Mystic Harbor, the Thames River, and the Niantic River. Increased thru-traffic throughout the region raises municipal concern with the transportation of hazardous materials over the regions roadways and their ability to respond to a major incident regarding a release of such materials. Throughout the region many roadways are affected by flooding due to roads being within floodplains, having poor drainage, and/or inadequate culvert sizes. Individual community annex reports identify such problem areas. -14-

19 A detailed evaluation of the flooding impact of hazards on the region s transportation systems is a regional goal. Such an evaluation would focus on critical transportation corridors in terms of providing safe evacuation of low lying areas and those emergency response routes that are critical for use by emergency response personnel. E. Hazard Impacts/Vulnerability The potential impacts of flooding in all jurisdictions in the region is high with potential dollar damages as a result of serious flooding being very significant. The potential damage from an earthquake in the region is also high as a result of the age and type of many buildings, making them vulnerable. Tornado hazards are considered to be moderate in severity throughout Connecticut. The Southeast Region has not experienced significant tornados. As a result it was given a lower vulnerability and impact priority in the Regional Plan. Winter storm hazards are significant and regularly cause moderate to high levels of damage including power outages and transportation disruption. Individual communities such as Voluntown consider that they are vulnerable and potentially seriously impacted by wildfires because of the presence of large state forest tracts. The Town of Sprague considered itself vulnerable and potentially highly impacted by dam failure because of the number of high hazard dams in the town. As a result these hazards were given a high priority locally and specific hazard mitigation actions were identified. While wildfire was not considered to have a high damage potential region wide a hazard mitigation action to improve data regarding available fire water locations was included in the regional plan. Landslides, and drought are considered to have low potential for causing widespread damage to the region. -15-

20 III. HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES The following sections provide a description of the types of hazard mitigation measures and programs that are currently in place in the southeastern region and those that are available to address the hazards that exist in the region. A. Prevention Hazard prevention includes identification of risks and the use of land-use regulatory and other available management tools to prevent future damage. The municipalities in the southeast region have planning and zoning tools in place that incorporate floodplain management. Planning and zoning regulations, inland wetlands and watercourses regulations, harbor management regulations and building departments enforcement of the Connecticut Basic Building Code are all important existing regulatory mechanisms that address hazard prevention and incorporate floodplain management. The following are examples of how hazard prevention can be accomplished through existing programs: 1. Planning and Zoning Planning and Zoning Regulations can be tailored to be consistent with hazard mitigation planning. Establishment of Flood Prone Conservancy Districts, Coastal Resource Zones, and River Corridor Preservation Zones are all techniques that can potentially be employed to limit additional development in hazardous locations. 2. Open Space Preservation Community Planning that includes open space acquisition and preservation can be established or revised in a manner that is consistent with hazard mitigation planning. For example, acquisition of floodplain and river corridor properties should be encouraged as a municipal priority. -16-

21 3. Floodplain Development Regulations The modification of floodplain management regulations to include more restrictive development standards is consistent with hazard mitigation planning. The National Flood Insurance Program Community Rating System gives credit to communities that exceed the minimum floodplain management requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program. Requirements include elevating structures higher than the 100-year base flood elevation, which is an example of a more stringent standard. 4. Stormwater Management Stormwater management regulations that limit any potential increase in the discharge of stormwater and that preserve floodplain storage are examples of the use of stormwater management in a manner consistent with hazard mitigation planning. Communities should conduct catch basin surveys in order to identify and prioritize potential replacements of catch basins and overall stormwater drainage improvements. The identification and improvement of drainage systems and culverts that have inadequate capacity, helps reduce flooding risks and also prevents further damage to roadways. 5. Wetlands Protection Wetlands areas generally serve as critical flood storage areas. By limiting wetlands development not only are important natural resource areas protected but additional floodplain development is also limited. 6. Erosion and Sediment Control Regulations Effective implementation of Sediment and Erosion controls include utilization of detention basins and use of other Best Management Practices to slow the velocity and limit increase in runoff. Strict adherence to the requirements are effective hazard mitigation tools. -17-

