Digital Forensics. Module 7 CS 996
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1 Digital Forensics Module 7 CS 996
2 Outline of Module #7 Review of labs (Kulesh) Review of module #6: sniffer tools Network Forensics Overview of tools Motivations Log Logic Appliance overview 3/22/04 Module 7 2
3 Why is Forensics Difficult? More information v. better analysis Information generated in Exabytes (500,000 Libraries of Congress) 92% stored on magnetic media Information communicated 18 Exabytes (telephone, radio, TV, Internet) 400,000 Terabytes ( ) 274,000 Terabytes (IM) udies/articles.html 3/22/04 Module 7 3
4 Network Forensics Tools Traditional sniffers May be portable Real time and historical Content and/or header information Network recorders Monitor all traffic Log event analyzers (SIM) SIM=Security Information Management Include event aggregation and correlation Cover end to end network 3/22/04 Module 7 4
5 Network Sniffers Wildpackets Etherpeek: network engineers Eeye IRIS: user friendly Ethereal: free! Kismet (Linux): wireless and free! CommView ( CommView for WiFi NGSSniff: free-- 3/22/04 Module 7 5
6 Eeye IRIS Features Easy to use Reconstructs TCP sessions Renders HTML content Filters Usual IP, MAC, port, etc. Word filters Does packet logging No content Pen register/trap and trace 3/22/04 Module 7 6
7 3/22/04 Module 7 7
8 3/22/04 Module 7 8
9 IRIS: Creating Filters 3/22/04 Module 7 9
10 IRIS: Packet Logging 3/22/04 Module 7 10
11 SIM Tools: Why Event Logging? One critical part of security infrastructure Prevention Detection Response Regulatory requirements Medical: HIPAA Financial: GLB 3/22/04 Module 7 11
12 HIPAA Logging Requirements Administrative Safeguards (a) (1) Security Management Process Information system activity review (Required) (a) (5) Security Awareness and Training Log-in monitoring (Addressable) (a) (6) Security Incident Procedures Identify and respond to suspected or known security incidents; document security incidents and their outcomes (Required) Technical Safeguards (b) Audit controls to record and examine activity in systems that contain or use electronic PHI 3/22/04 Module 7 12
13 Gramm Leach Bliley (GLB) FFIEC Handbook (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council) Control access to applications by logging access and security events Secure access to the OS of all system components by logging and monitoring user or program access to sensitive resources and alerting on security events 3/22/04 Module 7 13
14 Log Files as Forensic Evidence Federal Rules of Evidence usamarch2001_4.htm Part of regularly conducted business activity Authentication of records Was data altered? Is software reliable? Are computer records hearsay? US v. Blackburn (1993) 3/22/04 Module 7 14
15 MANAGEMENT STATION AGGREGATOR AGGREGATOR ARCHIVE STORAGE ROUTER SWITCH HUB FIREWALL/IDS END USER SECURITY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT END USER HOST SYSLOG 3/22/04 Module 7 DATA 15
16 Syslog Protocol RFC 3164 COLLECTOR DEVICE RELAY Uses UDP port 514 Message format Priority field: 0-7 Header field: host name and time stamp Message field: ASCII characters describing event 3/22/04 Module 7 16
17 Syslog Priority Levels SEVERITY TYPE Emergencies Alerts Critical Errors Warnings Notifications Informational Debugging DESCRIPTION System unusable Immediate action Critical condition Error messages Warning message Normal Information Debug message 3/22/04 Module 7 17
18 Limitations of Syslog UDP not reliable No authentication or encryption RFC 3195: reliable syslog draft-ietf-syslog-sign-14.txt: signed syslog 3/22/04 Module 7 18
19 Security Information Vendors Function Visualize Information Correlate Information Data Aggregation/ Analysis Data Collection/Analysis Vendor Secure Decisions Intellitactics, NetForensics, ArcSight, GuardedNet, Open Services Network Intelligence, Forensics Explorers LogLogic, Addamark, Niksun Sandstorm 3/22/04 Module 7 19
20 Network Traffic Recorders Record all traffic on network Niksun NetDetector Sandstorm NetIntercept 3/22/04 Module 7 20
