Statistical Methods 15 Critical Appraisal
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1 community project encouraging academics to share statistics support resources All stcp resources are released under a Creative Commons licence Statistical Methods 15 Critical Appraisal Based on materials provided by Coventry University and Loughborough University under a Na9onal HE STEM Programme Prac9ce Transfer Adopters grant Peter Samuels Birmingham City University Reviewer: Ellen Marshall University of Sheffield
2 Critical appraisal q What is critical appraisal? q Methods q Categories of questions: Ø Screening questions Ø Design/method questions Ø Results questions Ø Applicability questions q Raff s advice on reading research articles q Activities
3 What is critical appraisal? q The process of assessing and interpreting published evidence by systematically considering its validity, relevance and results q Developed in medical research motivated by biased / poor quality reviews q Targets of critical appraisal: Ø Original quantitative studies (primary studies, original research) Ø Reviews (meta analyses, secondary studies) Ø Original qualitative studies (less data driven)
4 Categories of questions q Screening questions: Ø Do I need to pursue this paper? q Design/method questions: Ø How was the data collected? Ø How was the data analysis method chosen? q Results questions: Ø Are results clearly stated and supported by the analysis? q Applicability questions: Ø Are the results helpful to you?
5 Screening questions: Are the results of the study valid? 1. Did the research address a clearly focused question in terms of: Ø The population studied Ø The action carried out Ø The outcomes considered Ø The comparisons being made 2. Did the authors use the right type of study? The right type of study would: Ø Address the research question Ø Have an appropriate study design
6 Screening results q If the answer to both screening questions is yes : Ø Continue on to the other categories of questions as you appraise the article q If the answer either questions is no then your time will probably be better spent elsewhere
7 Design/method questions q Is the research design clearly described? q Are the research methods appropriate for the topic being investigated? q Are any advantages or disadvantages of the design acknowledged by the researchers? q Is there a clear statement about who participated in the research? q Is there a clear statement about how the participants were selected? q Is the selection of participants appropriate to the design? q Is there a clear statement about the number of people taking part in the research?
8 Results questions q Is the presentation of results clear and unambiguous? q Are all the results presented? q Do the tables and charts used give a clear picture of the sample data and results? q Are the charts used appropriate? q Are the tables easy to use? q If percentages are recorded, are actual numbers also clearly shown? q Are results of tests interpreted rightly?
9 Applicability questions q What is the context of this research? q How generalizable are its findings within this context? q What is your context? q What are the similarities/differences between these contexts? q How generalizable are the findings to your context?
10 Raff s advice on reading research articles 1. Start with the introduction, not the abstract 2. Identify the big question in the field 3. Summarise the background 4. Identify the specific question(s) of the article 5. Identify the approach 6. Draw a diagram to represent each method used 7. Read and summarise each result 8. Evaluate whether the results answer the specific question(s) 9. Read the discussion/conclusion 10. Read the abstract 11. Find out what others say about the article 12. Evaluate the citations
11 Activity q Use the critical framework given at: pageid=1445 to review the article: q Compare your answers with: pageid=1446
12 Activity q Use the critical framework given at: pageid=1445 to review this article: %2Bhtml q Compare your answers with: pageid=1447
13 Activity q Use Raff s checklist: to review this paper: S X # q Compare your answers with:
14 Activity q Use the principles given in: How%20to%20Read%20a%20Scientific %20Paper%20M%20Williams%20Mar % pdf to review this paper: q Compare your answers with pages 1-7 of: CaseStudy%20for%20How%20to%20Read %20a%20Sci%20Paper%20M%20Williams %20Mar% pdf
15 Recap q Critical appraisal is a valuable tool for systematically selecting and evaluating research studies q Critical appraisal involves evaluating the validity, results and applicability of research
16 Bibliography American Society of Plant Biologists (2013) How to Read a Scientific Paper. [pdf] Available at: %20to%20Read%20a%20Scientific%20Paper%20M %20Williams%20Mar% pdf [Accessed 8/01/14]. Burls, A. (2009) What is critical appraisal? 2 nd ed. Hayward Medical Communications, No. NPR09/1113. [pdf] Available at: whatis/what_is_critical_appraisal.pdf [Accessed 8/01/14]. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) 12 questions to help you make sense of cohort study. [pdf] Available at: CASP-Cohort-Study-Checklist pdf [Accessed 8/01/14].
![Hayward Medical Communications, No. NPR09/1113. [pdf] Available at: www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/ whatis/what_is_critical_appraisal.pdf [Accessed 8/01/14].](/docs-images/53/11430784/images/page_16.jpg "Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) 12 questions to help you make sense of cohort study. [pdf] Available at: http://www.casp-uk.")
17 Bibliography (2) Long, A. (n. d.) Evaluation Tool for Quantitative Research Studies. [pdf] Available at: Evaluation_Tool_for_Quantitative_Research_Studies. pdf [Accessed 8/01/14]. Raff, J. (2013) How to read and understand a scientific paper: a guide for non-scientists. Available at: [Accessed 8/01/14]. University of the West of England (2014) Data Analysis: Critical appraisal. Available at: pageid=1444 [Accessed 8/01/14].
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