22 B. Property Protection Property protection measures can address hazards at individual or multiple structures. Examples of property protection projects that have been successful in the region include actions within the City of Norwich and the Town of Franklin. The State of Connecticut acquired and demolished twelve residences within the Yantic River s floodplain. The acquired land is now open space in the City of Norwich. The Norwichtown Mall erected a 4-foot high concrete floodproofing reinforcement abutting the entire perimeter of its exterior walls. The Town of Franklin completed property acquisition and demolition projects along Old Route 32 and West Town Street. The following list identifies common property protection measures: 1. Relocation Moving a structure or locating a new structure out of a flood zone. 2. Acquisition When feasible the community should acquire property that is repeatedly flooded or in a floodplain. 3. Building Elevation Elevate the lowest floor of structures 1-foot above the base flood elevation. 4. Utility Protection Relocate utilities such as electrical panels and heating and hot water systems in structures above the flood level. 5. Flood Proofing - Dry Floodproofing & Wet Floodproofing Dry floodproofing: Installing water tight floor and wall systems. Wet floodproofing: Constructing areas so as to permit the entry and passage of flood waters and relocating items of value to higher elevations. -18-

23 6. Storm Shutters Provide protection against wind damage, especially for properties exposed along the coastline. Additional descriptions of property protection measures are provided in Appendix A of the Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. C. Emergency Services Aspects of emergency services typically addressed in hazard mitigation include the following: 1. Emergency Communication 2. Emergency Warning / Response 3. Emergency Shelter 4. Critical Facilities Protection Emergency Services hazard mitigation measures can be combined with other types of measures to form successful projects, or remain as stand-alone projects. Emergency communication is a critical aspect of the hazard response programs currently in place in southeastern Connecticut. In the event of an emergency, the municipalities within the region establish an emergency command post within each town and mobilize their response agencies. The interagency communications among the communities, State agencies and independent utilities requires continued coordination to establish and maintain the critical communication links. A need for improved and continued coordination has been identified during this study. A local example of successful emergency communication in use is a fire alarm signal used in the Borough of Stonington. An audible alarm horn is signaled throughout the borough indicating the location of fire calls. The number of alarm horn signals indicates the area of emergency. The Borough also uses the emergency communication system for snow emergencies and to communicate no school. -19-

24 Evacuation of the borough may be necessary during storms and the alarm sounding the signal 7" notifies residents of the need to evacuate. Many municipalities within the region have expressed interest in a reverse emergency communication system. A reverse system would automatically call telephones throughout the municipality, efficiently replaying important information. This type of system is increasingly considered an effective tool in warning and instructing residents during the event of an emergency. The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, Department of Fire and Emergency services currently utilizes such a system. Support of surrounding towns is an important aspect of emergency services within the region. Mutual aid agreements as well as regional dispatch centers allow for successful assistance between communities in the region in the event of emergencies. Several municipalities in the region have also expressed the need for improving redundancy within the emergency communications systems in order to provide alternate communication in the event of a loss of land line or cell phone service. Upgrading emergency shelters is an important hazard mitigation measure that includes contacting the local Red Cross or other local emergency aid groups and updating supplies. Supplies include the number of emergency beds, food, and clothes. Communication equipment should be updated and working properly. Emergency shelters should not be sited within the floodplain. Community officials should take steps to relocate existing emergency shelters within the floodplain, or to properly protect the shelter with measures such as floodproofing or elevating the structure. Police, fire fighters, and paramedics should maintain emergency response training. This should include maintaining and updating emergency equipment and emergency response protocols. A fire hydrant survey should be conducted in each community. All communities, especially inland and rural communities should consider dry hydrants. A dry hydrant is a permanently installed hydrant into an existing lake, pond, stream, or waterbody and is available to be connected to a pump truck. It is a non-pressurized pipe system that allows firefighters access to water sources from roadways. It is relatively inexpensive with minimal maintenance and may be of use and more cost effective than other water resource alternatives. -20-