21 NetForensics Architecture ROUTER AGENTS ORACLE DATABASE IDS NF ENGINE: EVENT AGGREGATION AND CORRELATION HOST FIREWALL REPORTING TOOL: REAL TIME ANALYSIS; FORENSIC REPORTS 3/22/04 Module 7 21
22 Event Correlation Rules based: If then else Statistical: monitor changes in event statistics Behavioral: monitor trends in security events 3/22/04 Module 7 22
23 Intellitactics Message Architecture SYSLOG MESSAGE: DATE, TIME STAMP, SOURCE, DESTINATION, EVENT CODE (CISCO PIX DENY INBOUND TCP CONNECTION) CREATE NORMALIZED TYPE FIELD BASED ON EVENT TYPE ADD ZONE FIELDS BASED ON SOURCE LOCATION, TARGET LOCATION AND FIREWALL LOCATION ADD PRIORITY FIELD: TYPE FIELD + ASSET CLASSIFICATION 3/22/04 Module 7 23
24 Log Logic Log Appliance Archiving of log file data Uses intelligent data compression technique Allows real time and historical threat analysis Cisco message ID Message volume Regular expression filter LX-1000 Up to 1000 messages/second 90 GB storage: 90 days storage Archive server: 2 TB and 2 years of data 3/22/04 Module 7 24
25 LogLogic Log Appliance WWW, SMTP SYSLOG & PROPRIETARY MESSAGES FIREWALL CHECK POINT NETSCREEN CISCO PIX LOG APPLIANCE STRIPPED-DOWN LINUX OS MYSQL DATABASE ARCHIVE SERVER 3/22/04 Module 7 25
26 Summarization of Log Files TCP CONNECTIONS PER WEB PAGE PIX FIREWALL PC USER SYSLOG MESSASGES WWW SERVER TAKES MESSAGES AND SUMMARIZES TO ONE DATABASE RECORD LOGLOGIC LOGAPPLIANCE 3/22/04 Module 7 26
27 Applications of Log File Forensics Help diagnose virus infections Analysis of time zero events Monitor inside traffic for infected machines Help analyze hacker events Set log alerts to catch breaches in real time 3/22/04 Module 7 27
28 Log File Formats CheckPoint Proprietary binary format, not human readable Time Action Firewall Interface Product Source Source Port Dest. Service Protocol Translation (NAT) Cisco PIX Syslog format Date Time IP/Hostname Message Code Message NetScreen Syslog format Date Time Module Severity Type Message Text 3/22/04 Module 7 28
29 Significance of Priority Levels SEVERITY TYPES FUNCTION Alert, Critical, Error, Warning Notifications Informational Debug Packet anomalies, policy conflicts Work done on the firewall Key to performing audit and policy verification Resolve firewall operational issues 3/22/04 Module 7 29
30 Example PIX Syslog Messages Severity Cisco # Description 0 Not used No response from other firewall Deny inbound UDP from A.B.C.D/Port to L.M.N.O/Port 3/22/04 Module 7 30
31 Example Syslog Messages, cont. Severity Cisco # Description Deny inbound from outside: IP_addr to inside: IP_addr IP fragment malformed; total size exceeds 65,535 bytes User logged out 3/22/04 Module 7 31
32 Example Syslog Messages, cont. Level Cisco # Description Start PIX firewall User executed command string that does not alter configuration 3/22/04 Module 7 32
33 Severity Messages Contain critical information about traffic in/out of network %PIX : user Accessed URL : %PIX : Built TCP connection number for interface_name: real_address/real_port to interface_name:real_address/real_port 3/22/04 Module 7 33
34 3/22/04 Module 7 34
35 Real Time Reporting 3/22/04 Module 7 35
36 LogApp Configure Alerts 3/22/04 Module 7 36
37 3/22/04 Module 7 37
38 3/22/04 Module 7 38
39 3/22/04 Module 7 39
40 3/22/04 Module 7 40
41 3/22/04 Module 7 41
42 Log Analysis Using Regular Expressions Search through historical logs Configure alerts on real time logs Examples Character literals /a/ Mary had a little lamb. And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go. Special characters (11); examples. Wildcard ^ Start of line $ End of line 3/22/04 Module 7 42
43 Regular Expressions, Examples ^Mary Mary had a little lamb. And everywhere that Mary went.a (wildcard) Mary had a little lamb. And everywhere that Mary went, the Lamb was sure to go. Further reference, see notes on web site: Matching Patters in Text: The Basics 3/22/04 Module 7 43
44 References for Module #7 Bill Nelson, Guide to Computer Investigations, Warren Kruse, Computer Forensics, Kevin Mandia, Incident Response, rity/regulationtext.htm (HIPAA security) Corey, Vicka, et al, Network Forensic Analysis, IEEE Internet Computing, Nov.- Dec., /22/04 Module 7 44
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