25 The use of a fire boat can be considered in order to provide additional protection of critical facilities, structures, and other assets, (such as the commercial fishing fleet in Stonington) which are located in geographically isolated areas along the coastline. D. Structural Projects The history of coastal flooding in the southeastern region has prompted completion of a series of structural flood prevention and property protection projects along the coastline. Projects include the New London hurricane barrier in Shaw s Cove, construction of breakwaters at Stonington Harbor, and construction of seawalls, bulkheads, and groins in multiple locations along the shoreline. A series of major flood control dams were constructed in the headwaters of the Thames River basin to protect the cities and towns along the tributary rivers from flooding. Many potential structural projects have not been pursued to date, however, because it is questionable whether an acceptable cost-benefit ratio exists for the projects. The potential environmental impacts of structural projects is often also a concern. Structural projects that can be included in hazard mitigation planning include the following: 1. Levees/Floodwalls 2. Bridge & Culvert Replacement 3. Channel Modifications 4. Storm Sewer Improvements 5. Structural Project Maintenance and Repair Through the course of investigating potential structural projects in the region, it was determined that some hazards within the individual communities in the region often involve roads and corridors owned and operated by the State of Connecticut. The State Department of Transportation recommends that problems involving state roads/structures be reported every time they occur so that DOT can coordinate an evaluation of the problem. State of Connecticut agencies are also able to apply for hazard mitigation funding and should be encouraged to do so. Additional information on structural hazard mitigation projects is provided in Appendix A of this Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. -21-

26 E. Public Information Public Information is another type of hazard mitigation measure which, like prevention and resource protection, can be most effectively implemented in conjunction with other hazard mitigation projects. The Hazard Mitigation Committee has identified the need for a continued and expanded program of public information. Such a program could include providing educational information to the homeowners and business owners in the flood hazard areas. A public education and information component should be included in all hazard mitigation projects undertaken in the region. The following includes some common types of public information measures: 1. Map Information Development of hazard maps for public distribution or posting in public locations. This type of information is easily understood and assists in raising the public s awareness of the natural hazards that exist in their community. 2. Flood Audits For additional information regarding flood audits refer to Appendix F of the Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. 3. Real Estate Disclosure This is a procedure where buyers and sellers of real estate are compelled to provide notice of known hazards affecting the property to be conveyed. 4. Public Library Libraries can be an effective location of a hazard information center. Town Halls and other public facilities can also serve as information centers. A wide range of hazard mitigation documentation should be compiled for review. -22-

27 5. Technical Assistance Local governments can provide technical assistance to homeowners and contractors regarding hazard resistant construction. An appropriate time for such assistance can be at the time of a building permit application. Two examples of publications that provide such assistance are: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Homeowner s Guide to Retrofitting: Six Ways to Protect Your House From Flooding, June Federal Emergency Management Agency. Protecting Building Utilities From Flood Damage: Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems, November Environmental Education Private and public schools and adult education programs can offer environmental education classes that include hazard identification and hazard mitigation components. -23-

28 IV. OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES A. Earthquake Mitigation Measures Damage-causing earthquakes are infrequent events in southeastern Connecticut. As a result this section focuses on the history of earthquakes and vulnerability in a statewide framework. The portions of this section, which deal with existing capabilities, goals and objectives, and planned mitigation actions are specific to the southeastern Connecticut region. Connecticut has the oldest record of earthquakes in the United States. The earliest settlers learned of seismic activity, dating back to 1568 in Moodus, from the Native Americans. Connecticut has experienced 137 recorded earthquakes for the period between 1568 and Of those closest to the southeastern region, 61 were in the Moodus/East Haddam area in south-central Connecticut. Connecticut is considered to be in a Moderate seismic risk zone. Moderate relates specifically to the fact that earthquakes in the State have a relatively infrequent recurrence interval. This term does not demote a predictor of potential earthquake magnitudes or impact on the population. Earthquake magnitude is a measure of the strength of an earthquake, or the strain energy released by it. Connecticut is located near the middle of the North American Tectonic Plate and is subject to intra-plate earthquakes. Connecticut is not near an active tectonic plate boundary, but there are many fault lines in the state that formed millions of years ago when the area was at a plate boundary. The activity observed today appears to be a result of stresses applied to the sides and base of moving plates which are transmitted to the plate interiors reactivating the old faults. Connecticut has a population density that is 3.5 times greater than that of the State of California and has bedrock that transmits seismic energy 4 to 40 times more efficiently. These facts place more people at risk since the built environment in this region is predominately old, unreinforced masonry, and is not seismically designed. The majority of structures are extremely strong for normal vertical load for which they were designed. Masonry structures do not fare well against the horizontal forces of an earthquake if they are not reinforced or braced. -24-

29 Certain geological features are more susceptible to earthquake effects than others. Facilities located on filled or sandy soil can sustain heavy damage in a serious tremor. Consideration of the location of critical facilities (i.e. hospitals, schools, nursing homes, fire stations, etc) and critical infrastructure (roads, bridges, water lines, etc) is important in assessing their vulnerability. Earthquake mitigation in Connecticut has been limited to enforcement of the Connecticut State Building Code. The code addresses earthquakes for construction of new commercial buildings only. Due to the unpredictable and infrequent nature of earthquakes, mitigation of the hazard at the local level is difficult. Aside from emergency preparedness, and recovery functions, there are no local programs in place which can effectively address earthquake mitigation in the region. The Connecticut Earthquake Program, located in the Department of Public Safety, Office of Emergency Management, is particularly concerned with the safety of the school population. The program includes: active participation in risk evaluation and assessment, public awareness and education programs, information transfer to public school faculty, and assisting the planning by emergency response personnel and agencies. The FEMA publication entitled The Home Builder s Guide for Earthquake Design can be made available to all design professionals, builders and others who are issued permits for new construction. Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage: A Practical Guide (FEMA-74, 1994) can also be made available. All commercial, industrial and institutional property owners should have an opportunity to obtain a copy of the FEMA publication entitled Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry (FEMA- 141, 10/93). In order to be able to effectively mitigate against earthquake damage at the regional level, it is crucial to have an understanding of what is at danger in the event of an earthquake. An earthquake survey should be completed in each community to effectively mitigate against earthquake damage. The earthquake survey should include all municipally owned buildings including hospitals, schools, nursing homes, fire stations, and critical infrastructures such as roads, bridges, water lines, etc. with details of location and the building s ability to withstand earthquake and wind loading. -25-

30 B. Wind Storm Mitigation Measures This section of the plan focuses on mitigation of wind hazards associated with hurricanes, tornadoes, severe thunderstorms and winter storms. Southeastern Connecticut s location on Long Island Sound, increases its susceptibility to damaging winds. Experience indicates that winds in excess of 50 miles per hour cause significant tree damage. Damage to trees, resulting power outages, and damage to buildings are the most problematic issues facing the southeastern region during storms with high winds. Wind damage is also the most frequently occurring natural hazard in the region. Burying power lines along routes where trees may snap and bring down power lines or in locations where there have been numerous power outages may result in fewer power outages All communities in the region have tree trimming programs to mitigate against wind damage. Efforts are typically spent on response and clean-up following wind events. Connecticut Light & Power (CL&P) also has a tree trimming maintenance program in place. Contractors are hired to trim limbs and small trees along utility lines in portions of the region on a revolving basis. CL&P, along with City of Groton Utilities have selfmaintenance programs that deal with potential threats to the companies power lines. The southeastern coast is home to private and municipal marinas which are vulnerable to the effects of both wind and flooding. Harbor management plans should include provisions for hazard mitigation. Information on Best Management Practices for marinas and yacht clubs is available from both State and Federal agencies. Power outages throughout the region are of great concern to the emergency response community in the southeastern region. The loss of power to the region s many traffic signals potentially causes expenditures of a great deal of manpower to control and post the intersections for duration of the power outages. Improved emergency communication between the region s emergency response agencies and the emergency response coordinators at the utility company is critical to improved hazard mitigation efforts in the region. After a series of deadly tornadoes struck Litchfield and New Haven counties in 1989, killing two persons and causing millions of dollars in damage, Connecticut installed a new type of warning system. -26-